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Non-monogamy in monogamous species
this pairing is extra-pair copulation. Across the animal kingdom, extra-pair copulation is common in monogamous species, and only a very few pair-bonded
Extra-pair_copulation
literature. The courtship stage of breeding is when pair bonds are formed and occurs before copulation and occasionally continues through the copulatory
Seabird_breeding_behavior
Evolutionary biology concept of prevention of negative inbreeding effects
able to fertilize the other females' eggs in the extra-pair copulation. For females, extra-pair copulations ensure egg fertilization, and provide enhanced
Inbreeding_avoidance
Biological term
mate with multiple males. For example, recent studies show that extra-pair copulation frequently occurs in monogamous birds in which a "social" father
Pair_bond
Form of dyadic relationship
partners other than their primary mate. This is called extra-pair copulation. Sometimes these extra-pair sexual activities lead to offspring. Genetic tests
Monogamy
Bird in the ibis family
to engage in extra-pair copulation with other nesting females after mating with its primary female partner. These extra-pair copulations are usually done
American_white_ibis
Natural history of mating systems in which species pair bond to raise offspring
which is the idea that animals form pairs to mate and raise offspring, but still will partake in extra pair copulation with various males or females in order
Monogamy_in_animals
Class of mating system in non-human species
in danger, like a female lion. Females in polygyny may have less extra-pair copulation. In socially polygynous birds, EPC is only half as common as in
Polygyny_in_animals
Practice of having casual sex frequently with different partners
promiscuity in species that form pair bonds are usually called extra-pair copulations. Accurately assessing people's sexual behavior is difficult, since
Promiscuity
Species of bird
the couples repeat copulation many times. Every copulation is followed by some break of 3 to 4 seconds, and in that time both pair change their position
House_sparrow
Penetrative sexual activity for reproduction or sexual pleasure
called copulation, and sperm may be introduced into the female's reproductive tract in non-vaginal ways among the animals, such as by cloacal copulation. For
Sexual_intercourse
Limited evidence for prostitution among non-human animals
In contrast, when extra-pair copulation occurs at the female's nesting site, the male does not take a stone. A male who has copulated with a female benefits
Prostitution_among_animals
Species of bird
High-frequency pair copulation is usually associated with sperm competition and high frequency of extra-pair copulation. It has been considered that extra-pair copulation
White_stork
Warm-blooded animals with wings and feathers
also be the result of forced copulation in ducks and other anatids. For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes
Bird
Sexual activity by a married person with someone other than their spouse
extramarital sex on the marriage is noted to be weaker. Adultery Extra-pair copulation Honor killing On-again, off-again relationship Swinging One-night
Extramarital_sex
Species of bird
generally considered monogamous, although evidence suggests that extra-pair copulation is relatively common. In the spring, males establish a territory
Baltimore_oriole
Species of bird
between previous copulations, and the fact that extra-pair copulations occur in the male after its period of within-pair copulation period is complete
Australian_zebra_finch
Species of bird in the Americas
being socially monogamous, vermilion flycatchers will engage in extra-pair copulation. They also practice within-species brood parasitism, whereby females
Vermilion_flycatcher
Natural world activity in early morning
monogamous birds that perform extra-pair copulations during matutinal hours. One explanation for the prevalence of extra-pair copulation is that it enhances the
Matutinal
Species of bird
may be able to manage extra-pair mating even while its social mate is guarding it, or females may reject extra-pair copulation attempts by other males
Black-throated_blue_warbler
Sexual behavior of non-human animals
reproductively motivated, it is often termed mating or copulation; for most non-human mammals, mating and copulation occur at oestrus (the most fertile period in
Animal_sexual_behaviour
Species of bird
in copulation chance. Despite most grey fantails forming season-long monogamous pairs, a small number of male birds seeking extra-pair copulation have
Grey_fantail
Promiscuity among human females
food offerings from prospective mates inciting copulation. A female may pursue extra-pair copulation more during fertile periods of her menstrual cycle
Female_promiscuity
Species of bird in the Americas
was the result of an extra-pair copulation. One factor that might contribute to this is that females have control over copulation, making paternity guards
Tree_swallow
Form of sexual selection
primarily as a consequence of polyandrous mating systems, or due to extra-pair copulations of females, which increases the chance of cuckoldry, in which the
Human_sperm_competition
Family of apes
they do not always remain sexually monogamous. In addition to extra-pair copulations, pair-bonded gibbons occasionally "divorce". About 10% of gibbon groups
Gibbon
Term in evolutionary biology
the offspring on their own in their nests. Concealed ovulation Extra-pair copulation Genomic imprinting Intragenomic conflict Parent–offspring conflict
Sexual_conflict
Species of ape
males are more successful in defending it in a pair or group. Additionally, these extra pair copulations may increase the chance of reproduction with a
Lar_gibbon
Reproductive process
off the rival male which will prevent the female from engaging in extra-pair copulation with the rival male. Organisms with polygynous mating systems are
Sperm_competition
Species of bird
aggressive and territorial. Once established, pairs stay together to breed for life, but extra-pair copulation is common, making this species genetically
Barn_swallow
Psychological concept
mate guarding, used by men to reduce the likelihood of partner extra-pair copulation. Indirect coercion includes herding, sequestration, and punishment
Sexual_conflict_in_humans
Species of bird
food by the time of egg-laying, although extra-pair copulation is extremely rare. The female solicits copulations by facing away from the male with drooped
Eurasian_goshawk
Species of bird
nest, guarding it from a nearby perch. Extra-pair copulation, in which mating occurs outside of a monogamous pair, is known to occur. Based on blood analyses
Cerulean_warbler
Former genus of herons
laying eggs in the nests of other cattle egrets. As much as 30% extra-pair copulations has been noted. The dominant factor in nesting mortality is starvation
Cattle_egret
Theory in evolutionary psychology
hypothesis. Ovulatory shift hypothesis Human mating strategies Extra-pair copulation Sexual selection in humans Steven, Gangestad (2000). "The evolution
Strategic_pluralism
External organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation
during copulation. In some species, the hectocotylus breaks off inside the female's mantle cavity; in others, it can be used repeatedly to copulate with
Intromittent_organ
Topics referred to by the same term
Psychology Conference, run annually in Australia or New Zealand Extra-pair copulation EPC (EP), by Battles Edgewell Personal Care, a US company Electronic
EPC
Species of bird in North America
Resident and transient males sire a small number of offspring through extra-pair copulations with females on territories. Territorial males are heavier and have
Great-tailed_grackle
Species of bird in the crow family Corvidae
extra-pair copulation and there is little evidence for couple separation even after multiple instances of reproductive failure. Some pairs do separate
Western_jackdaw
Bird behaviour related to reproduction and early development
females as possible in a season. Some monogamous birds engage in extra-pair copulations while maintaining their primary partner, known as social monogamy
Breeding_behaviour_of_birds
System of sexual reproduction in a population
fingerprinting studies have shown that even in pair-bonding, matings outside the pair (extra-pair copulations) occur with fair frequency, and a significant
Mating_system
Genus of birds including crows, ravens and rooks
crows typically mate for life, extra-pair copulation is not unusual, and young from previous years often help nesting pairs protect a nest and feed nestlings
Corvus
Passerine bird in the tit family Paridae
new territories. Although the great tit is socially monogamous, extra-pair copulations are frequent. One study in Germany found that 40% of nests contained
Great_tit
Branch of feminism
individuals as units of sexual selection. Hrdy found that promiscuity and extra-pair copulation among primates such as common chimpanzees and Hanuman langurs was
Darwinian_feminism
Species of bird
laying eggs in the nests of other cattle egrets. As much as 30% extra-pair copulations have been noted. The dominant factor in nesting mortality is starvation
Western_cattle_egret
Hypothesis of female mating behavior
seeking good genes from an extra-pair copulation—cheating on their partner—at high fertility, while also maintaining a long-term pair bond with a partner who
Ovulatory_shift_hypothesis
Species of bird
relatively frequent in European pied flycatchers is the practice of extra-pair copulations (EPC). Thus, the male practising EPC will have a group of offspring
European_pied_flycatcher
Species of bird
Genetic analysis has allowed scientists to more accurately quantify extra-pair copulation (EPC). One study showed that EPC accounted for 30% of nestlings
Golden-winged_warbler
Form of biological asymmetry
evidence that FA is linked to extra-pair copulation, as women have been shown to prefer men with lower levels of FA as extra-pair partners. However, the literature
Fluctuating_asymmetry
Various types of avian mating rituals/behaviors found in nature
positive correlation between age and extra-pair copulation frequency. Bird calls are also known to continue after pair formation in several socially monogamous
Sexual_selection_in_birds
Lack of visible changes in ovulating females
contrary to other studies, which have found female sexual desire and extra-pair copulations (EPCs) to increase during the midfollicular to ovulatory phases
Concealed_ovulation
Species of bird
Although blue tits are socially monogamous, they regularly engage in extra-pair copulations with other individuals. Eggs are 14–18 mm (0.55–0.71 in) long and
Eurasian_blue_tit
Species of auk
Wagner, R.H. (1991). "Evidence that female Razorbills control extra pair copulations". Behaviour. 118 (3/4). BRILL: 157–169. Bibcode:1991Behav.118..157W
Razorbill
Subspecies of bird, native of New Zealand
gravel beaches. The birds form pair bonds which endure across seasons, but there is a certain amount of extra-pair copulation. Nests are well formed and may
Red-billed_gull
Vocalization used to attract mates
positive correlation between age and extra-pair copulation frequency. Bird calls are also known to continue after pair formation in several socially monogamous
Mating_call
Species of bird
After pairing, the male frequently copulates with the female. Unguarded females may be approached by other males, and extra pair copulations are frequent
Black_kite
Species of bird
and do not usually wander far outside of their breeding range. Extra-pair copulation is not uncommon among yellow-billed magpies. After mating, a male
Yellow-billed_magpie
Family of perching birds
species. This monogamous lifestyle, however, can still contain extra-pair copulations. Males and females build large nests together in trees or on ledges;
Corvidae
Species of bird
in parental care and guard their mates from others searching for extra pair copulations (EPCs). White males invest in securing additional mates and EPCs
White-throated_sparrow
Species of Old World vultures of the genus Neophron
recorded in subspecies N. p. ginginianus and N. p. majorensis. Extra-pair copulation with neighbouring birds has been recorded and may be a reason for
Egyptian_vulture
1996 book by Robin Baker
them. Likewise, women are found to be more likely to engage in extra-pair copulation and retain larger amounts of sperm during their most fertile phase
Sperm_Wars
Species of beetle
usually in September, when most of the males usually appear to wait for copulation. Its length is 50–95 mm. As a larva, its diet is rotten wood. Its adult
Eupatorus_gracilicornis
Species of bird
brood parasitism and extra pair copulation. These birds also feed and roost communally. One or two helpers may join the breeding pair after incubation begins
Blue-tailed_bee-eater
Species of bird
along with the need for security in resources year-round prevent extra pair copulations from females, as the mortality rate for Carolina wrens peaks during
Carolina_wren
Species of bird
occurs typically in May/June. Though the pairs are monogamous at least for a breeding season, extra-pair copulations have been recorded. Most nest sites have
Merlin_(bird)
Species of bird
are socially monogamous, a large proportion of birds engage in extra-pair copulation. Some water rails also engage in intraspecific brood parasitism
Water_rail
Aspect of primatology
pairs demonstrate monogamous (or partially monogamous) mating systems. In some monogamous pair-bonded species there have been observations of extra-pair
Primate_sociality
Species of bird
Extra-pair copulation is relatively uncommon (less than 8% of young are conceived through extra-pair fertilization). Green-rumped parrotlets form strong pair bonds
Green-rumped_parrotlet
Species of bird
species that tends to breed in pairs; however, extra-pair copulations, while not common, do occur in kākā. Monogamous pairs often return to breed with each
Kākā
Species of bird
reveals that females tend to bond with one or two males, though extra-pair copulations are also frequently observed. Japanese quails show peak breeding
Japanese_quail
males sing more, are more aggressive and more frequently engage in extra-pair copulation than their TS counterparts. TS birds of both sexes provide more
List_of_polymorphisms
Migratory passerine bird of the swallow family
finishes later anyway. Once established, pairs remain together to breed for life; however, extra-pair copulations are common, making this species genetically
Western_house_martin
Hunting with a trained bird of prey
the wild and have produced offspring. These pairings are thought to be rare, but extra-pair copulations between closely related species may occur more
Falconry
Species of bird
selecting a nest site, and incubating and raising young; however, extra-pair copulations are frequent. While males usually initiate courtship, females control
American_flamingo
Parenting not done by the birth parents
Cuckoldry: this occurs in many colonially breeding bird species where extra-pair copulations may take place and the males end up caring for unrelated offspring
Alloparenting
Species of bird
Most thrushes find a new mate each year, and mate guarding and extra-pair copulations have not been observed in this species. Some male wood thrushes
Wood_thrush
Species of bird
most bird species, female blue-headed vireos do not attempt any extra-pair copulations with other males. Likewise, males make no attempt to guard females
Blue-headed_vireo
Species of lemur
extra-pair copulation social organization. Nonetheless, Milne-Edwards' sportive lemurs practice duetting, which is uncommon for extra-pair copulation
Milne-Edwards'_sportive_lemur
Subdiscipline of ecology
helped scientists better understand is extra-pair fertilizations (EPFs), also known as extra-pair copulations (EPCs). These are mating events that occur
Molecular_ecology
Species of bird
auklets are monogamous, with only 10% of the population having extra-pair copulations. Partners continue to self-advertise to other birds when they are
Crested_auklet
Species of bird
maintain the pair bond, and signal to both the male and the young that she is approaching the nest. Given the high rate of extra-pair copulations in this species
Grasshopper_sparrow
Species of bird
apparently ensures her physical well-being rather than preventing extra-pair copulations, as neighbouring males will stray through each other's territory
Great_grey_shrike
Species of bird
through vocalizations and displays. They appear to be monogamous, but extra-pair copulations may occur. The nest is bulky and less compact than those of other
American_gray_flycatcher
Species of bird
These birds are believed to be monogamous and show no evidence of extra-pair copulation. Male Hammond's flycatchers physically fight at the beginning of
Hammond's_flycatcher
Chromosome that differs from an ordinary autosome in form, size, and behavior
are a typical pair of mammal allosomes. They differ from autosomes in form, size, and behavior. Whereas autosomes occur in homologous pairs whose members
Sex_chromosome
British novelist, popular science writer, lecturer and broadcaster
that women routinely 'shop around' for good genes by engaging in extra-pair copulations to obtain genetic benefits for their children," Larmuseau said.
Robin_Baker_(biologist)
are homosexual. These coercive copulations usually include ejaculation and the mounted bat often makes a typical copulation call consisting of a long squawk
Homosexual behavior in animals
Homosexual_behavior_in_animals
Signal made by social animals to warn others of danger
nest area during the mating season, and are thus able to disrupt extra-pair copulations. As this is likely to be costly to females, it can be seen as an
Alarm_signal
Species of mongoose from Africa
to work against the mate-guarding male by proactively securing extra-pair copulations. Older females have earlier estrous periods and have larger litters
Banded_mongoose
Eating members of one's own species
consumption of the male by the female individual before, during or after copulation. Other forms of cannibalism include size-structured cannibalism and intrauterine
Cannibalism
Species of bird
exhibit polygyny to some extent to carry out extra-pair copulations. In the wild, they live either in single pairs, or in small groups, consisting of Puna
Puna_teal
Species of bird endemic to Australia
form of extra-pair copulations, i.e. copulation outside the pair bond). Although there are ecological and demographic constraints on extra pair matings
Purple-crowned_fairywren
Species of ape
display of a mated pair's bond, and subsequently make the pair less attractive to other potential mates, which deters extra-group copulation. Other subadult
Black_crested_gibbon
Species of butterfly
to copulation, when the male deposits a nutrient-rich spermatophore in the female. In addition, males also secrete a mating plug during copulation that
Variable_checkerspot
Species of bird
pairs but only do so for chick rearing, and will actively seek extra pair copulations on the side. Little is known about the courtship process of Henst's
Henst's_goshawk
British Darwinian philosopher, rationalist (born 1942)
females resist male efforts to control them; human females too seek "extra-pair copulations (EPCs) in the jargon of evolutionary ecology", while among indigenous
Helena_Cronin
Adaptive immune gene selection
MHC-similar, they were more likely to participate in extra-pair paternity; in most cases, the extra-pair male was significantly more MHC-dissimilar than the
Major histocompatibility complex and sexual selection
Major_histocompatibility_complex_and_sexual_selection
Females mating while infertile
female only engages in copulation when she is fertile. However, extended sexuality has been documented in Old World primates, pair bonded birds and some
Extended_female_sexuality
Species of bird
reed warblers are known to be polygynous/polyandrous and engage in extra-pair copulations. Unlike all other Acrocephalus species which are sedentary, the
Australian_reed_warbler
Ancestor of domestic pigeon
long-term bonds are not unbreakable. They are socially monogamous, but extra-pair matings do occur, often initiated by males. The nest is a flimsy platform
Rock_dove
EXTRA PAIR-COPULATION
EXTRA PAIR-COPULATION
Girl/Female
Arabic
Heavenly Smell
Male
Hebrew
(×™Ö¸×ִיר) Variant spelling of Hebrew Yaiyr, YAIR means "whom God enlightens."Â
Boy/Male
British, English
Extra Ordinary; Not in Competition
Female
Welsh
Welsh form of Greek Maria, MAIR means "obstinacy, rebelliousness" or "their rebellion."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Parr in Lancashire, which was named in Old English with pearr ‘enclosure’.German : from Middle Low German parre ‘parish’, ‘district’, ‘minister’s house’; a metonymic occupational name for a parson or for someone who worked in a parsonage or manse. Compare Pfarr.
Boy/Male
Assamese, Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh, Tamil
Expert; Skilled; Fulfilled; Extra Ordinary Person
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Goddess of Spring
Surname or Lastname
English and Irish
English and Irish : variant spelling of Fair.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname meaning ‘handsome’, ‘beautiful’, ‘fair’, Middle English fair, fayr, Old English fæger. The word was also occasionally used as a personal name in Middle English, applied to both men and women.Irish : translation of Gaelic fionn ‘fair’, which Woulfe describes as ‘a descriptive epithet that supplanted the real surname’, or a reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac F(h)inn, a variant of Mag Fhinn (see McGinn).
Surname or Lastname
Scottish spelling of Irish Hare.English
Scottish spelling of Irish Hare.English : nickname for someone with some peculiarity of the hair, from Middle English here ‘hair’.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Of extra ordinary size
Girl/Female
Tamil
Extra ordinary
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Extra; More; Increase; Super Abundance
Girl/Female
Indian
Extra ordinary
Girl/Female
British, English, Latin
Dyer; Skillful; Dexterous; Adroit; Right-handed
Male
English
 Anglicized form of Hebrew Yaiyr, JAIR means "whom God enlightens." In the bible, this is the name of several characters, including a descendant of Manasseh. Anglicized form of Hebrew Yauwr, meaning "forested." In the bible, this is the name of the father of Elhanan.
Female
Persian/Iranian
(پری) Persian name PARI means "fairy."
Boy/Male
Hindu
Of extra ordinary size
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Gare, GAIR means "spear."
Girl/Female
Latin
Adroit; skillful.
EXTRA PAIR-COPULATION
EXTRA PAIR-COPULATION
Female
Japanese
(1-彩花, 2-彩è¯) Japanese name AYAKA means 1) "color-flower" or 2) "color-petal."
Male
French
French form of German Abelard, ABÉLARD means "noble strength."
Boy/Male
French
Reddish brown haired.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
The Enemy of Cities
Biblical
same as Zoar
Male
Finnish
Finnish form of Greek Petros, PEKKA means "rock, stone."
Boy/Male
Muslim
Exalted
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Telugu
Woman; Goddess of Hindus; Durga
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Goddess Parvati
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Christian, English, Hebrew
Supplanter; He who Supplants
EXTRA PAIR-COPULATION
EXTRA PAIR-COPULATION
EXTRA PAIR-COPULATION
EXTRA PAIR-COPULATION
EXTRA PAIR-COPULATION
n.
A fair woman; a sweetheart.
n.
Two of a sort; a span; a yoke; a couple; a brace; as, a pair of horses; a pair of oxen.
a.
Having fair or light-colored hair.
v. t.
To unite in couples; to form a pair of; to bring together, as things which belong together, or which complement, or are adapted to one another.
a.
Beyond what is due, usual, expected, or necessary; additional; supernumerary; also, extraordinarily good; superior; as, extra work; extra pay.
n.
A single thing, composed of two pieces fitted to each other and used together; as, a pair of scissors; a pair of tongs; a pair of bellows.
n.
Extra pay; esp. an extra allowance to an English officer serving in India.
n.
Extra hazard; chance; accident; random.
n.
Two things of a kind, similar in form, suited to each other, and intended to be used together; as, a pair of gloves or stockings; a pair of shoes.
n.
A number of things resembling one another, or belonging together; a set; as, a pair or flight of stairs. "A pair of beads." Chaucer. Beau. & Fl. "Four pair of stairs." Macaulay. [Now mostly or quite disused, except as to stairs.]
n.
Hair (human or animal) used for various purposes; as, hair for stuffing cushions.
n.
An additional or extra tax.
superl.
Distinct; legible; as, fair handwriting.
n.
Something in addition to what is due, expected, or customary; something in addition to the regular charge or compensation, or for which an additional charge is made; as, at European hotels lights are extras.
v. t.
To make fair or beautiful.
n.
See Parr.
pl.
of Extra
superl.
Free from obstacles or hindrances; unobstructed; unincumbered; open; direct; -- said of a road, passage, etc.; as, a fair mark; in fair sight; a fair view.
pl.
of Pair
v. i.
Same as To pair off. See phrase below.