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Interference phenomenon of waves
superposition of a few waves, while the term diffraction is used when many waves are superposed. The term diffraction pattern is used to refer to an image or
Diffraction
Optical component which splits light into several beams
In optics, a diffraction grating is a grating with a periodic structure of appropriate scale so as to diffract light, or another type of electromagnetic
Diffraction_grating
Optical system with resolution performance at the instrument's theoretical limit
limit to its resolution due to the physics of diffraction. An optical instrument is said to be diffraction-limited if it has reached this limit of resolution
Diffraction-limited_system
Far-field diffraction
Fraunhofer diffraction equation is used to model the diffraction of waves when plane waves are incident on a diffracting object, and the diffraction pattern
Fraunhofer_diffraction
Physics experiment
Fresnel diffraction equation, which implies that as the plane of observation gets closer to the plane in which the slits are located, the diffraction patterns
Double-slit_experiment
Elastic interaction of x-rays with electrons
sources. Similar diffraction patterns can be produced by related scattering techniques such as electron diffraction or neutron diffraction. If single crystals
X-ray_diffraction
Lines radiating from bright light sources in photographs
how fine these support rods are, they diffract the incoming light from a subject star. This appears as diffraction spikes, which are the Fourier transform
Diffraction_spike
Diffraction pattern in optics
can make, limited by the diffraction of light. The Airy disk is of importance in physics, optics, and astronomy. The diffraction pattern resulting from
Airy_disk
fields as quasi optical and uses knife-edge diffraction to determine diffraction coefficients for each diffracting object-source combination. These coefficients
Uniform_theory_of_diffraction
Near-field diffraction
In optics, the Fresnel diffraction equation for near-field diffraction is an approximation of the Kirchhoff–Fresnel diffraction that can be applied to
Fresnel_diffraction
Fraction of optical power diffracted by an optical element
In optics, diffraction efficiency is the performance of diffractive optical elements – especially diffraction gratings – in terms of power throughput.
Diffraction_efficiency
Bending of electron beams due to electrostatic interactions with matter
overview of electron diffraction and electron diffraction patterns, collectively referred to by the generic name electron diffraction. This includes aspects
Electron_diffraction
Experimental method in X-ray diffraction
Powder diffraction is a scientific technique using X-ray, neutron, or electron diffraction on powder or microcrystalline samples for structural characterization
Powder_diffraction
Scientific study of crystal structures
the type of beam used, as in the terms X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and electron diffraction. These three types of radiation interact with
Crystallography
Multiple diffraction of waves
acoustics. The sections below deal with dynamical diffraction of X-rays. The dynamical theory of diffraction considers the wave field in the periodic potential
Dynamical theory of diffraction
Dynamical_theory_of_diffraction
Technique to investigate atomic structures using neutron scattering
to obtain a diffraction pattern that provides information of the structure of the material. The technique is similar to X-ray diffraction but, due to
Neutron_diffraction
Wave phenomenon
of diffraction and the obstruction point increases, the diffraction patterns or results predicted converge towards those of Fraunhofer diffraction, which
Diffraction_from_slits
summarized TOFD as tip-diffraction techniques which utilized the principle that the tips of a crack when struck by a wave will diffract the signals back to
Time-of-flight diffraction ultrasonics
Time-of-flight_diffraction_ultrasonics
Scattering from arrays of atoms
periodic microscale lattices. Bragg diffraction (also referred to as the Bragg formulation of X-ray diffraction) was first proposed by Lawrence Bragg
Bragg's_law
Diffraction of matter by light
mechanical effect consisting of the diffraction of matter by a standing wave of light, in complete analogy to the diffraction of light by a periodic grating
Kapitsa–Dirac_effect
Imaging and diffraction using electrons that pass through samples
strength of current to the intermediate lens, the diffraction pattern is projected on a screen. Diffraction is a very powerful tool for doing a cell reconstruction
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission_electron_microscopy
Particle data acquisition technique
X-ray diffraction computed tomography is an experimental technique that combines X-ray diffraction with the computed tomography data acquisition approach
X-ray diffraction computed tomography
X-ray_diffraction_computed_tomography
Averaging technique for electron diffraction
Precession electron diffraction (PED) is a specialized method to collect electron diffraction patterns in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). By
Precession electron diffraction
Precession_electron_diffraction
Technology for measuring geometrical dimensions of particle
Laser diffraction analysis, also known as laser diffraction spectroscopy, is a technology that utilizes diffraction patterns of a laser beam passed through
Laser_diffraction_analysis
Electron scattering technique for structural analyses
Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) is an electron diffraction technique where a convergent or divergent beam (conical electron beam) of electrons
Convergent beam electron diffraction
Convergent_beam_electron_diffraction
Crystal used to calibrate an x-ray spectrometer
Centre for Diffraction Data round robin study of silver behenate. A possible low-angle X-ray diffraction calibration standard". Powder Diffraction. 10 (2):
Diffraction_standard
Scanning electron microscopy technique
information within each diffraction pattern can be analysed in more detail. For texture and orientation measurements, the diffraction patterns are binned
Electron backscatter diffraction
Electron_backscatter_diffraction
Wave Phenomenon
Atmospheric diffraction is manifested in the following principal ways: Optical atmospheric diffraction Radio wave diffraction is the scattering of radio
Atmospheric_diffraction
Technique used for determining crystal structures and identifying mineral compounds
beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of the X-ray diffraction, a crystallographer can produce
X-ray_crystallography
Diffraction using small incidence angles
incidence diffraction (GID) is a technique for interrogating a material using small incidence angles for an incoming wave, often leading to the diffraction being
Grazing_incidence_diffraction
Physics formula
Kirchhoff's diffraction formula (also called Fresnel–Kirchhoff diffraction formula) approximates light intensity and phase in optical diffraction: light fields
Kirchhoff's diffraction formula
Kirchhoff's_diffraction_formula
Form of electron microscopy
scanning electron nano diffraction (SEND), nanobeam electron diffraction (NBED), or pixelated STEM. The use of diffraction patterns as a function of
4D scanning transmission electron microscopy
4D_scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy
Device which diffracts light via sound waves
beam. Diffraction from a sinusoidal modulation in a thin crystal mostly results in the m = −1, 0, +1 diffraction orders. Cascaded diffraction in medium
Acousto-optic_modulator
Technique for determining surface structures
intensity of backscattered electrons showed diffraction patterns. These observations were consistent with the diffraction theory for X-rays developed by Bragg
Low-energy electron diffraction
Low-energy_electron_diffraction
Nanoscale orientation mapping method
Transmission Kikuchi diffraction setup Transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD), also sometimes called transmission electron backscatter diffraction (t-EBSD), is
Transmission Kikuchi diffraction
Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction
Distance over which a wave's shape repeats
called diffraction. Two types of diffraction are distinguished, depending upon the separation between the source and the screen: Fraunhofer diffraction or
Wavelength
1952 X-ray diffraction photograph of DNA
was an exceptionally clear diffraction pattern of the "B" form of DNA, Franklin was more interested in solving the diffraction pattern of the "A" form of
Photo_51
Mathematical explanation of far field diffraction
Fraunhofer diffraction equation is used to model the diffraction of waves when the diffraction pattern is viewed at a long distance from the diffracting object
Fraunhofer diffraction equation
Fraunhofer_diffraction_equation
Subarea of scattering in physics
(2D) diffraction pattern exposed on photographic film or on a 2D detector. 2 instead of 3 co-ordinate directions suffice to describe fiber diffraction. The
Fiber_diffraction
Family of analytical techniques
classic text from 1963 is titled "X-ray diffraction in Crystals, Imperfect Crystals and Amorphous Bodies" so 'diffraction' was clearly not restricted to crystals
X-ray_scattering_techniques
Branch of optics
effects. It models several interference, diffraction and polarization effects but not the dependence of diffraction on polarization. Since this is a high-frequency
Physical_optics
Type of transmissive optical device
metamaterials to achieve super-resolution imaging and go beyond the diffraction limit. The diffraction limit is a feature of conventional lenses and microscopes
Superlens
Specialized technique for electron diffraction
broadly available. Electron diffraction to solve crystal structures date back to the earliest days of electron diffraction. The first successful demonstration
Microcrystal electron diffraction
Microcrystal_electron_diffraction
Quantum mechanical waves describing matter
Broglie hypothesis, diffraction was a property that was thought to be exhibited only by waves. Therefore, the presence of any diffraction effects by matter
Matter_wave
Electron diffraction by reflection from surfaces
methods that also rely on diffraction of high-energy electrons. Transmission electron microscopy, another common electron diffraction method samples mainly
Reflection high-energy electron diffraction
Reflection_high-energy_electron_diffraction
the diffraction slice theorem and assumes that the scatterer is weak. It is closely related to X-ray tomography. Devaney, A. J. (1985), "Diffraction Tomography"
Diffraction_tomography
clay. Diffraction patterns calculated using theoretical methods do not generally match with experimental diffraction patterns, so using diffraction patterns
Clay mineral X-ray diffraction
Clay_mineral_X-ray_diffraction
Method to determine atomic positions in solids using an electron microscope
transmission electron microscopy images, electron diffraction patterns including convergent-beam electron diffraction or combinations of these. It has been successful
Electron_crystallography
Crystallographic electron diffraction technique
times larger, the electrons are diffracted on the crystal lattice, acting as a diffraction grating. Due to the diffraction, part of the electrons is scattered
Selected_area_diffraction
Fundamental principle of physics
interference fringes observed by Young were the diffraction pattern of the double slit, this chapter [Fraunhofer diffraction] is, therefore, a continuation of Chapter
Superposition_principle
Ordered chemical structure with no repeating pattern
evidenced by X-ray and electron diffraction revealing peak widths as sharp as those of perfect crystals such as Si. Diffraction patterns exhibit fivefold,
Quasicrystal
Type of microscope with electrons as a source of illumination
electron diffraction mode where a map of the angles of the electrons leaving the sample is produced. The advantages of electron diffraction over X-ray
Electron_microscope
Lensless computational imaging method
space images from diffraction patterns. The first idea was the realization by Sayre in 1952 that Bragg diffraction under-samples diffracted intensity relative
Coherent_diffraction_imaging
Ability of any image-forming device to distinguish small details of an object
doi:10.1073/pnas.0600808103. PMC 1458746. PMID 16549771. "Diffraction: Fraunhofer Diffraction at a Circular Aperture" (PDF). Melles Griot Optics Guide
Angular_resolution
Concept in quantum mechanics
non-relativistic diffraction model for electrons by Hans Bethe based upon the Schrödinger equation, which is very close to how electron diffraction is now described
Wave–particle_duality
Loudspeaker using an acoustic horn
for instance by Community in their SQ 90 high-frequency horn. JBL's diffraction or "Smith" horn was a variation on the radial design, using a very small
Horn_loudspeaker
Optical phenomenon of the sky
scattering, this gives a diffraction pattern around the forward direction in concentric rings. Using Fraunhofer Diffraction Theory, for a circular particle
Corona_(optical_phenomenon)
Glass tank of water demonstrating the basic properties of waves
properties of waves, including reflection, refraction, interference and diffraction, can be demonstrated. Ripples may be generated by a piece of wood that
Ripple_tank
Soviet and Russian mathematician and physicist
of Diffraction (PTD).[citation needed] The first results of PTD were compiled in the book Method of Edge Waves in the Physical Theory of Diffraction by
Pyotr_Ufimtsev
First operational image from NASA's James Webb Space Telescope
spikes, diffraction from circular rims creates a pattern of concentric rings called Airy discs). The two additional spikes are a result of diffraction from
Webb's_First_Deep_Field
Type of common-path interferometer
a diffraction grating interferometer by Kwon and the Phase-Shifting Point Diffraction Interferometer. Gary Sommargren proposed a point diffraction interferometer
Point diffraction interferometer
Point_diffraction_interferometer
Optical phenomenon
a thin film is typically not individual wavelengths as produced by a diffraction grating or prism, but rather are a mixture of various wavelengths. Therefore
Thin-film_interference
Single scattering diffraction
Kinematic diffraction is an approximation for diffraction of waves. It assumes that the waves are only scattered once, neglecting multiple scattering
Kinematic_diffraction
Method of observing gaseous atomic structure
Gas electron diffraction (GED) is one of the applications of electron diffraction techniques. The target of this method is the determination of the structure
Gas_electron_diffraction
X-ray imaging technique
Diffraction topography (short: "topography") is an imaging technique based on Bragg diffraction. Diffraction topographic images ("topographies") record
Diffraction_topography
Electron diffraction using very short pulses
Ultrafast electron diffraction (UED), also known as femtosecond electron diffraction, is a pump-probe experimental method based on the combination of
Ultrafast electron diffraction
Ultrafast_electron_diffraction
Experiment verifying the wave-particle duality of matter
experiments on electron diffraction. The reflection data fail to satisfy the Bragg relation for the same reason that the electron diffraction beams fail to coincide
Davisson–Germer_experiment
Telescope focusing device
point source (such as a star) yields a diffraction pattern at the focal plane representing the Fraunhofer diffraction transform of the aperture shape. This
Bahtinov_mask
Engineering diffraction refers to a sub-field of neutron scattering which investigates microstructural features that influence the mechanical properties
Engineering_diffraction
Branch of physics that studies light
of situations such as diffraction through a single gap, diffraction through multiple slits, or diffraction through a diffraction grating that contains
Optics
Type of gunsight
holographic grating. The holographic grating is a blazed diffraction grating designed to diffract only the particular required wavelength of light correctly
Holographic_weapon_sight
Free crystallographic software
interaction, but it does not cover advanced diffraction features like double diffraction covered by dynamical diffraction theory, even though some phenomena caused
CrysTBox
Electron microscopy technique
image, a first-order diffraction spot is selected while the sample is tilted to excite a higher angle, typically ~ 3g, diffraction spot. The WBDF g-ng
Weak-beam dark-field microscopy
Weak-beam_dark-field_microscopy
Anomalous diffraction theory (also van de Hulst approximation, eikonal approximation, high energy approximation, soft particle approximation) is an approximation
Anomalous_diffraction_theory
Method of microscopic imaging
regions, and a diffraction pattern is recorded at each position. The overlap between adjacent probe positions in real space and diffraction data in reciprocal
Ptychography
Diffraction of light with sound
Schaefer–Bergmann diffraction is the resulting diffraction pattern of light interacting with sound waves in transparent crystals or glasses. Schaefer,
Schaefer–Bergmann_diffraction
Type of solar sail
A diffractive solar sail, or diffractive lightsail, is a type of solar sail which relies on diffraction instead of reflection for its propulsion. Current
Diffractive_solar_sail
amplitude information and phases of strong reflections. In electron diffraction, a diffraction pattern is produced by the interaction of the electron beam and
Direct methods (electron microscopy)
Direct_methods_(electron_microscopy)
Type of diffraction grating
'ladder') – is a special type of diffraction grating. It is optimized to achieve maximum light efficiency in a given diffraction order. For this purpose, maximum
Blazed_grating
axis. An incident laser beam is deflected by grooved diffraction pattern into axial diffraction orders along its optical axis. The foci appear around
Multifocal_diffractive_lens
Algorithmic imaging methods that reconstruct quantitative phase and amplitude
microscopy refers to imaging modalities in which raw measurements (often diffraction patterns or image stacks under diverse illuminations) are transformed
Computational_microscopy
Microscopy technique using X-rays
polycrystalline materials include X-ray diffraction contrast tomography (DCT) and high energy X-ray diffraction (HEDM). Compared with destructive techniques
Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction
Three-dimensional_X-ray_diffraction
Energy conservation during diffraction by atoms
neutron, and x-ray diffraction which shows the relationship between: the wavevector of the incident and diffracted beams, the diffraction angle for a given
Ewald's_sphere
International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) maintains a database of powder diffraction patterns, the Powder Diffraction File (PDF), including the
International Centre for Diffraction Data
International_Centre_for_Diffraction_Data
Physical phenomenon
The Auger effect is a physical phenomenon in which atoms eject electrons. It occurs when an inner-shell vacancy in an atom is filled by an electron, releasing
Auger_effect
Optical system setup in photolithography
pattern on the photomask is a diffraction grating with a small pitch. The light that strikes the diffraction grating is diffracted in various directions. If
Off-axis_illumination
Patterns formed by scattering
they are easily seen in diffraction from regions of the specimen thick enough for multiple scattering. Unlike diffraction spots, which blink on and
Kikuchi_lines_(physics)
Device used to focus light using diffraction
exhibiting wave character. Unlike lenses or curved mirrors, zone plates use diffraction instead of refraction or reflection. Based on analysis by French physicist
Zone_plate
Optical property
(Fresnel) regime, where the diffraction pattern evolves noticeably with propagation distance and the Fresnel diffraction (paraxial) integral is commonly
Fresnel_number
relationships for optical scattering at gratings, and the diffraction of electrons. In the early days of diffraction fine details were not observable because the detectors
Duane's_hypothesis
Book by Max Born and Emil Wolf
which underlies the theory of CAT. An account of Kirchhoff-Rayleigh diffraction theory was added to Chapter VIII as it had become more popular. There
Principles_of_Optics
History of research by Augustin-Jean Fresnel
Concerning diffraction, the corpuscular theory did not yield quantitative predictions, while the wave theory had begun to do so by considering diffraction as
Fresnel's_physical_optics
Multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction (sometimes Multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion; abbreviated MAD) is a technique used in X-ray crystallography
Multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction
Multi-wavelength_anomalous_diffraction
Monochrome light beam whose amplitude envelope is a Gaussian function
is a fundamental characteristic of diffraction, and of the Fourier transform which describes Fraunhofer diffraction. A beam with any specified amplitude
Gaussian_beam
Equivalence between complementary antenna types
0.1 mm) wire into the laser beam and observe the diffraction pattern. Then observe the diffraction pattern when the laser is shone through a narrow slit
Babinet's_principle
Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) is an analytical technique for characterizing materials. It differs from conventional X-ray diffraction by using polychromatic
Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction
Energy-dispersive_X-ray_diffraction
Diffraction of He from surfaces
material by measuring the diffracted atoms from a monochromatic helium beam incident on the sample. The first recorded helium diffraction experiment was completed
Helium_atom_scattering
English polymath (1642–1727)
medium to explain interference patterns and the general phenomenon of diffraction. In his Hypothesis of Light of 1675, Newton posited the existence of
Isaac_Newton
analysis of surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD) patterns from a crystalline surface. For an infinite crystal, the diffracted pattern is concentrated in
X-ray_crystal_truncation_rod
Physical phenomena in optics
geometrical theory of diffraction in 1962, it was first recognized by Adalbert Rubinowicz in 1924 for the special case of diffraction from an aperture on
Keller_cone
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