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Statistical method in genetic epidemiology
In this regard Mendelian randomization can be thought of as analogous to "nature's randomized controlled trial". Mendelian randomization requires three
Mendelian_randomization
Type of biological inheritance
Mendelian inheritance (also known as Mendelism) is a type of biological inheritance following the principles originally proposed by Gregor Mendel in 1865
Mendelian_inheritance
Conceptual model in philosophy of science
to form a single instrument[clarification needed]. Definition: Mendelian randomization uses measured variation in genes of known function to examine the
Causal_model
Hormonal disorder affecting the female repoductive system
factors and diseases. It uses the randomness of inheriting different genes to do so. Using Mendelian randomization, it was found that PMOS has causal
Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome
Polyendocrine_metabolic_ovarian_syndrome
Study of the role of genetic factors in determining health and disease
for the genetic component. Modern genetic epidemiology also uses Mendelian randomization, in which genetic variants associated with modifiable exposures
Genetic_epidemiology
Long-term high blood pressure in the arteries
acid are associated with hypertension and evidence from genetic (Mendelian Randomization) studies and clinical trials indicate this relationship is likely
Hypertension
Skin condition, usually on the face
between inflammatory bowel disease and rosacea using bi-directional Mendelian randomization". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 14910. Bibcode:2023NatSR..1314910L
Rosacea
Type of pattern of inheritance
Non-Mendelian inheritance is any pattern in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel's laws. These laws describe the inheritance of traits
Non-Mendelian_inheritance
Longest recorded life span
work with the pharmaceutical rapamycin.[better source needed] A mendelian randomization trial in humans found that a 1-standard deviation increase in genetically
Maximum_life_span
Disease of the kidney
and metabolic disorders. Another study utilized a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach to explore causal relationships between IgAN and several
IgA_nephropathy
Long-term biobank study of 500,000 people
adiposity have an increased risk of prostate cancer death. A 2025 Mendelian randomization analysis of pooled UK Biobank data found that the most significant
UK_Biobank
Proportion of variance that two traits share due to genetic causes
of phenotypic correlations, social inequality, attempts to use Mendelian randomization in causal inference, the understanding of the biological origins
Genetic_correlation
Topics referred to by the same term
Magnetoresistance, change in electrical resistance due to a magnetic field Mendelian randomization, a way of using genetic information to estimate causal effects
MR
Irregular beating of the atria of the heart
elevated levels of inflammatory markers and clotting factors. Mendelian randomization indicates a causal relationship of inflammation leading to atrial
Atrial_fibrillation
Genome regions affecting protein levels
Another approach for understanding how pQTLs drive phenotypes uses Mendelian randomization (MR). pQTL data can be used as an instrumental variable with MR
Protein quantitative trait loci
Protein_quantitative_trait_loci
Vision loss due to damage to the macula of the eye
PMC 3170645. PMID 21851605. Burgess S, Davey Smith G (August 2017). "Mendelian Randomization Implicates High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol–Associated Mechanisms
Macular_degeneration
Fatty acids where the sixth bond is double
from a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and a Mendelian randomization study". Archives of Medical Science. 18 (2): 466–479
Omega−6_fatty_acid
Excess fat around the stomach and abdomen
cognitive function in Asian populations: An epidemiological and Mendelian Randomization study". The Lancet Regional Health. Western Pacific. 33 100710
Abdominal_obesity
Short period of sleep during typical waking hours
between daytime napping, cognitive function, and brain volume? A Mendelian randomization study in the UK Biobank". Sleep Health. 9 (5): 786–793. doi:10
Nap
Study of health and disease within a population
transmissionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Mendelian randomization – Statistical method in genetic epidemiology Occupational epidemiology –
Epidemiology
Edible animal product
Microbiota–Dependent Metabolites and Cardiometabolic Health: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis". Diabetes. 68 (9): 1747–1755. doi:10.2337/db19-0153.
Eggs_as_food
Type of human genetic study conducted on twins
study of allelic effects. Mendelian randomization of alleles also provides opportunities to study the effects of alleles at random with respect to their associated
Twin_study
Lung disease involving long-term poor airflow
pulmonary disease and its common comorbidities using bidirectional Mendelian randomization". European Journal of Medical Research. 29 (1): 143. doi:10
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease
Health effects of long-term alcohol consumption
large part due to various selection biases and competing risks. Mendelian randomization studies have been inconsistent regarding the risk curve, with three
Long-term_effects_of_alcohol
Effects of pollution on the brain
neurodevelopment and mental health: An extensive-scale 2-sample Mendelian randomization study". Medicine. 105 (9) e47836. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000047836
Brain_health_and_pollution
Study of genetic-environment interactions influencing behaviour
include discordant twin studies, children of twins designs, and Mendelian randomization. There are many broad conclusions to be drawn from behavioural
Behavioural_genetics
Group of endocrine diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels
Diabetes, Lifestyle Factors, and Risk of Gallstone Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Investigation". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 20 (3):
Diabetes
Disease involving heart or blood vessels
Microbiota–Dependent Metabolites and Cardiometabolic Health: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis". Diabetes. 68 (9): 1747–1755. doi:10.2337/db19-0153.
Cardiovascular_disease
Person's daily sleep preferences
not find causal effects in either direction. A later (genetic) Mendelian randomization study did find that if an 11-years-old child goes to bed 2 hours
Chronotype
Numerical score aimed at predicting a trait based on variation in multiple genetic loci
each individual hit but not on the overall polygenic score); in Mendelian randomization (assuming no pleiotropy with relevant traits); to detect & control
Polygenic_score
Chronic multi-symptomatic pain disorder
"Causal association between gut microbiota and fibromyalgia: a Mendelian randomization study". Frontiers in Microbiology. 14 1305361. doi:10.3389/fmicb
Fibromyalgia
Measure of average lifespan in a given population
Sakaue S, Akiyama M, Kiiskinen TT, Zhou W, et al. (January 2022). "Mendelian randomization of genetically independent aging phenotypes identifies LPA and
Life_expectancy
Condition of not having enough sleep
cardiovascular diseases: An umbrella review of observational and mendelian randomization studies". Sleep Medicine Reviews. 77 101965. doi:10.1016/j.smrv
Sleep_deprivation
Concept of extending human lifespan
Dipender (2021). "Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and lifespan: A Mendelian randomization study". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 87 (10): 3916–3924
Life_extension
Interaction between schizophrenia and smoking
associations between smoking initiation and schizophrenia using Mendelian randomization". Scientific Reports. 7 (1) 40653. Bibcode:2017NatSR...740653G
Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking
Schizophrenia_and_tobacco_smoking
Pain that lasts longer than three months
also influenced by the person's socioeconomic status. In a study, Mendelian randomization was used to identify causal relationships between chronic pain
Chronic_pain
Australian statistical geneticist
an ISI Highly Cited Researcher in 2015 and 2016. "David Evans". Mendelian Randomization Conference. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved
David_Evans_(geneticist)
Etiology of psychopathology
Munafò MR, Logtenberg E, Wiers RW, Verweij KJ (July 2021). "Using Mendelian randomization analysis to better understand the relationship between mental health
Causes_of_mental_disorders
Percent of variation in IQ scores in a given population associated with genetic variation
dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses". Nature Communications. 11 (1):
Heritability_of_IQ
Vitamin D3, a chemical compound
"Causal Link Between Vitamin D and Total Testosterone in Men: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
Cholecalciferol
Medical hypothesis
genetic studies, prospective epidemiologic studies, Mendelian randomization studies, and randomized clinical trials. This evidence base includes over 200
Lipid_hypothesis
Uterine cancer that is located in tissues lining the uterus
is preliminary evidence that consumption of soy is protective. Mendelian randomization analyses have established potential protective factors such as
Endometrial_cancer
Statistical simulation software
for instrumental variable analysis with genetic instruments ('Mendelian randomization'): Example with urate transporter SLC2A9 as an instrumental variable
Just_another_Gibbs_sampler
Endogenous enzyme
separate analysis of human and rat genome wide association studies, Mendelian randomization studies, and causal pathway analyses likewise failed to reveal
Monoamine_oxidase_A
Chemical compound and essential nutrient
Microbiota-Dependent Metabolites and Cardiometabolic Health: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis". Diabetes. 68 (9): 1747–1755. doi:10.2337/db19-0153.
Choline
Central nervous system stimulant
"Heavier smoking increases coffee consumption: findings from a Mendelian randomization analysis". International Journal of Epidemiology. 46 (6): 1958–1967
Caffeine
Population-based health survey in Denmark
In the field of genetic research, CGPS researchers has employed Mendelian randomization to uncover the causal links between long-term alcohol consumption
Copenhagen General Population Study
Copenhagen_General_Population_Study
Collection of statistical models
and randomization is similar to the design-based inference that is standard in finite-population survey sampling. Kempthorne uses the randomization-distribution
Analysis_of_variance
British epidemiologist
R. M., Sterne, J. A., Timpson, N., & Davey Smith, G. (2008). Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology
Deborah_Lawlor
Mexican public health professional
health, the impact of prenatal lead exposure, and the scope of Mendelian randomization in epidemiology. He has also contributed to research on the burden
Hector_Lamadrid-Figueroa
Extreme or rapid change in mood
Medici, Marco (2021). "Thyroid Function and Mood Disorders: A Mendelian Randomization Study". Thyroid. 31 (8): 1171–1181. doi:10.1089/thy.2020.0884.
Mood_swing
Medical condition
Disorder and Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorders: A Multivariable Mendelian Randomization Analysis". JAMA Psychiatry. 78 (2): 151–160. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry
Opioid_use_disorder
Mediation (statistics) Medical statistics Medoid Memorylessness Mendelian randomization Meta-analysis Meta-regression Metalog distribution Method of moments
List_of_statistics_articles
Filipino-American statistical geneticist
identify disease-associated genes. Subsequent work integrated Mendelian randomization into TWAS. As of December 2021, he has authored 160 peer-reviewed
Eric_R._Gamazon
Pharmaceutical clinical trial
results. On the role of C-reactive protein, a 2009 study employing Mendelian randomization, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association suggested
JUPITER_trial
1918 scientific article by Ronald Fisher
The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance is a scientific paper by British statistician and geneticist Ronald Fisher
The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance
The_Correlation_between_Relatives_on_the_Supposition_of_Mendelian_Inheritance
Brain's and mind's resilience to brain damage
typically highly correlated with each other. A genetic study using Mendelian randomization analysis demonstrated that high occupation levels were associated
Cognitive_reserve
AkashKumar; Sharma, Anju; Sengupta, Shantanu (1 September 2016). "Mendelian randomization: A biologist's perspective". Journal of the Practice of Cardiovascular
Shantanu_Sengupta
Influence of mother's environment and genotype on offspring's phenotype
Ménard J, Ardilouze JL, Perron P, Bouchard L, Hivert MF (2015). "Mendelian randomization supports causality between maternal hyperglycemia and epigenetic
Maternal_effect
Greek epidemiologist
To investigate this connection, Tzoulaki used a method known as Mendelian randomization. Tzoulaki identified that people who are very overweight are almost
Ioanna_Tzoulaki
British epidemiologist
Known for Health inequalities; Life course approach to epidemiology; Mendelian randomization Scientific career Fields Epidemiology Institutions Welsh Heart
George_Davey_Smith
Soviet agronomist and pseudoscientist (1898–1976)
September] 1898 – 20 November 1976) was a Soviet agronomist. He rejected Mendelian genetics in favour of his own idiosyncratic, pseudoscientific ideas later
Trofim_Lysenko
Statistical method for genetic variance component estimation
linear unbiased prediction Mendelian randomization Pleiotropy "The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance", Fisher 1918
Genome-wide complex trait analysis
Genome-wide_complex_trait_analysis
One of several alternatives to evolution by natural selection
with work by the mathematician Ronald Fisher. However, the alignment of Mendelian genetics and natural selection began as early as 1902 with a paper by
Mutationism
Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria
Gut Microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes: A Two-Sample Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2023, 13
Eubacterium_eligens
Australian biotechnology company
genetically-supported drug targets for multisite chronic pain through multi-omics Mendelian randomization and single-cell RNA-sequencing". Neuroscience. 572: 254–268. doi:10
Lateral_Pharma
Difference in a quantitative trait between heterozygous and homozygous genotypes
simple addition of the parents' traits, and can be explained by Mendelian or non-Mendelian inheritance. Typical heterotic/hybrid traits of interest in agriculture
Heterosis
Design of tasks
treatment that acts as baseline. Randomization Random assignment is the process of assigning individuals at random to groups or to different groups in
Design_of_experiments
Online tools for metabolomic data analysis
and leveraging metabolite-genome wide association analysis and Mendelian randomization for causal analysis. MetaboAnalyst supports a wide variety of data
MetaboAnalyst
Fusion of natural selection with Mendelian inheritance
Modern Synthesis. The synthesis combined the ideas of natural selection, Mendelian genetics, and population genetics. It also related the broad-scale macroevolution
Modern synthesis (20th century)
Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)
Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
medicine predictions based on clinical evidence for the manifestations of Mendelian diseases". Scientific Reports. 9 (1) 18577. Bibcode:2019NatSR...918577S
Mutation
Medical research institute at Oxford University
risk of cardioembolic and other subtypes of ischemic stroke: A mendelian randomization study in multiple ancestries". PLOS Medicine. 19 (4) e1003967.
Clinical_Trial_Service_Unit
While usually according to the 2nd Mendelian rule (“Law of Segregation of genes“) homologous chromosomes are randomly distributed among daughter nuclei
Non-random segregation of chromosomes
Non-random_segregation_of_chromosomes
Change in the heritable traits of populations
selection and population genetics, based on Mendelian inheritance, into a unified theory that included random genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow. This
Evolution
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
material. It correctly explains the mechanism underlying the laws of Mendelian inheritance by identifying chromosomes with the paired factors (particles)
Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory
Boveri–Sutton_chromosome_theory
Statistical measure of how far values spread from their average
his 1918 paper The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance: The great body of available statistics show us that the deviations
Variance
Quantitative genetic model developed by Ronald Fisher in 1918
Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance", the original 1918 paper introducing the model, Fisher showed that if a trait is polygenic, "then the random sampling
Infinitesimal_model
Theory of biological evolution
neo-Darwinian theories such as the modern synthesis (which integrates mendelian inheritance). English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley coined the term Darwinism
Darwinism
Statistical model containing both fixed effects and random effects
RA (1918). "The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 52 (2):
Mixed_model
Organisms that contribute to gum disease
and systemic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of mendelian randomization studies". BMC Oral Health. 26 (1): 383. doi:10.1186/s12903-026-07725-9
Periodontal_pathogen
Chromosomes that pair in fertilization
with each other before separating during meiosis. This is the basis for Mendelian inheritance, which characterizes inheritance patterns of genetic material
Homologous_chromosome
for change (orthogenesis), and sudden large mutations (saltationism). Mendelian genetics, a series of 19th-century experiments with pea plant variations
History of evolutionary thought
History_of_evolutionary_thought
Pseudoscientific Soviet biological theory
varying degrees, as did the People's Republic of China for some years. Mendelian genetics, the science of heredity, developed into an experimentally based
Lysenkoism
Fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints
involved in skeletal growth and homeostasis through the study of rare Mendelian diseases that affect bones and joints". Arthritis Research & Therapy.
Synovial_fluid
maternal and a paternal allele for one gene. It is one of the criteria for Mendelian inheritance. Sexual reproduction, where offspring result from the fusion
Biparental_inheritance
Techniques to change plant traits
techniques has opened many possibilities for breeding crops. Thus, while Mendelian genetics allowed plant breeders to perform genetic transformations in
History_of_plant_breeding
Two-coloured coat colouration in cats
"OMIA:001201-9685: Coat colour, orange in Felis catus (domestic cat) - OMIA - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals". omia.org. Retrieved 2 March 2026. Spadafori,
Tortoiseshell_cat
British polymath (1890–1962)
Gregor Mendel and Charles Darwin, as his work used mathematics to combine Mendelian genetics and natural selection; this contributed to the revival of Darwinism
Ronald_Fisher
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that
Gene
Meiospore Melanoma Melting of DNA Mendel's first law Mendel's second law Mendelian ratio Merozygote Messenger RNA Met Metabolism Metafemale Metamale Metamere
Index_of_genetics_articles
Autoimmune disease of skin and connective tissue characterized by large blisters
Pemphigoid~clinical at eMedicine Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): DYSTONIN; DST - 113810 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): COLLAGEN,
Bullous_pemphigoid
Neuromuscular disease
CMT2D". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Retrieved 2022-05-10. "OMIM Entry- * 600287 – Glycl-tRNA Synthetase 1; GARS1". Online Mendelian Inheritance
Charcot–Marie–Tooth_disease
DNA locus associated with variation in a quantitative trait
novel Mendelian factor. Castle's conclusion was based on the observation that novel traits that could be studied in the lab and that show Mendelian inheritance
Quantitative_trait_locus
Empirical law on the variance of species in a habitat
RA (1918). "The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 52 (2):
Taylor's_law
Condition characterized by absence of pigment
PMC 7198815. PMID 32411182. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, at Johns Hopkins University (See Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man for more information
Albinism_in_humans
Congenital condition where an individual with a 46,XX karyotype is male
PMID 20301589, retrieved 2024-06-27 "46,XX SEX REVERSAL 1; SRXX1". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). 400045. Archived from the original on 2019-12-13
XX_male_syndrome
Medical condition
review. Mol Genet Genomic Med "FBN1 fibrillin 1". Entrez Gene. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): FIBRILLIN 1; FBN1 - 134797 GeneReview/NIH/UW
Acromicric_dysplasia
Bias in the sampling of a population
deciding if the characteristic is inherited as a simple Mendelian trait. Following the laws of Mendelian inheritance, if the parents in a family do not have
Sampling_bias
Jewish genetic screening organization
personal information associated with each sample is date of birth. A randomized ID number that identifies the sample is provided to the submitter. When
Dor_Yeshorim
Concept in genetics
including genetic drift. Ronald Fisher, who explained natural selection using Mendelian genetics, held the view that genetic drift plays at most a minor role
Genetic_drift
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MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION
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MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION