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Variation of minimax game tree search
Negamax search is a variant form of minimax search that relies on the zero-sum property of a two-player game. This algorithm relies on the fact that
Negamax
Decision rule used for minimizing the possible loss for a worst-case scenario
\ \max(a,b)=-\min(-a,-b)\ ,} minimax may often be simplified into the negamax algorithm. Suppose the game being played only has a maximum of two possible
Minimax
Search algorithm
typically at a heavy cost in space-efficiency. Minimax Expectiminimax Negamax Pruning (algorithm) Branch and bound Combinatorial optimization Principal
Alpha–beta_pruning
Enhancement of Alpha–Beta game tree search
search (sometimes equated with the practically identical NegaScout) is a negamax algorithm that can be faster than alpha–beta pruning. Like alpha–beta pruning
Principal_variation_search
Two-player board game
intelligence algorithms able to strongly solve Connect Four are minimax or negamax, with optimizations that include alpha-beta pruning, move ordering, and
Connect_Four
Standard example in game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Prisoner's_dilemma
Concept in game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Focal_point_(game_theory)
Paper-and-pencil game for two players
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Tic-tac-toe
Logical paradox in decision-making theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Paradox_of_tolerance
Overuse of a shared resource
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Tragedy_of_the_commons
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
John_von_Neumann
Mathematical models of strategic interactions
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Game_theory
Topics referred to by the same term
visible set, a form of occlusion culling Principal variation search, a negamax algorithm Prototype Verification System, a specification language PVS-Studio
PVS
Transactional view of violent conflict in international relations theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Bargaining_model_of_war
Hand game for two players or more
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Rock_paper_scissors
Political model of international conflict resolution
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Two-level_game_theory
Israeli-American psychologist and economist (1934–2024)
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Daniel_Kahneman
Concept in game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Best_response
When a decision-maker's future preferences can contradict earlier preferences
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Dynamic_inconsistency
Situation where all parties are worse off
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
No-win_situation
Paradox of combining strategies
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Parrondo's_paradox
In board games that cannot end in a draw, one of the two players has a winning strategy
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Zermelo's theorem (game theory)
Zermelo's_theorem_(game_theory)
Type of perfect Bayesian equilibrium
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Separating_equilibrium
Italian economist (born 1961)
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Pierpaolo_Battigalli
Game theory scenario
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Win–win_game
Specific sequence of moves in a game
technical limitations of the algorithm. Game tree Backtracking Minimax Negamax Alpha-beta pruning Negascout "Searches, tree pruning and tree ordering
Variation_(game_tree)
Solution concept in game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Quantal_response_equilibrium
Situation where total gains match total losses
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Zero-sum_game
Making of satisfactory, not optimal, decisions
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Bounded_rationality
Operational analysis derived from game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Confrontation_analysis
Game theory model of aggression
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
War_of_attrition_(game)
Variation of the minimax algorithm
performing a full search on each child, etc. Minimax Alpha–beta pruning Negamax Expected value Russell, Stuart Jonathan; Norvig, Peter; Davis, Ernest (2010)
Expectiminimax
Concept in game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Information_set_(game_theory)
Subset of a game; used in game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Subgame
Israeli psychologist (1937–1996)
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Amos_Tversky
Finding an optimal algorithm for playing chess
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Solving_chess
Game whose outcome can be correctly predicted
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Solved_game
Term in game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Move_by_nature
Incomplete-information coordination game
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Electronic_mail_game
English saying meaning "equivalent retaliation"
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Tit_for_tat
Model of conflict for two players in game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Chicken_(game)
Weakly optimal allocation of resources
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Pareto_efficiency
Human behavior pattern in which the participant takes on increasing risk
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Escalation_of_commitment
Israeli-American mathematician (born 1930)
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Robert_Aumann
Model of humans as rational, self-interested agents
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Homo_economicus
Quality of a strategy in game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Strategic_dominance
Simple mathematical game
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Pirate_game
Game theory case weighing own/others' sacrifice
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Volunteer's_dilemma
Facilitating a peaceful outcome to a dispute
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Conflict_resolution
Concept in game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Shapley_value
Conflict between safety and cooperation
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Stag_hunt
Branch of game theory about two-player sequential games with perfect information
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Combinatorial_game_theory
Complete plan on how a game player will behave in every possible game situation
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Strategy_(game_theory)
Diplomatic policy of concessions
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Appeasement
Notion in combinatorial game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Game_complexity
Game theory concept
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Subgame_perfect_equilibrium
Condition in economics and game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Perfect_information
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Conjectural_variation
Decrease in severity of conflicts
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
De-escalation
Level of information in economics and game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Complete_information
Military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Deterrence_theory
Hand game for two or more players
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Chopsticks_(hand_game)
Proof all ranked voting rules have spoilers
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Arrow's_impossibility_theorem
Dynamical system
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Replicator_equation
Cooperation between firms to limit competition
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Collusion
Game theory model of voting
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Poisson_game
Preference of known risks to unknown risks
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Ambiguity_aversion
Resource distribution game
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Blotto_game
Set in game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Core_(game_theory)
Hungarian-American economist and philosopher (1920–2000)
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
John_Harsanyi
Combinatorial game theory theorem
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Sprague–Grundy_theorem
Two-player coordination game in game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Battle of the sexes (game theory)
Battle_of_the_sexes_(game_theory)
Pairing where no unchosen pair prefers each other over their choice
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Stable_matching_problem
Trigger strategy
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Grim_trigger
Game-theoretic concept
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Cheap_talk
American economist (born 1939)
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Samuel_Bowles_(economist)
Field in social science
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Peace_and_conflict_studies
Abstract strategy game
reached. A naive implementation of this approach, known as Minimax or Negamax, can only search to a small depth in a practical amount of time, so various
Computer_Othello
Field of economics and game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Mechanism_design
Solution concept of a non-cooperative game
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Nash_equilibrium
Economic phenomenon
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Tyranny_of_small_decisions
Model in biology and game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Sir_Philip_Sidney_game
Concept in conflict studies
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Conflict_escalation
American economist (born 1950)
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
David_M._Kreps
Problem in process of sharing surplus
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Cooperative_bargaining
Tendency to overestimate in auctions
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Winner's_curse
Game theory concept
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Bayesian_game
Theorem in game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Aumann's_agreement_theorem
Poker game developed by Harold Kuhn
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Kuhn_poker
Economic model
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Stackelberg_competition
Simple game studied in game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Matching_pennies
American computer scientist and mathematician
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Jennifer_Tour_Chayes
Concept in game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Incentive_compatibility
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Complete_mixing
Solution concept in Game Theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Cursed_equilibrium
Neologism for cooperative competition
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Coopetition
Statement that players know and also know that other players know (ad infinitum)
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Common_knowledge_(logic)
Wide-ranging representation of a game in game theory
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Extensive-form_game
Economic model of competition
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Bertrand_competition
algorithms Alpha–beta pruning Expectiminimax Minimax Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid Principal variation Key people Claude Shannon John Conway John
Hedonic_game
travel, tourism, insurance
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travel, tourism, insurance