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Solution concept in game theory
Quantal response equilibrium (QRE) is a solution concept in game theory. First introduced by Richard McKelvey and Thomas Palfrey, it provides an equilibrium
Quantal_response_equilibrium
Simple game studied in game theory
as a quantal response equilibrium. In a quantal-response-equilibrium, the best-response curves are not sharp as in a standard Nash equilibrium. Rather
Matching_pennies
Topics referred to by the same term
QRE can be an abbreviation for: Quantal response equilibrium (game-theoretic term) Quantified Regular Expression Quantum Resource Estimation Quick Reaction
QRE
Paradox of the expected benefit of voting
rationality with Quantal response equilibrium was found to be a better fit of observations in a 2007 laboratory study compared to a Nash equilibrium. The Logit
Paradox_of_voting
Solution concept of a non-cooperative game
Nash equilibrium if A is Alice's best response to (B, C, D), B is Bob's best response to (A, C, D), and so forth. The concept of a Nash equilibrium dates
Nash_equilibrium
Approximation of physical behavior
theory, computer-network performance and game theory, as in the quantal response equilibrium[citation needed]. The idea first appeared in physics (statistical
Mean-field_theory
Topics referred to by the same term
(disambiguation) Akra (disambiguation) Akre (disambiguation) AQRE or QRE - quantal response equilibrium, a solution concept in game theory This disambiguation page lists
Aqra_(disambiguation)
Physics of many interacting particles
that the response of a system when near equilibrium is precisely related to the fluctuations that occur when the system is in total equilibrium. Essentially
Statistical_mechanics
Economical computational problem
Lemke-Howson algorithm, simplicial subdivision methods, and quantal response equilibrium computation, with both GUI and command-line interfaces plus Python
Nash_equilibrium_computation
Mathematical concept
Surprisingly, M equilibrium "minimally envelopes" various parametric models based on fixed-points, including Quantal Response Equilibrium. Unlike QRE, however
M_equilibrium
Concept in game theory
strategies as given. The concept of a best response is central to John Nash's best-known contribution, the Nash equilibrium, the point at which each player in
Best_response
Academic discipline
no defined fixed strategy but in the quantum version it is possible to develop an equilibrium strategy. Quantum Volunteer's Dilemma The Volunteer's Dilemma
Quantum_game_theory
Solution concept in game theory
refinements of the Nash equilibrium (NE) solution concept in game theory, defined by John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten. A Nash equilibrium is considered payoff
Risk_dominance
Two-player extensive form game
initial rounds. The quantal response equilibrium of McKelvey and Palfrey (1995) created a model with agents playing Nash equilibrium with errors and they
Centipede_game
Formal rule for predicting how a game will be played
a best response for the incumbent if the entrant does not enter, resulting in another Nash equilibrium. However, this second Nash equilibrium can be eliminated
Solution_concept
Field of statistical mechanics
deviations from equilibrium, linear response theory allows to express transport properties caused by small external fields through equilibrium correlation
Stochastic_thermodynamics
Economic model
a firm's best response for given (exogenous) output levels of the other firm(s) in the market. He then showed that a stable equilibrium occurs where these
Cournot_competition
Study of strategic decision making
Complex adaptive system Differential game Evolutionary game theory Quantal response equilibrium Potential game Vasiliadis, Athanasios (2019). "An Introduction
Mean-field_game_theory
Concept in game theory
In game theory, a strong Nash equilibrium (SNE) is a combination of actions of the different players, in which no coalition of players can cooperatively
Strong_Nash_equilibrium
Branch of thermodynamics
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with physical systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium but can be described
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics
Hypothesis about quantum and statistical mechanics
purports to explain when and why an isolated quantum mechanical system can be accurately described using equilibrium statistical mechanics. In particular, it
Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis
Eigenstate_thermalization_hypothesis
Game theory concept
theory, a subgame perfect equilibrium (SPE), or subgame perfect Nash equilibrium (SPNE), is a refinement of the Nash equilibrium concept, specifically designed
Subgame_perfect_equilibrium
Game in economic experiments
{\displaystyle \epsilon } and the receiver's best response would still be to accept. The weak equilibrium is an artifact of the strategy space being continuous
Ultimatum_game
Mathematical game
select 0, the game reaches its Nash equilibrium. At this state, every player has chosen to play the best response strategy for themselves, given what
Guess_2/3_of_the_average
Aspect of theoretical physics
topological invariants such as Chern numbers that control quantized Hall responses. The quantum metric measures distances on the space of states and is tied to
Quantum geometry (condensed matter)
Quantum_geometry_(condensed_matter)
Complete plan on how a game player will behave in every possible game situation
re-interpreted Nash equilibrium as an equilibrium in beliefs, rather than actions. For instance, in rock paper scissors an equilibrium in beliefs would have
Strategy_(game_theory)
Game theory solution
In game theory, a correlated equilibrium is a solution concept that is more general than the well known Nash equilibrium. It was first discussed by mathematician
Correlated_equilibrium
Solution concept in game theory
concept than a Nash equilibrium. Both require players to respond optimally to some belief about their opponents' actions, but Nash equilibrium requires these
Rationalizable_strategy
Statistical physics theorem
response, because past fluctuations cause future fluctuations via a linear response upon itself. This is the classical form of the theorem; quantum fluctuations
Fluctuation–dissipation theorem
Fluctuation–dissipation_theorem
English saying meaning "equivalent retaliation"
disappear." Can be both Nash equilibrium and knife-edge equilibrium. Known as knife-edge equilibrium because the equilibrium "rests precariously on" the
Tit_for_tat
Situation where total gains match total losses
the game always has at least one equilibrium solution. The different game theoretic solution concepts of Nash equilibrium, minimax, and maximin all give
Zero-sum_game
Concept in game theory
In this coordination game, any place and time in the city could be an equilibrium solution. Schelling asked a group of students this question and found
Focal_point_(game_theory)
Economic model of competition
adjusting price level to sell that quantity. The outcome of the model equilibrium involved firms pricing above marginal cost; hence, the competitive price
Bertrand_competition
Structure that repeats in time; a novel type or phase of non-equilibrium matter
ultimately led to the Watanabe–Oshikawa "no-go" statement that quantum space–time crystals in equilibrium are not possible. Later work restricted the scope of Watanabe
Time_crystal
Game theory case weighing own/others' sacrifice
Nash equilibrium. Furthermore, these Nash equilibria are Pareto optimal. It is shown that the payoff function of Nash equilibria in the quantum setting
Volunteer's_dilemma
immunization to deviations that are self-enforcing. While the best-response property in Nash equilibrium is necessary for self-enforceability, it is not generally
Coalition-proof Nash equilibrium
Coalition-proof_Nash_equilibrium
Model of conflict for two players in game theory
"Chicken" and "Hawk–Dove", the only symmetric Nash equilibrium is the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium, where both individuals randomly chose between playing
Chicken_(game)
Subset of a game; used in game theory
as a best response. Suppose also that S is a best response to B. Hence, {S,B} is a Nash equilibrium. Let there be another Nash equilibrium {S',B'}, the
Subgame
Mathematical models of strategic interactions
strategies. In other words, an act profile is a Nash equilibrium if each player is playing a best response to the joint play of the others, such that no player
Game_theory
Idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation
angle of incidence. The radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium with its environment is called black-body radiation. The name "black
Black_body
Simultaneous game found in game theory
and they both do better if they coordinate than if they played an off-equilibrium combination of actions. This setup can be extended to more than two strategies
Coordination_game
Economic model
the predicted response of the follower. The follower actually observes this and in equilibrium picks the expected quantity as a response. To calculate
Stackelberg_competition
Influence that can change motion of an object
an extended body is zero the body is in equilibrium. In modern physics, which includes relativity and quantum mechanics, the laws governing motion are
Force
Concept in game theory
Mertens-stable Nash Strong Coalition-proof Perfect Bayesian Program Proper Quantal response Quasi-perfect Satisfaction Self-confirming Sequential Subgame perfect
Shapley_value
Variant of Nash equilibrium in game theory
theory, trembling hand perfect equilibrium, or simply perfect equilibrium, is a type of refinement of a Nash equilibrium that was first proposed by Reinhard
Trembling hand perfect equilibrium
Trembling_hand_perfect_equilibrium
Game theory concept
(non-Bayesian) game, a strategy profile is a Nash equilibrium if every player's strategy is a best response to the other players' strategies. In this situation
Bayesian_game
Equation relating transport coefficients to correlation functions
from random fluctuations in equilibrium are indistinguishable from those due to an external perturbation in linear response. Green-Kubo relations are important
Green–Kubo_relations
Game class in game theory
signal. The equilibrium concept relevant to signaling games is the "perfect Bayesian equilibrium," a refinement of the Bayesian Nash equilibrium. Nature chooses
Signaling_game
Game class in game theory
have to be the same. The potential function is a useful tool to analyze equilibrium properties of games, since the incentives of all players are mapped into
Potential_game
Israeli psychologist (1937–1996)
Mertens-stable Nash Strong Coalition-proof Perfect Bayesian Program Proper Quantal response Quasi-perfect Satisfaction Self-confirming Sequential Subgame perfect
Amos_Tversky
Search algorithm
first move checked by the first player is adequate, but all second player responses are required to try to find a refutation), or vice versa. This advantage
Alpha–beta_pruning
Refinement of Nash equilibrium
Sequential equilibrium is a refinement of Nash equilibrium for extensive form games due to David M. Kreps and Robert Wilson. A sequential equilibrium specifies
Sequential_equilibrium
Relationship of a signal transducer
perturbation of these driven or active systems gives rise to a response in violation with the equilibrium expressions. A possible methodology proceeds via path-space
Linear_response_function
Two-player coordination game in game theory
favored pure strategy equilibrium). It remains unclear how expectations would form that would result in a particular equilibrium being played out. One
Battle of the sexes (game theory)
Battle_of_the_sexes_(game_theory)
Philosophical thought experiment
progressed to its most likely spread-out and featureless state of thermal equilibrium, would spontaneously fluctuate to a more ordered (or low-entropy) state
Boltzmann_brain
Standard example in game theory
strategy for both players. Mutual defection is the only strong Nash equilibrium in the game. Since the collectively ideal result of mutual cooperation
Prisoner's_dilemma
Japanese physicist (1920–1995)
linear response theory for quantum systems. In 1977 Ryogo Kubo was awarded the Boltzmann Medal for his contributions to the theory of non-equilibrium statistical
Ryogo_Kubo
Decision rule used for minimizing the possible loss for a worst-case scenario
two-player zero-sum games, the minimax solution is the same as the Nash equilibrium. In the context of zero-sum games, the minimax theorem is equivalent
Minimax
Situation where players have only a small incentive to change strategies
epsilon-equilibrium, or near-Nash equilibrium, is a strategy profile that approximately satisfies the condition of Nash equilibrium. In a Nash equilibrium, no
Epsilon-equilibrium
Extension of linear response theory in mesoscopic regimes
f(t)f(0)\rangle } . In linear response theory (LRT) the driving source induces a steady state which is only slightly different from the equilibrium state. In such circumstances
Semilinear_response
Class of theorems about Nash equilibrium payoff profiles in repeated games
folk theorems are a class of theorems describing an abundance of Nash equilibrium payoff profiles in repeated games (Friedman 1971). The original Folk
Folk_theorem_(game_theory)
Israeli-American psychologist and economist (1934–2024)
Mertens-stable Nash Strong Coalition-proof Perfect Bayesian Program Proper Quantal response Quasi-perfect Satisfaction Self-confirming Sequential Subgame perfect
Daniel_Kahneman
which payoffs are in some sort of economic equilibrium. One example of such an equilibrium is the Nash equilibrium, where each player plays a strategy such
Outcome_(game_theory)
Logical paradox in decision-making theory
might be turned against dissidents. Criticism of violent intolerance as a response to intolerant speech is characteristic of discourse ethics as developed
Paradox_of_tolerance
Incomplete-information coordination game
Still, since this chain of information eventually stops, their equilibrium best response still is to always play A {\displaystyle A} . Morris, Stephen
Electronic_mail_game
Physical law for entropy and heat
cannot decrease, as they always tend toward a state of thermodynamic equilibrium where the entropy is highest at the given internal energy. An increase
Second_law_of_thermodynamics
Topics referred to by the same term
Relaxation stands quite generally for a release of tension, a return to equilibrium. In the sciences, the term is used in the following ways: Relaxation
Relaxation
Solution concept in game theory
In game-theoretical terms, an ESS is an equilibrium refinement of the Nash equilibrium, being a Nash equilibrium that is also "evolutionarily stable." Thus
Evolutionarily stable strategy
Evolutionarily_stable_strategy
Solution concept in game theory
Equilibrium (PBE) is a solution with Bayesian probability to a turn-based game with incomplete information. More specifically, it is an equilibrium concept
Perfect_Bayesian_equilibrium
Trigger strategy
is the cooperative profile while playing (D, D), also the unique Nash equilibrium in this game, is the punishment profile. In the grim trigger strategy
Grim_trigger
Concept in game theory
and actions, has a uniform equilibrium payoff, or a limiting-average equilibrium payoff, or even a liminf-average equilibrium payoff, is a challenging open
Stochastic_game
Model of humans as rational, self-interested agents
G.; Aronson, J.A.; Nystrom, L.E.; Cohen, J.D. (2004). "Opposing BOLD responses to reciprocated and unreciprocated altruism in putative reward pathways"
Homo_economicus
Concept in game theory
A Markov perfect equilibrium is an equilibrium concept in game theory. It has been used in analyses of industrial organization, macroeconomics, and political
Markov_perfect_equilibrium
Conflict between safety and cooperation
mixed strategy Nash equilibrium, that is, one in which the players choose either option with some probability. This equilibrium depends on the payoffs
Stag_hunt
Israeli-American mathematician (born 1930)
correlated equilibrium in game theory, which is a type of equilibrium in non-cooperative games that is more flexible than the classical Nash equilibrium. Furthermore
Robert_Aumann
State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things
pattern and increased respiratory rate to bring the blood gases back to equilibrium. Too little carbon dioxide, and, to a lesser extent, too much oxygen
Homeostasis
Theorem in statistical mathematics
that the entropy of a system which is currently away from thermodynamic equilibrium (i.e., maximum entropy) will increase or decrease over a given amount
Fluctuation_theorem
Problem in process of sharing surplus
player 1 in equilibrium is 1/(1+d), while the payoff for player 2 is d/(1+d). In the limit as players become perfectly patient, the equilibrium division
Cooperative_bargaining
Economic Model
discontinuous jump upwards. There have been several responses to the non-existence of pure-strategy equilibrium identified by Francis Ysidro Edgeworth and Martin
Bertrand–Edgeworth_model
Game theory model of aggression
nothing in equilibrium. So, they have no incentive to bid less. This equilibrium is subgame perfect. There is also a symmetric equilibrium in mixed strategies
War_of_attrition_(game)
Application of physics to the study of economics
that an emergence-producing equilibrium based on information via Shannon information entropy produces the same equilibrium measure (Gibbs measure from
Econophysics
Branch of game theory about two-player sequential games with perfect information
incomplete information. While economic game theory employs utility theory and equilibrium concepts, combinatorial game theory is primarily concerned with two-player
Combinatorial_game_theory
Weakly optimal allocation of resources
assumptions, any Pareto optimum can be obtained by some competitive equilibrium, or free market system, although it may also require a lump-sum transfer
Pareto_efficiency
Solution Concept for Noncooperative games
In game theory, a satisfaction equilibrium is a solution concept for a class of non-cooperative games, namely games in satisfaction form. Games in satisfaction
Satisfaction_equilibrium
Situation where all parties are worse off
Mertens-stable Nash Strong Coalition-proof Perfect Bayesian Program Proper Quantal response Quasi-perfect Satisfaction Self-confirming Sequential Subgame perfect
No-win_situation
Concept in game theory
Equilibrium selection is a concept from game theory which seeks to address reasons for players of a game to select a certain equilibrium over another.
Equilibrium_selection
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
of an expanding economy, he proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Von Neumann's
John_von_Neumann
Quantum mechanics mathematical equation
{\displaystyle H_{0}} . The expectation value of a physical quantity at equilibrium temperature T {\displaystyle T} , described by the operator A ^ {\displaystyle
Kubo_formula
Physical system that responds to a restoring force proportional to displacement
mechanics, a harmonic oscillator is a system that, when displaced from its equilibrium position, experiences a restoring force F proportional to the displacement
Harmonic_oscillator
Term in condensed matter physics
E.G. Dalla Torre; et al. (2010). "Quantum critical states and phase transitions in the presence of non-equilibrium noise". Nature Physics. 6 (10): 806–810
Quantum_critical_point
Theorem in game theory
hyperlinks -- 'Posted in Announcements, Complexity, Metaphysical Spouting, Quantum'){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) "See also" the previous footnote
Aumann's_agreement_theorem
Paper-and-pencil game for two players
corner mark next to the X, or an edge mark opposite the X. Any other responses will allow X to force the win. Once the opening is completed, O's task
Tic-tac-toe
Aspect of game theory
In game theory, self-confirming equilibrium is a generalization of Nash equilibrium for extensive form games, in which players correctly predict the moves
Self-confirming_equilibrium
Area of physical and philosophical debate
is explained as phenomenological. In quantum equilibrium the theory makes the same predictions as standard quantum mechanics, so that experiments do not
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics
Facilitating a peaceful outcome to a dispute
as constructive or destructive, depending on the individual's emotional response to it. In contrast, action conflict is determined to be constructive or
Conflict_resolution
Concept in game theory
environment through repeated observation. Fictitious play converges to Nash equilibrium in several important classes of games, including zero-sum games, potential
Fictitious_play
Branch of mathematics
size of the input will be n m 2 {\displaystyle nm^{2}} . Finding Nash equilibrium in a game takes exponential time in the size of the representation. If
Graphical_game_theory
Pairing where no unchosen pair prefers each other over their choice
Mertens-stable Nash Strong Coalition-proof Perfect Bayesian Program Proper Quantal response Quasi-perfect Satisfaction Self-confirming Sequential Subgame perfect
Stable_matching_problem
Elementary particle or quantum of light
rate constant for emissions in response to ambient photons (induced or stimulated emission). In thermodynamic equilibrium, the number of atoms in state
Photon
Military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons
Huth goes on to outline that deterrence policies may be implemented in response to a pressing short-term threat (known as immediate deterrence) or as strategy
Deterrence_theory
travel, tourism, insurance
QUANTAL RESPONSE-EQUILIBRIUM
QUANTAL RESPONSE-EQUILIBRIUM
Girl/Female
African, American, Danish, French, German, Indian, Latin
Stony Place; Song
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
In Attentive Response
Girl/Female
Australian, French
To Sing; Stony Spot; Place Name
Boy/Male
Muslim
Responsive
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Rest Response
Female
English
Feminine form of English Quintin, QUINTA means "fifth."
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Responsive
Female
French
French surname transferred to forename use, CHANTAL means "stony place."
Female
English
African American name, of uncertain origin, possibly a variant form of the masculine Comanche name Quanah, QUANNA means "fragrant."
Girl/Female
French American
Singer. To sing. Song.
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Responder
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Sindhi
Rest; Response; Comfort
Male
Native American
Native American Comanche name QUANAH means "fragrant."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Responsive
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian form of Greek Antonios, possibly ANTAL means "invaluable."Â
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Lord Sun's Child
Boy/Male
Muslim
Responsive
Female
English
Old English name QUANDA means "companion."
Boy/Male
Indian
The responsive
Boy/Male
Indian
Responsive
QUANTAL RESPONSE-EQUILIBRIUM
QUANTAL RESPONSE-EQUILIBRIUM
QUANTAL RESPONSE-EQUILIBRIUM
QUANTAL RESPONSE-EQUILIBRIUM
QUANTAL RESPONSE-EQUILIBRIUM
QUANTAL RESPONSE-EQUILIBRIUM
QUANTAL RESPONSE-EQUILIBRIUM
v. i.
To show some effect in return to a force; to act in response; to accord; to correspond; to suit.
n.
A quantic of the fourth degree. See Quantic.
a.
Giving no response.
n.
Response.
pl.
of Quantum
n.
A quantic of the second degree. See Quantic.
imp. & p. p.
of Respond
a.
Occurring as the fifth, after four others also, occurring every fifth day, reckoning inclusively; as, a quintan fever.
a.
Without echo or response.
v. i.
To render satisfaction; to be answerable; as, the defendant is held to respond in damages.
a.
That responds; ready or inclined to respond.
n.
An answer; a response.
n.
An antiphonary; a response book.
a.
Not responsive; not able, ready, or inclined to respond.
n.
A hundred weight; a quintal.
a.
Of or pertaining to the fourth; occurring every fourth day, reckoning inclusively; as, a quartan ague, or fever.
a.
Belonging to plants; as, plantal life.
n.
Fig.: Sympathetic recognition; response; answer.
v. i.
To say somethin in return; to answer; to reply; as, to respond to a question or an argument.
n.
A quantic of the fifth degree. See Quantic.
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