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Concept in game theory
Equilibrium selection is a concept from game theory which seeks to address reasons for players of a game to select a certain equilibrium over another.
Equilibrium_selection
Principle in genetics
absence of selection, mutation, genetic drift, or other forces, allele frequencies p and q are constant between generations, so equilibrium is reached
Hardy–Weinberg_principle
Simultaneous game found in game theory
decision-making Cooperative game Coordination failure (economics) Equilibrium selection Focal point Guess 2/3 of the average Non-cooperative game Self-fulfilling
Coordination_game
Concept in game theory
(economics) Coordination game Simultaneous game Surprisingly popular Equilibrium selection Rendezvous problem, the mathematical problem of maximising the probability
Focal_point_(game_theory)
Solution concept in game theory
refinements of the Nash equilibrium (NE) solution concept in game theory, defined by John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten. A Nash equilibrium is considered payoff
Risk_dominance
Solution concept of a non-cooperative game
In game theory, a Nash equilibrium is a situation where no player could gain more by changing their own strategy (holding all other players' strategies
Nash_equilibrium
Solution concept for non-cooperative games
perfect equilibrium implements a weak version of backward induction, and increasingly stronger versions are sequential equilibrium, perfect equilibrium, quasi-perfect
Mertens-stable_equilibrium
Hungarian-American economist and philosopher (1920–2000)
(specifically utilitarian ethics) as well as contributing to the study of equilibrium selection. For his work, he was a co-recipient along with John Nash and Reinhard
John_Harsanyi
Theory in evolutionary biology
In evolutionary biology, punctuated equilibrium (also called punctuated equilibria) is a theory that proposes that once a species appears in the fossil
Punctuated_equilibrium
Solution concept in game theory
The reproductive behaviour and the nature of sexual selection in Scatophaga stercoraria. equilibrium by equalising the payoffs for producing sons and daughters
Evolutionarily stable strategy
Evolutionarily_stable_strategy
Informal understanding of acceptable conduct
a difference in games. The other is equilibrium selection not explicable by the game itself. Equilibrium selection is closely related to coordination.
Social_norm
The Divine Equilibrium is a refinement of Perfect Bayesian equilibrium in a signaling game proposed by Banks and Sobel (1987). One of the most widely-applied
Divine_equilibrium
Allele equilibrium in a population when creation equals elimination by negative selection
Mutation–selection balance is an equilibrium in the number of deleterious alleles in a population that occurs when the rate at which deleterious alleles
Mutation–selection_balance
Solution Concept for Noncooperative games
In game theory, a satisfaction equilibrium is a solution concept for a class of non-cooperative games, namely games in satisfaction form. Games in satisfaction
Satisfaction_equilibrium
Mechanism of evolution by differential reproduction
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in the relative fitness endowed on them by their own
Natural_selection
German economist and Nobel Laureate (1930–2016)
Springer-Verlag, 1974, ISBN 978-3662073698 A General Theory of Equilibrium Selection in Games (with John C. Harsanyi), Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT-Press
Reinhard_Selten
Concept in economics and game theory
fundamentals with small noise, and show that this leads to the selection of a unique equilibrium. This result overturns the result in models of complete information
Global_game
Selective trading based on possession of hidden information
with adverse selection, especially the credit market and insurance market. Most of the current market analysis on competitive equilibrium market with adverse
Adverse_selection
Ecological theory concerning the selection of life history traits
whereas K-selected species are described as "equilibrium". In stable or predictable environments, K-selection predominates as the ability to compete successfully
R/K_selection_theory
Game theory concept
theory, a subgame perfect equilibrium (SPE), or subgame perfect Nash equilibrium (SPNE), is a refinement of the Nash equilibrium concept, specifically designed
Subgame_perfect_equilibrium
Weakly optimal allocation of resources
assumptions, any Pareto optimum can be obtained by some competitive equilibrium, or free market system, although it may also require a lump-sum transfer
Pareto_efficiency
Mathematical models of strategic interactions
did not refer to it as such, he presented a solution that is the Nash equilibrium of the game in his Recherches sur les principes mathématiques de la théorie
Game_theory
Game theory concept
setting would be irrational to compute. A Bayesian Nash Equilibrium (BNE) is a Nash equilibrium for a Bayesian game, which is derived from the ex-ante
Bayesian_game
Nash equilibrium of a bimatrix game algorithm
The Lemke–Howson algorithm is an algorithm that computes a Nash equilibrium of a bimatrix game, named after its inventors, Carlton E. Lemke and J. T.
Lemke–Howson_algorithm
Variant of Nash equilibrium in game theory
theory, trembling hand perfect equilibrium, or simply perfect equilibrium, is a type of refinement of a Nash equilibrium that was first proposed by Reinhard
Trembling hand perfect equilibrium
Trembling_hand_perfect_equilibrium
Standard example in game theory
strategy for both players. Mutual defection is the only strong Nash equilibrium in the game. Since the collectively ideal result of mutual cooperation
Prisoner's_dilemma
Situation where total gains match total losses
the game always has at least one equilibrium solution. The different game theoretic solution concepts of Nash equilibrium, minimax, and maximin all give
Zero-sum_game
Israeli economist
paradoxical idea has been utilized in game theory as a method for equilibrium selection in an approach called Global Games. Rubinstein was among the first
Ariel_Rubinstein
Game theory solution
In game theory, a correlated equilibrium is a solution concept that is more general than the well known Nash equilibrium. It was first discussed by mathematician
Correlated_equilibrium
Application of game theory to evolving populations in biology
akin to the Nash equilibrium in classical game theory, but with mathematically extended criteria. Nash equilibrium is a game equilibrium where it is not
Evolutionary_game_theory
Game class in game theory
signal. The equilibrium concept relevant to signaling games is the "perfect Bayesian equilibrium," a refinement of the Bayesian Nash equilibrium. Nature chooses
Signaling_game
In game theory, a Manipulated Nash equilibrium or MAPNASH is a refinement of subgame perfect equilibrium used in dynamic games of imperfect information
Manipulated_Nash_equilibrium
Formal rule for predicting how a game will be played
game. The most commonly used solution concepts are equilibrium concepts, most famously Nash equilibrium. Many solution concepts, for many games, will result
Solution_concept
original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018. "Nomination and Selection of the Laureates in Economics". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original
List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences
List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences
Solution concept in game theory
Equilibrium (PBE) is a solution with Bayesian probability to a turn-based game with incomplete information. More specifically, it is an equilibrium concept
Perfect_Bayesian_equilibrium
Papadimitriou and R. Savani (2011). The Complexity of the Homotopy Method, Equilibrium Selection, and Lemke–Howson Solutions. Proc. 52nd FOCS. IEEE. pp. 67–76. Maarten
List of PSPACE-complete problems
List_of_PSPACE-complete_problems
Entrepreneurship – Environmental economics – Environmental finance – Equilibrium selection – Ethical consumerism – Euro – Event study – Evolutionary economics
Index_of_economics_articles
Mathematical modelling of phenotypic evolution
different from the resident phenotype. The resident population is at equilibrium when a new mutant arises. Based on these assumptions the fate of mutants
Evolutionary invasion analysis
Evolutionary_invasion_analysis
Model of conflict for two players in game theory
"Chicken" and "Hawk–Dove", the only symmetric Nash equilibrium is the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium, where both individuals randomly chose between playing
Chicken_(game)
Action taken together by a group of people to further a common objective
(help) Harsanyi, John; Selten, Reinhard (1988). A general theory of equilibrium selection in games. MIT Press Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-262-58238-4. Young,
Collective_action
Solution concept in Game Theory
cursed equilibrium is a solution concept for static games of incomplete information. It is a generalization of the usual Bayesian Nash equilibrium, allowing
Cursed_equilibrium
Change in the heritable traits of populations
occurs when evolutionary processes such as genetic drift and natural selection act on genetic variation, resulting in certain characteristics becoming
Evolution
Finance model linking expected return to systematic risk
K. (1970) Risk, Return, and Equilibrium: A General Single-Period Theory of Asset Selection and Capital-Market Equilibrium. Cambridge: MIT Press. Tobin
Capital_asset_pricing_model
Dutch economist
specifically in the field of game theory. Books, a selection: 1983. Refinements of the Nash equilibrium concept. Springer Verlag, Berlin 1987. Stability
Eric_van_Damme
1970 economics paper by George Akerlof
lower quality goods. This can lead to a market collapse due to the lower equilibrium price and quantity of goods traded in the market than a market with perfect
The_Market_for_Lemons
English saying meaning "equivalent retaliation"
disappear." Can be both Nash equilibrium and knife-edge equilibrium. Known as knife-edge equilibrium because the equilibrium "rests precariously on" the
Tit_for_tat
Academic Award
"Experimental games on networks: underpinnings of behavior and equilibrium selection". Econometrica. 82 (5): 615–1670. 2014. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.638.1113
Exeter_Prize
Model of humans as rational, self-interested agents
Coalition-proof Nash equilibrium Core Correlated equilibrium Cursed equilibrium Edgeworth price cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts
Homo_economicus
Class of theorems about Nash equilibrium payoff profiles in repeated games
folk theorems are a class of theorems describing an abundance of Nash equilibrium payoff profiles in repeated games (Friedman 1971). The original Folk
Folk_theorem_(game_theory)
Mathematical game
probability distributions of selections at each higher level. It would take approximately 21 k-levels to reach 0, the Nash equilibrium of the game. The guessing
Guess_2/3_of_the_average
Solution concept in Game Theory
correlated equilibrium is a solution concept for static games of incomplete information. It is both a generalization of the correlated equilibrium perfect-information
Bayes_correlated_equilibrium
Diplomatic policy of concessions
Stochastically stable equilibrium Weak evolutionarily stable strategy Games Chicken Stag hunt Applications Cultural group selection Fisher's principle Mobbing
Appeasement
Type of perfect Bayesian equilibrium
In signaling games, a separating equilibrium is a type of perfect Bayesian equilibrium where agents with different characteristics choose different actions
Separating_equilibrium
Concept in game theory
In game theory, a strong Nash equilibrium (SNE) is a combination of actions of the different players, in which no coalition of players can cooperatively
Strong_Nash_equilibrium
Complete plan on how a game player will behave in every possible game situation
re-interpreted Nash equilibrium as an equilibrium in beliefs, rather than actions. For instance, in rock paper scissors an equilibrium in beliefs would have
Strategy_(game_theory)
English mathematician and game theorist born 1940
Economic Behavior, 8, 1995 With L. Samuelson, "Muddling Through: Noisy Equilibrium Selection," Journal of Economic Theory, 74, 1997 "Rationality and Backward
Kenneth_Binmore
Refinement of Nash equilibrium
Sequential equilibrium is a refinement of Nash equilibrium for extensive form games due to David M. Kreps and Robert Wilson. A sequential equilibrium specifies
Sequential_equilibrium
Solution concept in game theory
response equilibrium (QRE) is a solution concept in game theory. First introduced by Richard McKelvey and Thomas Palfrey, it provides an equilibrium notion
Quantal_response_equilibrium
Situation where players have only a small incentive to change strategies
epsilon-equilibrium, or near-Nash equilibrium, is a strategy profile that approximately satisfies the condition of Nash equilibrium. In a Nash equilibrium, no
Epsilon-equilibrium
Evolutionary effects of sexual selection on humans
value as well. Sexual selection's role in human evolution cannot be definitively established, as features may result from an equilibrium among competing selective
Sexual_selection_in_humans
Search algorithm
Stochastically stable equilibrium Weak evolutionarily stable strategy Games Chicken Stag hunt Applications Cultural group selection Fisher's principle Mobbing
Alpha–beta_pruning
Belgian game theorist (1946–2012)
games, epistemic models of strategic behavior, and refinements of Nash equilibrium (see solution concept). In cooperative game theory he contributed to
Jean-François_Mertens
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
of an expanding economy, he proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Von Neumann's
John_von_Neumann
Logical paradox in decision-making theory
Stochastically stable equilibrium Weak evolutionarily stable strategy Games Chicken Stag hunt Applications Cultural group selection Fisher's principle Mobbing
Paradox_of_tolerance
Motoo (1965). "Attainment of quasi linkage equilibrium when gene frequencies are changing by natural selection". Genetics. 52 (5): 875–890. doi:10.1093/genetics/52
Quasi-linkage_equilibrium
American economist
“Experimental Games on Networks: Underpinnings of Behavior and Equilibrium Selection,” Econometrica, 82, 1615–1670. Charness, Gary and Arthur Schram
Gary_Charness
Israeli-American psychologist and economist (1934–2024)
Stochastically stable equilibrium Weak evolutionarily stable strategy Games Chicken Stag hunt Applications Cultural group selection Fisher's principle Mobbing
Daniel_Kahneman
Aspect of game theory
In game theory, self-confirming equilibrium is a generalization of Nash equilibrium for extensive form games, in which players correctly predict the moves
Self-confirming_equilibrium
Paper-and-pencil game for two players
Stochastically stable equilibrium Weak evolutionarily stable strategy Games Chicken Stag hunt Applications Cultural group selection Fisher's principle Mobbing
Tic-tac-toe
Conflict between safety and cooperation
mixed strategy Nash equilibrium, that is, one in which the players choose either option with some probability. This equilibrium depends on the payoffs
Stag_hunt
Proof all ranked voting rules have spoilers
Stochastically stable equilibrium Weak evolutionarily stable strategy Games Chicken Stag hunt Applications Cultural group selection Fisher's principle Mobbing
Arrow's_impossibility_theorem
Making of satisfactory, not optimal, decisions
maximization and profit maximization as used in conventional general equilibrium models. Stock-flow consistent models (SFC) and agent-based models (ABM)
Bounded_rationality
Condition where selection restores genetic composition
stable state when that population's "genetic composition is restored by selection after a disturbance, provided the disturbance is not too large" (Maynard
Evolutionarily_stable_state
American economist
2307/1913390. JSTOR 1913390. Banks, Jeffrey S.; Sobel, Joel (1987). "Equilibrium Selection in Signaling Games". Econometrica. 55 (3): 647–661. doi:10.2307/1913604
Joel_Sobel
Problem in process of sharing surplus
player 1 in equilibrium is 1/(1+d), while the payoff for player 2 is d/(1+d). In the limit as players become perfectly patient, the equilibrium division
Cooperative_bargaining
Economist
Chen, Roy, and Yan Chen. "The potential of social identity for equilibrium selection." American Economic Review 101, no. 6 (2011): 2562–89. Chen, Yan
Yan_Chen_(economist)
Facilitating a peaceful outcome to a dispute
Stochastically stable equilibrium Weak evolutionarily stable strategy Games Chicken Stag hunt Applications Cultural group selection Fisher's principle Mobbing
Conflict_resolution
Evolutionary process
pollinators Fluctuating selection Mimicry Tit for tat Lewontin, Richard (1958). "A general method for investigating the equilibrium of gene frequency in
Frequency-dependent_selection
Type of fossilized remains
occurred in terms of a single linear progression. The theory of punctuated equilibrium developed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge and first presented
Transitional_fossil
Concept in game theory
A Markov perfect equilibrium is an equilibrium concept in game theory. It has been used in analyses of industrial organization, macroeconomics, and political
Markov_perfect_equilibrium
environment through repeated observation. Fictitious play converges to Nash equilibrium in several important classes of games, including zero-sum games, potential
Fictitious_play
Decision rule used for minimizing the possible loss for a worst-case scenario
two-player zero-sum games, the minimax solution is the same as the Nash equilibrium. In the context of zero-sum games, the minimax theorem is equivalent
Minimax
Branch of game theory about two-player sequential games with perfect information
incomplete information. While economic game theory employs utility theory and equilibrium concepts, combinatorial game theory is primarily concerned with two-player
Combinatorial_game_theory
Hand game for two players or more
settle a dispute or make an unbiased group decision. Unlike truly random selection methods, however, rock paper scissors can be played with some degree of
Rock_paper_scissors
Solution concept in game theory
Proper equilibrium in game theory is a refinement of Nash Equilibrium by Roger B. Myerson. Proper equilibrium further refines Reinhard Selten's notion
Proper_equilibrium
Two-player coordination game in game theory
favored pure strategy equilibrium). It remains unclear how expectations would form that would result in a particular equilibrium being played out. One
Battle of the sexes (game theory)
Battle_of_the_sexes_(game_theory)
Game theory concept
Michael; Roth, Aaron; Wu, Zhiwei Steven (2015). "Privacy and Truthful Equilibrium Selection for Aggregative Games". In Markakis, Evangelos; Schäfer, Guido (eds
Aggregative_game
Subset of a game; used in game theory
used in the solution concept of subgame perfect Nash equilibrium, a refinement of the Nash equilibrium that eliminates non-credible threats. The key feature
Subgame
Economic model
Q ) = 1 − Q {\textstyle P(Q)=1-Q} . It is a static game, whereby an equilibrium is found where no firms unilaterally change their output level when the
Cournot_competition
Overuse of a shared resource
organization Jevons paradox – Efficiency leads to increased demand Nash equilibrium – Solution concept of a non-cooperative game Overfishing – Removal of
Tragedy_of_the_commons
Scientist, control theorist (born 1962)
Distributed Routing in Dynamical Networks-Part II: Strong Resilience, Equilibrium Selection and Cascaded Failures (with Como, Savla, Acemoglu, Frazzoli); 2010
Munther_A._Dahleh
Economic model
Stackelberg who published Marktform und Gleichgewicht (Market Structure and Equilibrium) in 1934, which described the model. In game theory terms, the players
Stackelberg_competition
Natural selection for extreme trait values over intermediate ones
view when looking at speciation as compared to punctuated equilibrium. Disruptive selection can initially rapidly intensify divergence; this is because
Disruptive_selection
Israeli psychologist (1937–1996)
Stochastically stable equilibrium Weak evolutionarily stable strategy Games Chicken Stag hunt Applications Cultural group selection Fisher's principle Mobbing
Amos_Tversky
Type of market failure
example of market failure, as the price mechanism fails to bring about equilibrium in the market. It should not be confused with cases where credit is simply
Credit_rationing
Game in economic experiments
case where the proposer can choose from many different splits. A Nash equilibrium is a set of strategies (one for the proposer and one for the responder
Ultimatum_game
Finding an optimal algorithm for playing chess
Stochastically stable equilibrium Weak evolutionarily stable strategy Games Chicken Stag hunt Applications Cultural group selection Fisher's principle Mobbing
Solving_chess
Condition in economics and game theory
Coalition-proof Nash equilibrium Core Correlated equilibrium Cursed equilibrium Edgeworth price cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts
Perfect_information
(genetic flow) No natural selection on that locus or trait Random mating (panmixis) It can describe other types of equilibrium as well, especially in modeling
Genetic_equilibrium
Pairing where no unchosen pair prefers each other over their choice
Coalition-proof Nash equilibrium Core Correlated equilibrium Cursed equilibrium Edgeworth price cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts
Stable_matching_problem
EQUILIBRIUM SELECTION
EQUILIBRIUM SELECTION
Boy/Male
Muslim
Choice, Preference, Selection
Girl/Female
American, Hindu, Indian
Selection
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Selection choice
Boy/Male
Muslim
Selection, Choice
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Selection; Choice
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English biscop, Old English bisc(e)op ‘bishop’, which comes via Latin from Greek episkopos ‘overseer’. The Greek word was adopted early in the Christian era as a title for an overseer of a local community of Christians, and has yielded cognates in every European language: French évêque, Italian vescovo, Spanish obispo, Russian yepiskop, German Bischof, etc. The English surname has probably absorbed at least some of these continental European cognates. The word came to be applied as a surname for a variety of reasons, among them service in the household of a bishop, supposed resemblance in bearing or appearance to a bishop, and selection as the ‘boy bishop’ on St. Nicholas’s Day.
Boy/Male
Assamese, Bengali, Indian, Tamil
To Choose; Selection
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Choice; Preference; Selection
EQUILIBRIUM SELECTION
EQUILIBRIUM SELECTION
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Having a Virtuous Character
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Lily, LILLIE means "lily."
Male
English
Cornish and English form of French Degaré, probably DIGORY means "strayed, lost."Â
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Symbol
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English, German, Jamaican
Tailor; A Blend of Taylor and Dylan; Surname; Tall
Female
Czechoslovakian
, peace glory.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Sikh, Telugu
Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Tamil
Dreshal | தà¯à®°à¯‡à®·à®¾à®²Â
Son of Lord
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a variant of Lambert. Compare Lamberth.
Boy/Male
Greek Latin
Slew Chimera.
EQUILIBRIUM SELECTION
EQUILIBRIUM SELECTION
EQUILIBRIUM SELECTION
EQUILIBRIUM SELECTION
EQUILIBRIUM SELECTION
n.
The state of being balanced; equality of weight.
a.
Pertaining to bodies at rest or in equilibrium.
n.
Laws relating to the equilibrium of the blood in the blood vessels.
n.
To hold or place in equilibrium or equiponderance.
v.
The state of being balanced by equal weight or power; equipoise; balance; equilibrium; rest.
v. i.
To hang in equilibrium; to be balanced or suspended; hence, to be in suspense or doubt.
n.
The relation of two weights or forces which balance each other; equilibrium; equiponderance.
pl.
of Equilibrium
n.
A making equal; equal division; equality; equilibrium.
v. t.
To cause to lose balance or equilibrium.
n.
A level position; a just poise or balance in respect to an object, so that it remains firm; equipoise; as, to preserve the equilibrium of the body.
n.
Absence of interest in, or influence from, anything; unconcernedness; equilibrium; indifferentism; indifference.
v. i.
To vibrate as a balance does before resting in equilibrium; hence, to be poised.
pl.
of Equilibrium
n.
A balancing of the mind between motives or reasons, with consequent indecision and doubt.
n.
Equality of weight or force; an equipoise or a state of rest produced by the mutual counteraction of two or more forces.
n.
One who balances himself in unnatural positions and hazardous movements; a balancer.
n.
The state of being in equipoise; equilibrium; even adjustment; steadiness.
n.
A state of standing or rest; equilibrium.
a.
Evenly poised; balanced.