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The marker-and-cell method is commonly used in computer graphics to discretize functions for fluid and other simulations. It was developed by Francis Harlow
Marker-and-cell_method
Analysis and solving of problems that involve fluid flows
method, vorticity stream function method, and marker-and-cell method. Fromm's vorticity-stream-function method for 2D, transient, incompressible flow was
Computational_fluid_dynamics
overshoots and undershoots due to the condition 0 ≤ c ≤ 1. For such problems, modifications were made to MAC and VOF schemes. Marker and micro-cell method in
Computational methods for free surface flow
Computational_methods_for_free_surface_flow
Classification in immunology
factors. Recently, the marker CD47 was found to have anti-phagocytic signals to macrophages and inhibit natural killer (NK) cells. This enabled researchers
Cluster_of_differentiation
Stem cell markers are genes and their protein products used by scientists to isolate and identify stem cells. Stem cells can also be identified by functional
Stem_cell_marker
Type of tumor
tumor marker test is commonly used for germ cell tumors. Both the tumor marker test and immunohistochemistry measure AFP and β-hCG; however, the method of
Extracranial_germ_cell_tumor
Gene to check if nucleic acid sequence successfully inserted into an organism's DNA
In biology, a marker gene may have several meanings. In nuclear biology and molecular biology, a marker gene is a gene used to determine if a nucleic
Marker_gene
Gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome
the cell. The presence of different alleles due to a distorted segregation at the genetic markers is indicative of the difference between selected and non-selected
Genetic_marker
Method in computational fluid dynamics
Stochastic Eulerian Lagrangian methods Stokesian dynamics Volume of fluid method Level-set method Marker-and-cell method FloEFD: Commercial CFD IBM code
Immersed_boundary_method
Proxy markers for certain cancers
Tumor markers can be molecules that are produced in higher amounts by cancer cells than normal cells, but can also be produced by other cells from a
Tumor_marker
Bone marrow cancer in which lymphocytes are overproduced
same B cell lineage. CLL cells can express the typical B-cell markers such as CD19 and CD20, as well as abnormal surface markers such as CD5 and CD23.
Chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia
and other microscopic systems and engineered devices. Immersed boundary method Stokesian dynamics Volume of fluid method Level-set method Marker-and-cell
Stochastic Eulerian Lagrangian method
Stochastic_Eulerian_Lagrangian_method
Free-surface modelling technique
volume of fluid method is based on earlier Marker-and-cell (MAC) methods developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory. MAC used Lagrangian marker particles to
Volume_of_fluid_method
closely linked genes: a gene of interest and a mosaic marker. Such an array is injected into germ line cells, which already contain mutant (specifically, loss
Extrachromosomal_array
Endogenous tag expressed in different cells along neurogenesis and differentiated cells
marker is an endogenous tag that is expressed in different cells along neurogenesis and differentiated cells such as neurons. It allows detection and
Neuronal_lineage_marker
Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) is a method for separation of various cell populations depending on their surface antigens (CD molecules) invented
Magnetic-activated cell sorting
Magnetic-activated_cell_sorting
Subtype of white blood cell
cell (leukocyte) in the immune system of most vertebrates. Lymphocytes include T cells (for cell-mediated and cytotoxic adaptive immunity), B cells (for
Lymphocyte
Type of cytotoxic lymphocyte
kill cells that are missing "self" markers of MHC class I. This role is especially important because harmful cells that are missing MHC I markers cannot
Natural_killer_cell
before and after the occurrence of cell death. This method was observed by Attalah and Johnson who used electronic particle analyses to determine cell viability
Identification_of_cell_death
Tumour-promoting cell type
progenitor cells). Pleotropic functions (e.g. tumour-promoting and tumour-inhibiting) require cell plasticity. While there are positive markers for CAFs
Cancer-associated_fibroblast
Lab technique in biology and chemistry
is characteristic to the cells and their components. Cells are often labeled with fluorescent markers so light is absorbed and then emitted in a band of
Flow_cytometry
surrounding blood cells. HSCs lack expression of mature blood cell markers and are thus, called Lin-. Lack of expression of lineage markers is used in combination
Techniques to isolate haematopoietic stem cells
Techniques_to_isolate_haematopoietic_stem_cells
Unspecialized biological cell that can become specialized
stem cell Regenerative biology Stem cell controversy Stem cell marker Stem cell laws and policy in Iran Atala A, Lanza R (2012). Handbook of Stem Cells. Academic
Stem_cell
Oldest cultured human cell line (1951)
immortalized cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest human cell line and one of the most commonly used. HeLa cells are durable and prolific
HeLa
African-American woman (1920–1951), source of HeLa immortal cell line
woman whose cancer cells are the source of the HeLa cell line, the first immortalized human cell line and one of the most important cell lines in medical
Henrietta_Lacks
Method for producing lots of identical antibodies
is a method for producing large quantities of monoclonal antibodies by fusing antibody producing B cells with myeloma cells (cancerous B cells). This
Hybridoma_technology
Cell from a primary tumor carried by blood circulation
fluorescent marker to identify those cells. Together with the nuclear staining with propidium iodide the maintrac method can distinguish between dead and living
Circulating_tumor_cell
Measurable indicator
"cellular, biochemical or molecular alteration in cells, tissues or fluids that can be measured and evaluated to indicate normal biological processes
Biomarker_(medicine)
Artificial miniature brain like organ
neural progenitor cells and stem cells are differentiating into specific neural tissues, several gene markers can be tested. Two markers that are present
Cerebral_organoid
Antibiotic efficiency during the gene selection process
(resistant) cells that contain a selectable marker, while killing untransfected (sensitive) cells that do not contain a selectable marker. A selectivity
Selectivity_factor
prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and VCaP, LAPC4 have high expression of Keratin 5, a basal marker, as well as the luminal markers Keratin 8 and Keratin 18
LAPC4
Multipotent adult stem cells present in multiple tissues
(Nrf2) and a steroid (dexamethasone). Other flow cytometry-based methods allow the sorting of bone marrow cells for specific surface markers, such as
Mesenchymal_stem_cell
Process of separating populations of cells
fluorescence-activated cell sorting and immunomagnetic cell sorting methods. Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting is also known as flow cytometry cell sorting, or
Cell_sorting
Medical condition
cellular atypia, and pleomorphic nuclei. CD-207 is a cellular marker associated with Birbeck granules than can be used for confirmation of cell type. LCS will
Langerhans_cell_sarcoma
Molecular biology method used to detect DNA fragmentation
during apoptosis. TUNEL is a method for detecting apoptotic DNA fragmentation, widely used to identify and quantify apoptotic cells, or to detect excessive
TUNEL_assay
Device used in genetic engineering
was onions (chosen for their large cell size), and the device was used to deliver particles coated with a marker gene which would relay a signal if proper
Gene_gun
backcross. The development of molecular markers provides an easier method of selection based on the genotype (marker) rather than the phenotype. Combined
Doubled_haploidy
Type of liver cell
Cytoglobin expression has been shown to be a specific marker with which hepatic stellate cells can be distinguished from portal myofibroblasts in the
Hepatic_stellate_cell
Light-measuring instrument
electromagnetic measuring instrument which is connected to the anode and cathode of a selenium photo cell that produces more or less electric power when exposed to
Selenium_meter
Process of introducing nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells
introducing naked or purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells. It may also refer to other methods and cell types, although other terms are often preferred: "transformation"
Transfection
Pluripotent stem cell generated directly from a somatic cell
through expression of surface markers or reporter genes. Induced pluripotent stem cells were first generated by Shinya Yamanaka and Kazutoshi Takahashi at Kyoto
Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell
Cell line used for scientific research
dopaminergic markers and, as such, have been used to study Parkinson's disease, neurogenesis, and other characteristics of brain cells. SH-SY5Y was cloned
SH-SY5Y
Phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division
a universal marker of senescent cells will not be found, and that a multi-marker approach is required for the detection of senescent cells. For this reason
Cellular_senescence
White blood cells of the immune system
novel protein markers, a different method to analyze and monitor Treg cells more accurately has been described in the literature. This method is based on
Regulatory_T_cell
Blood cancer characterized by overproduction of lymphoblasts
(scFv) designed to recognize the cell-surface marker CD19 as a method of treating ALL. CD19 is a molecule on all B-cells and can be used to distinguish the
Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia
Routine laboratory test of blood cells
scattering and fluorescence methods, especially those involving the identification of cells using labelled antibodies that bind to cell surface markers (immunophenotyping)
Complete_blood_count
Cell type
acting via paracrine methods to provide support for the resident endothelial cells. While some other authors have contested these, and maintained that they
Endothelial_progenitor_cell
Carcinoma that derives from squamous epithelial cells
squamous-cell carcinoma, but a biopsy for histopathology generally establishes the diagnosis. TP63 staining is the main histological marker for squamous-cell carcinoma
Squamous-cell_carcinoma
Investigative procedure in microbiology
staining or Gram's method) is a method of staining used to classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria
Gram_stain
Laboratory technique
average expression profile of cells analyzed using cellular dissociation methods of the same type. Nucleus presence markers: Detection of nuclear specific
Patch-sequencing
Inflammatory disease featuring pain and stiffness
test, but C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) can be useful as non-specific markers of systemic inflammation. PMR is usually
Polymyalgia_rheumatica
Process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions
grow cells, such as plant tissue culture, fungal culture, and microbiological culture (of microbes). The historical development and methods of cell culture
Cell_culture
Technique used to enhance visual contrast of specimens observed under a microscope
by alcohol. While ex vivo, many cells continue to live and metabolize until they are "fixed". Some staining methods are based on this property. Those
Staining
Immunological condition
Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) is one type of mast cell activation disorder (MCAD). MCAS is an immunological condition in which mast cells, a type
Mast_cell_activation_syndrome
Medical term
prognostic markers in oncology include tumor size, staging, lymph node spreading status, and metastasis. Large tumor, late staging, presence of cancer cells in
Prognosis_marker
Single cell RNA sequencing method
Perturb-seq (also known as CRISP-seq and CROP-seq) refers to a high-throughput method of performing single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on pooled genetic
Perturb-seq
Assay created to determine survival of organs, cells, or tissues
"Protease Viability Marker Assay Concept". The actions of protease cease once a cell dies, so a clear-cut line is drawn in determining cell viability when
Viability_assay
Technique in developmental biology
method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures. The "fate" of each cell or group of cells
Fate_mapping
Cancer that starts in the kidneys
Antic T, Tretiakova M (2017). "GATA3 as a valuable marker to distinguish clear cell papillary renal cell carcinomas from morphologic mimics". Hum Pathol
Kidney_cancer
Chemical entity which can be bound by an antibody
molecules. By identifying T-cell epitopes, scientists can track, phenotype, and stimulate T-cells. There are two main methods of epitope mapping: either
Epitope
Type of genetically engineered chromosome
creation of wild-type chromosomes; and (3) carry dominant genetic markers, which can help identify rare recombinants and are useful for screening purposes
Balancer_chromosome
Degraded DNA fragments circulating in bodily fluids
moment, typical purification methods involve collection of blood via venipuncture, centrifugation to pellet the cells, and extraction of cfDNA from the
Circulating_free_DNA
Study of biochemical processes in an individual cell
of an individual cell, as opposed to more conventional methods which study bulk populations of many cells. The concept of single-cell analysis originated
Single-cell_analysis
Reference point inserted in an image
Look up fiducial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A fiducial marker or fiducial is an object placed in the field of view of an image for use as a point
Fiducial_marker
Range of methods designed for assigning cell types
mRNA in a cell rather than select RNA targets. It comprises an important part of spatial biology. Spatial transcriptomics includes methods that can be
Spatial_transcriptomics
White blood cell that secretes large volumes of antibodies
plasma cells express relatively few surface antigens, and do not express common pan-B cell markers, such as CD19 and CD20. Instead, plasma cells are identified
Plasma_cell
Small piece of maintainable DNA
two selectable markers, although some selectable markers such as resistance to zeocin and hygromycin B are effective in different cell types. Auxotrophic
Cloning_vector
Ligase Cell line Genetic linkage Linkage analysis Linkage equilibrium Linkage group Linkage map Linking number Locus Lod score Lod score method Lymphocyte
Index_of_genetics_articles
Inflammatory disease of large blood vessels
Giant cell arteritis (GCA), also called temporal arteritis, is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of large blood vessels. It is the most common type of
Giant_cell_arteritis
Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Method
method relies on combining a single cell with a uniquely barcoded microparticle (bead) into a single droplet using a microfluidic device. Each cell is
Drop-Seq
Glial cell type
function to support neurons and in the PNS, also include satellite cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, enteric glia and glia that reside at sensory nerve
Schwann_cell
Immune cell found in connective tissue
(CD117) marker and the CD34 marker. CD34 is a widely expressed cell surface antigen found in cells with both progenitor-like and mature properties, making
Mast_cell
Developmental history of a tissue or organ
can be studied by marking a cell (with fluorescent molecules or other traceable markers) and following its progeny after cell division. Some organisms,
Cell_lineage
Branch of biology that studies cells
organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living and functioning of an organism. Cell biology encompasses
Cell_biology
Pig-a gene mutation assay is a flow cytometry-based method for detecting mammalian cells that have inactivating mutations in the endogenous X-linked reporter
Pig-a_gene_mutation_assay
Cellular biology lab technique
available antibodies on a single cell level. So far, the method has been demonstrated to work with only a few proteins per cell. As such, it provides an additional
CITE-Seq
Principle applied to the measurement of blood flow to an organ
variety of clinical situations. In Fick's original method, the "organ" was the entire human body and the marker substance was oxygen. The first published mention
Fick_principle
Chemical sensing cells in the intestinal lining
synaptophysin and DCLK1 were found in the duodenum, this suggests that these cells play a neuroendocrine role in this region. A specific marker of intestinal
Tuft_cell
Common application of immunostaining
immunostaining. It involves the process of selectively identifying antigens in cells and tissue, by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically
Immunohistochemistry
Rare and highly aggressive skin cancer
immunohistochemical markers with Merkel cells, including epidermal marker cytokeratin 20 and neuroendocrine markers synaptophysin and chromogranin A. Furthermore
Merkel-cell_carcinoma
Chemical compound
as a stain for imaging DNA fluorescence, the cell membrane must be permeabilized or disrupted. This method can be used in combination with formaldehyde
7-Aminoactinomycin_D
Stem cells that give rise to other blood cells
hematopoietic stem cells from the surrounding blood cells. Hematopoietic stem cells lack expression of mature blood cell markers and are thus called Lin-
Hematopoietic_stem_cell
Medical condition
is validated at the highest level as a tumor marker for use in patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. There are case reports of elevated AFP
Elevated_alpha-fetoprotein
Type of infinite structure
structures. There is a cell decomposition theorem, Whitney and Verdier stratification theorems and a good notion of dimension and Euler characteristic.
O-minimal_theory
Bone tumor composed of agglomerated osteoclast-like cells
expression of osteoblast cell markers such as alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. In contrast, the mononuclear osteoclast precursor cells giving rise to multinucleated
Giant-cell_tumor_of_bone
Technique to solve geological problems by computational simulation
Taras V.; Yuen, David A. (2003-12-30). "Characteristics-based marker-in-cell method with conservative finite-differences schemes for modeling geological
Numerical_modeling_(geology)
Genetic alteration of a cell by uptake of genetic material from the environment
community and it was not until the development of genetic markers and the discovery of other methods of genetic transfer (conjugation in 1947 and transduction
Genetic_transformation
Mammalian protein found in humans
and high-polyunsaturated fat diets. Arterial damage results from white blood cell invasion and inflammation within the wall. CRP is a general marker for
C-reactive_protein
resistance mechanism of L1210 cells to amethopterin is associated with an increase in DHFR activity and the absence of the ST marker chromosome. This emphasizes
L1210_cells
Methods used to change the DNA of organisms
modified from unmodified cells. Another screening method involves a DNA probe that sticks only to the inserted gene. These markers are usually present in
Genetic engineering techniques
Genetic_engineering_techniques
Study of living cells using time-lapse microscopy
fertilization and development of the sea urchin egg. Since then, several microscopy methods have been developed to study living cells in greater detail
Live-cell_imaging
Technique in molecular biology
not natively expressed in the cell or organism under study, since the expression of the reporter is being used as a marker for successful uptake of the
Reporter_gene
Class of stem cells
processing and culture methods. Adult stem cell Stem cell Telomerase Mesenchymal stem cell Induced pluripotent stem cell Embryonic stem cell Regenerative
Adult telomerase positive stem cells
Adult_telomerase_positive_stem_cells
Proposed method of generating pluripotent stem cells
of pluripotency (STAP) was a proposed method of generating pluripotent stem cells by subjecting ordinary cells to certain types of stress, such as the
Stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency
Stimulus-triggered_acquisition_of_pluripotency
Transformation of a stem cell to a more specialized cell
is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is. Three basic categories of cells make up the mammalian body: germ cells, somatic cells, and stem
Cellular_differentiation
Engineered component of a biological cell
artificial cell, synthetic cell or minimal cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell. Often, artificial cells are
Artificial_cell
Organic dye used in biochemistry
autophagosomes), RNA, and DNA in living cells. This method is a cheap and easy way to study lysosomal vacuolation, autophagy, and apoptosis. The emission color
Acridine_orange
Type of molecule that may be able to induce death of senescent cells
reverse age-related diseases. Removal of senescent cells with senolytics has been proposed as a method of enhancing immunity during aging. A related concept
Senolytic
Protein that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet light
fluorescent protein as a visual selection marker for papaya (Carica papaya L.) transformation". Plant Cell Reports. 22 (9): 660–7. Bibcode:2004PCelR.
Green_fluorescent_protein
their large protein size, markers such as phalloidin and GFP fusion proteins are limited to cells that can be transfected and tend to compete with their
LifeAct
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