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Statement that players know and also know that other players know (ad infinitum)
scientists grew an interest in the subject of epistemic logic in general – and of common knowledge in particular – starting in the 1980s.[1] There are numerous
Common_knowledge_(logic)
Framework for a family of logic languages
Common Logic (CL) is a framework for a family of logic languages, based on first-order logic, intended to facilitate the exchange and transmission of knowledge
Common_Logic
Statement widely known to be true
Common knowledge is knowledge that is publicly known by everyone or nearly everyone, usually with reference to the community in which the knowledge is
Common_knowledge
Intelligent Design and Manufacturing. CRC Press. pp. 248–. ISBN 978-1-4822-8925-1. Knowledge Interchange Format page at the Stanford AI Lab Common Logic v t e
Knowledge_Interchange_Format
Topics referred to by the same term
knowledge (logic), a logical concept Common Knowledge (game show), an American television game show hosted by Joey Fatone Common Knowledge?, a 2014 book
Common knowledge (disambiguation)
Common_knowledge_(disambiguation)
Family of formal knowledge representation
Description logics (DL) are a family of formal knowledge representation languages. Many DLs are more expressive than propositional logic but less expressive
Description_logic
Field of artificial intelligence
knowledge. Related knowledge representation formalisms mainly include vocabularies, thesaurus, semantic networks, axiom systems, frames, rules, logic
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning
Israeli mathematician and computer scientist
teaching logic across the curriculum. He is an expert in model checking, constraint satisfaction and database theory, common knowledge (logic), and theoretical
Moshe_Vardi
Information repository with multiple applications
highlight inconsistencies. The term knowledge base was coined to distinguish this form of knowledge store from the more common and widely used term database
Knowledge_base
1980s policy of the Soviet Union promoting openness and freedom of information
"Restructuring") Uskoreniye (Gorbachev's "Acceleration") Common knowledge (logic) Mutual knowledge Pluralistic ignorance "Гласность" . Brockhaus and Efron
Glasnost
Philosophical study of knowledge
formal epistemology uses formal tools from logic. Social epistemology investigates the communal aspect of knowledge, and historical epistemology examines its
Epistemology
Mutual knowledge is a fundamental concept about information in game theory, (epistemic) logic, and epistemology. An event is mutual knowledge if all agents
Mutual_knowledge_(logic)
Type of logic regarding reasoning about beliefs
Philosophy portal Belief revision Common knowledge (logic) Epistemic modal logic George Boolos Jaakko Hintikka Modal logic Raymond Smullyan Smullyan, Raymond
Doxastic_logic
Methods in artificial intelligence research
logic, to handle time; epistemic logic, to reason about agent knowledge; modal logic, to handle possibility and necessity; and probabilistic logics to
Symbolic artificial intelligence
Symbolic_artificial_intelligence
Formal language used to construct ontologies
first-order logic or on description logic. Common Logic - and its dialects CycL DOGMA (Developing Ontology-Grounded Methods and Applications) F-Logic (Frame
Ontology_language
Type of modal logic
Epistemic modal logic is a subfield of modal logic that is concerned with reasoning about knowledge. While epistemology has a long philosophical tradition
Epistemic_modal_logic
Conflict between safety and cooperation
together to improve good corporate governance. Common knowledge (logic) Discourse on Inequality Mutual knowledge Pluralistic ignorance Prisoner's dilemma Social
Stag_hunt
Formal logic whose entailment relation is not monotonic
monotonicity indicates that learning a new piece of knowledge cannot reduce the set of what is known. Monotonic logics cannot handle various reasoning tasks such
Non-monotonic_logic
Awareness of facts, or competency
modal logic – Type of modal logic Knowledge economy – Approach to generating value Knowledge falsification – Deliberate misrepresentation of knowledge Omniscience –
Knowledge
Two types of knowledge, justification, or argument
known a priori. Fields of knowledge where a priori justification is predominant are, for example, mathematics and formal logic; by contrast, most of the
A_priori_and_a_posteriori
Study of general and fundamental questions
branches of philosophy are epistemology, ethics, logic, and metaphysics. Epistemology studies what knowledge is and how to acquire it. Ethics investigates
Philosophy
1989–1990 process disestablishing East Germany
portal East Germany portal Germany portal Civil unrest Common knowledge (logic) Mutual knowledge Pluralistic ignorance Stag hunt "Tear down this wall!"
Peaceful_Revolution
Method of deriving conclusions
of deriving conclusions from premises. They are integral parts of formal logic, serving as the logical structure of valid arguments. If an argument with
Rule_of_inference
US college admission after parental donation
decisions. Annual reports across the Ivies and beyond support the common knowledge logic that only alumni and their parents generally give back to universities
Development_case
Programming paradigm based on formal logic
Logic programming is a programming, database, and knowledge representation paradigm based on formal logic. A logic program is a set of sentences in logical
Logic_programming
Logic puzzle
that his hat is the opposite of his fellow players'. Epistemic logic Common knowledge (logic) Stuhlmüller, A.; Goodman, N.D. (June 2014). "Reasoning about
Induction_puzzles
Type of formal logic
tool for understanding concepts such as knowledge, obligation, and causation. For instance, in epistemic modal logic, the formula ◻ P {\displaystyle \Box
Modal_logic
Semantic distinction in philosophy
are unmarried" and our knowledge of mathematics (and logic) are in the basic sense the same: all proceeded from our knowledge of the meanings of terms
Analytic–synthetic distinction
Analytic–synthetic_distinction
Component of artificial intelligence systems
representations when storing complex knowledge. A simple example of modus ponens often used in introductory logic books is "If you are human then you are
Inference_engine
Learning logic programs from data
known background knowledge and a set of examples represented as a logical database of facts, an ILP system will derive a hypothesised logic program which
Inductive_logic_programming
Dynamic epistemic logic (DEL) is a logical framework dealing with knowledge and information change. Typically, DEL focuses on situations involving multiple
Dynamic_epistemic_logic
Capacity for consciously making sense of things
extrapolate from one's existing knowledge to generate new knowledge, and involves the use of one's intellect. The field of logic is the study of how humans
Reason
System for reasoning about vagueness
Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth value of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1. It is employed to handle the concept
Fuzzy_logic
Type of non-monotonic logic
Default logic is a non-monotonic logic proposed by Raymond Reiter to formalize reasoning with default assumptions. Default logic can express facts like
Default_logic
Bearer of truth values
metaphysics, or logic. It contrasts with epistemic modality, which concerns what may or must be the case relative to someone's knowledge or evidence, as
Proposition
Artificial intelligence project
ontology and knowledge base that spans the basic concepts and rules about how the world works. Hoping to capture common sense knowledge, Cyc focuses on
Cyc
Type of formal logic
Paraconsistent logic is a type of non-classical logic that allows for the coexistence of contradictory statements without leading to a logical explosion
Paraconsistent_logic
A multimodal logic is a modal logic that has more than one primitive modal operator. They find substantial applications in theoretical computer science
Multimodal_logic
Statement supporting a conclusion
Role of Logic in Computational Models of Legal Argument: A Critical Survey". In Kakas, Antonis C.; Sadri, Fariba (eds.). Computational Logic: Logic Programming
Premise
Knowledge, beliefs and assumptions
comprehending language to be more efficient. Cognition Communication Common knowledge (logic) Media richness theory Situation awareness Clark, Herbert H.; Brennan
Grounding_in_communication
Specialist knowledge within a specific field
domains is called domain-independent knowledge, for example logic and mathematics. Operations on domain knowledge are performed by metaknowledge. Artificial
Domain_knowledge
Basic level of knowledge and judgement shared by nearly all people
Common sense (from Latin sensus communis) is "knowledge, judgement, and taste which is more or less universal and which is held more or less without reflection
Common_sense
Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles
cycle". Common steps in this cycle include recognizing the problem, defining it, developing a strategy to solve it, organizing available knowledge and resources
Problem_solving
System including an indeterminate value
three-valued logic (also trinary logic, trivalent, ternary, or trilean, sometimes abbreviated 3VL) is any of several many-valued logic systems in which
Three-valued_logic
Epistemological philosophy advanced by Karl Popper
to put in perspective the distinctive role of deductive logic in the development of knowledge, especially in science, in the context of a less rigorous
Critical_rationalism
Type of logical system
First-order logic, also called predicate logic, predicate calculus, or quantificational logic, is a type of formal system used in mathematics, philosophy
First-order_logic
Ancient philosophy
certain from the probable, and so forth. To the Stoics, logic was a wide field of knowledge which included the study of language, grammar, rhetoric and
Stoicism
Process of drawing correct inferences
role in expanding knowledge. The main discipline studying logical reasoning is called logic. It is divided into formal and informal logic, which study formal
Logical_reasoning
Australian game show
test and the questions are not based on general knowledge, like many shows, but on "logic and common sense". The top prize achievable is $100,000. Tom
The 1% Club (Australian game show)
The_1%_Club_(Australian_game_show)
Application of logical methods to philosophical problems
Understood in a narrow sense, philosophical logic is the area of logic that studies the application of logical methods to philosophical problems, often
Philosophical_logic
Question of whether inductive reasoning leads to definitive knowledge
deductive and inductive logic as one between general to specific reasoning and specific to general reasoning. This is a common misperception about the
Problem_of_induction
British game show
test and the questions are not based on general knowledge, like many shows, but on "logic and common sense". The top prize achievable is £100,000. The
The_1%_Club
Branch of logic
Propositional logic is a branch of classical logic. It is also called statement logic, sentential calculus, propositional calculus, sentential logic, or sometimes
Propositional_logic
Fundamental concepts in philosophy
according to the broader requirement that they are based on reason and knowledge. Logic and rationality have each been taken as fundamental concepts in philosophy
Logic_and_rationality
Subfield of mathematics
Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory
Mathematical_logic
Type of knowledge base
that offered fuzzy-logic based reasoning in a graphical context. In 2007, both DBpedia and Freebase were founded as graph-based knowledge repositories for
Knowledge_graph
Computer system emulating human expert
such as fuzzy logic, and combination of probabilities. Ontology classification. With the addition of object classes to the knowledge base, a new type
Expert_system
Programming paradigm based on modeling the logic of a computation
formal logic, and computations as deductions in that logical theory. Declarative programming at times simplifies the writing of parallel programs. Common declarative
Declarative_programming
Type of software system
useful for practical applications and required specialised users with knowledge of logic to utilise. The first practical application of automated reasoning
Reasoning_system
Branch of artificial intelligence aiming to create AI systems with "common sense"
Some definitions and characterizations of common sense from different authors include: "Commonsense knowledge includes the basic facts about events (including
Commonsense_reasoning
British philosopher (born 1955)
interests are in philosophical logic, philosophy of language, epistemology and metaphysics. He is the former Wykeham Professor of Logic at the University of Oxford
Timothy_Williamson
Applications of logic under uncertainty
Probabilistic logic (also probability logic and probabilistic reasoning) involves the use of probability and logic to deal with uncertain situations. Probabilistic
Probabilistic_logic
Property of a statement that can be logically contradicted
obtain new knowledge that goes beyond known laws and observations, including how to discover new laws. He understood that deductive logic could not explain
Falsifiability
English philosopher (1910–1989)
positivism, particularly in his books Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) and The Problem of Knowledge (1956). Ayer was educated at Eton College and the University
A._J._Ayer
Programmable digital computer used to control machinery
A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is an industrial computer that has been ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing
Programmable_logic_controller
Methods for developing expert systems
Knowledge engineering and management: the CommonKADS methodology (1st ed.), Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-19300-9 Data & Knowledge Engineering
Knowledge_engineering
Sufficient evidence/argument for truth
those axioms and from other previously established theorems. The subject of logic, in particular proof theory, formalizes and studies the notion of formal
Proof_(truth)
Concept in epistemology
believe. Epistemologists often identify justification as a component of knowledge distinguishing it from mere true opinion. They study the reasons why someone
Justification_(epistemology)
School of thought in philosophy of mathematics
is an extension of logic, some or all of mathematics is reducible to logic, or some or all of mathematics may be modelled in logic. Bertrand Russell and
Logicism
Philanthropy conception of meaning
to describe the essential and intrinsic properties of formal systems in logic and mathematics. However, formal reasoners are content to contemplate axiomatically
Meaning_(philosophy)
String used to identify a name of a web or internet resource
standard by either organization, it has become the basis for the above common understanding and has informed many standards since then. For URIs relating
Uniform_Resource_Identifier
Epistemology, proof, reliable means of knowledge in Indian philosophies
Dharmakīrti, of logic (rtags rigs) and epistemology (blo rigs). Buddhism accepts only two pramana (tshad ma) as valid means to knowledge: Pratyaksha (mngon
Pramana
Family of logics for natural-language and counterfactual conditionals
Conditional logic (also: the logic of conditionals) refers to a family of formal systems for reasoning with statements of the form "if A, (then) B". Conditional
Conditional_logic
Declarative logic programming language
Datalog is a declarative logic programming language. While it is syntactically a subset of Prolog, Datalog generally uses a bottom-up rather than top-down
Datalog
American computer scientist
Game Description Language (GDL) and Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF), the latter of which led to the ISO Common Logic standard. Genesereth received a B
Michael_Genesereth
Type of artificial intelligence approach
architectural model, where a common knowledge base, the "blackboard", is iteratively updated by a diverse group of specialist knowledge sources, starting with
Blackboard_system
The history of logic as a subject has been characterised by many disputes over what the topic deals with, and the main article 'Logic' has as a result
Conceptions_of_logic
Inference rule in logic, proof theory, and automated theorem proving
theorem-proving technique for sentences in propositional logic and first-order logic. For propositional logic, systematically applying the resolution rule acts
Resolution_(logic)
Philosophical problem about what constitutes knowledge
landmark philosophical problem concerning the understanding of descriptive knowledge. Attributed to American philosopher Edmund Gettier, Gettier-type counterexamples
Gettier_problem
admitted that "conventional logics, such as first-order logic, lack the expressive power to adequately represent the knowledge required for reasoning by
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
Belief that the human mind is born with knowledge
already-formed ideas, knowledge, and beliefs. The opposing doctrine, that the mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) at birth and all knowledge is gained from experience
Innatism
Precisely specified semantic version of a statement
language and reasoning, which he called philosophical logic. Russell wrote: "Some kind of knowledge of logical forms, though with most people it is not
Logical_form
Empiricist philosophical theory
that all genuine knowledge is either true by definition or positive—the latter meaning a posteriori facts derived by reason and logic from sensory experience
Positivism
The history of logic deals with the study of the development of the science of valid inference (logic). Formal logics developed in ancient times in India
History_of_logic
Indian-American philosopher (born 1949)
Modal Logic and Truth (1978). Journal of Philosophical Logic 7 (1):441–472. The Logic of Common Nouns: An Investigation in Quantified Modal Logic (1980)
Anil_Gupta_(philosopher)
Inference seeking the simplest and most likely explanation
first-order logic, without requiring any preliminary reduction of formulae into normal forms. These methods have also been extended to modal logic. Abductive
Abductive_reasoning
Language for reasoning and representing events
introduced by Robert Kowalski and Marek Sergot in 1986, was formulated as a logic program and developed for representing narratives and database updates.
Event_calculus
Concept in computer science
John McCarthy in his 1959 paper "Programs with Common Sense". It was probably the first proposal to use logic to represent information in a computer and not
Advice_taker
Statement that is taken to be true
truths that are not tautologies in the strict sense. In propositional logic, it is common to take as logical axioms all formulae of the following forms, where
Axiom
Historian
impulse towards the democratization of knowledge. Within this framework, Sgarbi argues, that logic, especially logic in the vernacular took on an entirely
Marco_Sgarbi
German philosopher (1770–1831)
texts of Hegel's Logic. The first, The Science of Logic (1812, 1813, 1816; Book I revised 1831), is sometimes also called the "Greater Logic." The second
Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel
then B; not A, therefore not B. A quantification fallacy is an error in logic where the quantifiers of the premises are in contradiction to the quantifier
List_of_fallacies
Method of logical reasoning
to have a common property, and the conclusion claims that all individuals of the same population have that property. Schaum's Outlines, Logic, pp. 243–35
Inductive_reasoning
Proving validity without revealing other data
trivial proofs of BPP problems. In the common random string and random oracle models, non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs exist. The Fiat–Shamir heuristic
Zero-knowledge_proof
Subfield of artificial intelligence
neural network from an AND-OR proof tree generated from knowledge base rules and terms, and Logic Tensor Networks (LTNs). Neural[Symbolic] embeds symbolic
Neuro-symbolic_AI
Thought experiment used to demonstrate the impossibility of proving any truth
the theoretical impossibility of proving any truth, even in the fields of logic and mathematics, without appealing to accepted assumptions. If it is asked
Münchhausen_trilemma
German philosopher (1724–1804)
Enlightenment. His comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, political theory, and the philosophy of religion have
Immanuel_Kant
Conformity to reality
narrow because it is unable to explain truth in fields like mathematics, logic, and morality, where it is more difficult to identify independent facts
Truth
Mathematical model for deduction or proof systems
arithmetic. Early logic systems includes Indian logic of Pāṇini, syllogistic logic of Aristotle, propositional logic of Stoicism, and Chinese logic of Gongsun
Formal_system
Definitions of knowledge aim to identify the essential features of knowledge. Closely related terms are conception of knowledge, theory of knowledge, and analysis
Definitions_of_knowledge
COMMON KNOWLEDGE-LOGIC
COMMON KNOWLEDGE-LOGIC
Male
Irish
Contracted form of Irish Gaelic Comhghán, COMGAN means "born together."
Surname or Lastname
English (common in Bristol)
English (common in Bristol) : variant of Gingold, of which the origin is unexplained.Respelling of German Gingel, a common Bavarian surname, derived from a short form of the Germanic personal name Gangulf, composed of the elements gangan ‘to walk or go’ + (w)ulf ‘wolf’.
Male
English
 Anglicized form of Hebrew Rimmown, RIMMON means "pomegranate." In the bible, this is the name of several places, the name of a Benjamite of Beeroth.Â
Surname or Lastname
French, English, and Spanish (Cordón)
French, English, and Spanish (Cordón) : from Old French cordon ‘cord’, ‘ribbon’, a diminutive of corde ‘string’, ‘cord’; Spanish cordón, hence a metonymic occupational name for a maker or seller of cord or ribbon.English : metonymic occupational name for a worker in fine Spanish kid leather, from Old French cordoan (so named with being originally produced at Córdoba).
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : habitational name from any of various places called Colton in England, perhaps also Colton House in Scotland. Examples in Norfolk, Staffordshire, and North Yorkshire are from the Old English personal name Cola (or the cognate Old Norse Koli; see Cole 2) + Old English tūn ‘enclosure’, ‘settlement’. The place so named in Somerset has as its first element the Old English personal name Cūla (of uncertain origin). The one in Cumbria has a river name apparently derived from a Celtic word meaning ‘hazel’.
Male
Greek
(Ἄμμων) Greek form of Egyptian Yamanu, AMMON means "the hidden one." In mythology, Yamanu is the name of a god of wind and air. Compare with another form of Ammon.
Biblical
common
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of the numerous places throughout England (but especially in the south) named Compton, from Old English cumb ‘short, straight valley’ + tūn ‘enclosure’, ‘settlement’.
Surname or Lastname
Swedish (common in Finland)
Swedish (common in Finland) : ornamental name formed with the common surname suffix -in and an unexplained first element.German : unexplained.English : unexplained.Spanish (FarÃn) : unexplained.
Surname or Lastname
English (formerly common in Kent)
English (formerly common in Kent) : unexplained. This name seems to have died out in Britain.
Boy/Male
Australian, Biblical, Latin, Shakespearean
Common
Male
Irish
Irish name COMYN means "shrewd."
Surname or Lastname
English (also common in South Wales)
English (also common in South Wales) : patronymic from the personal name Edmund (see Edmond).
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
True Knowlege; Lord Brahma; Having the True Knowledge
Male
English
English masculine variant spelling of Scottish Cameron, CAMRON means "crooked nose."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of numerous places named from Old English cotum (dative plural of cot) ‘at the cottages or huts’ (or sometimes possibly from a Middle English plural, coten). Examples include Coton (Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Staffordshire), Cottam (East Yorkshire, Lancashire, Nottinghamshire), and Cotham (Nottinghamshire).French : from a diminutive of Old French cot(t)e ‘coat (of mail)’ (see Cott).John Cotton (1584–1652) was a noted Puritan preacher, who landed at Boston, MA, from London in 1633 and became leader of the Congregationalists in America.
Male
English
 Anglicized form of Hebrew Ammown, AMMON means "kindred, tribal." In the bible, this is the name of a son of Lot by his younger daughter. Compare with another form of Ammon.
Male
English
English form of Irish Colmán, COLMAN means "dove."
Surname or Lastname
Scottish and northern Irish
Scottish and northern Irish : variant of Curzon.English (of Norman origin) : nickname from Old French corson, a diminutive of curt ‘short’ (see Court).
Male
Romanian
Romanian form of Greek Kosmos, COSMIN means "order, beauty."
COMMON KNOWLEDGE-LOGIC
COMMON KNOWLEDGE-LOGIC
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ripanshi | ரீபாஂஷீ
Gods child
Boy/Male
Indian
Victorious
Boy/Male
Muslim
Noble, Famous, Eminent, Outstanding
Girl/Female
Scottish
used as a woman's name.
Female
Arthurian
, white browed.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Father of Blackness
Boy/Male
Biblical Hebrew
He that understands; building.
Girl/Female
Bengali, Indian
Fairy Tale; Story
Girl/Female
Indian, Traditional
Pious; Saint; Sage
Boy/Male
American, British, Christian, English
Warrior; Fighter; Champion
COMMON KNOWLEDGE-LOGIC
COMMON KNOWLEDGE-LOGIC
COMMON KNOWLEDGE-LOGIC
COMMON KNOWLEDGE-LOGIC
COMMON KNOWLEDGE-LOGIC
n.
The commonalty; the common people.
v. t.
To acknowledge.
v. i.
That familiarity which is gained by actual experience; practical skill; as, a knowledge of life.
n. pl.
The mass of the people, as distinguished from the titled classes or nobility; the commonalty; the common people.
v.
Belonging to or shared by, affecting or serving, all the members of a class, considered together; general; public; as, properties common to all plants; the common schools; the Book of Common Prayer.
a.
Not common; unusual; infrequent; rare; hence, remarkable; strange; as, an uncommon season; an uncommon degree of cold or heat; uncommon courage.
n.
Knowledge of one's self, or of one's own character, powers, limitations, etc.
n. pl.
A club or association for boarding at a common table, as in a college, the members sharing the expenses equally; as, to board in commons.
v.
Belonging or relating equally, or similarly, to more than one; as, you and I have a common interest in the property.
n. pl.
A common; public pasture ground.
n. pl.
Provisions; food; fare, -- as that provided at a common table in colleges and universities.
n.
One who has a joint right in common ground.
adv.
In common; familiarly.
v. i.
Sexual intercourse; -- usually preceded by carnal; as, carnal knowledge.
v. i.
To have a joint right with others in common ground.
v. i.
To board together; to eat at a table in common.
v. t.
To of or admit the knowledge of; to recognize as a fact or truth; to declare one's belief in; as, to acknowledge the being of a God.
v. i.
Scope of information; cognizance; notice; as, it has not come to my knowledge.
n.
A common; a piece of land in which two or more persons have a common right.