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Anomalous diffraction theory (also van de Hulst approximation, eikonal approximation, high energy approximation, soft particle approximation) is an approximation
Anomalous_diffraction_theory
Light scattering by small particles
optically "soft" (i.e., with a refractive index close to 1). Anomalous diffraction theory applies to optically soft but larger particles. In 1869, while
Rayleigh_scattering
Multiple diffraction of waves
kinematic theory of diffraction which describes the approximate position of Bragg or Laue diffraction peaks in reciprocal space, dynamical theory corrects
Dynamical theory of diffraction
Dynamical_theory_of_diffraction
Dutch astronomer and mathematician
his doctoral thesis on the topic, subsequently formulating the anomalous diffraction theory. He spent most of his career at Leiden University, retiring in
Hendrik_C._van_de_Hulst
Elastic interaction of x-rays with electrons
sources. Similar diffraction patterns can be produced by related scattering techniques such as electron diffraction or neutron diffraction. If single crystals
X-ray_diffraction
Anomalous diffraction at metallic gratings
theory of wave diffraction from a perfectly-conducting grating using Fourier series. He attributed this anomaly to the passing-off of a diffraction order
Wood's_anomaly
Process by which dust, particulates, etc. scatter light
size parameter is explained by the Mie theory. Mie theory, also called Lorenz-Mie theory or Lorenz-Mie-Debye theory, is a complete analytical solution of
Light_scattering_by_particles
analysis in the old quantum theory, accounts for diffraction even by only two slits. More recently, two slit particle diffraction has been experimentally
Duane's_hypothesis
Technique used for determining crystal structures and identifying mineral compounds
beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of the X-ray diffraction, a crystallographer can produce
X-ray_crystallography
on polystyrene particles. Mie scattering Anomalous diffraction theory Discrete dipole approximation Gans theory Bohren, C. F.; Huffmann, D. R. (2010). Absorption
Rayleigh–Gans_approximation
Branch of physics that studies light
of situations such as diffraction through a single gap, diffraction through multiple slits, or diffraction through a diffraction grating that contains
Optics
Non-crystalline solid
needed] Unlike crystalline materials, which exhibit strong Bragg diffraction, the diffraction patterns of amorphous materials are characterized by broad and
Amorphous_solid
Issue in determining wave cycle part
relation also holds for two-dimensional far-field diffraction patterns (also called Fraunhofer diffraction) giving rise to a similar type of phase problem
Phase_problem
Method for computing radiation
Notice that a similar parameter plays a crucial role in the anomalous diffraction theory of van de Hulst, where the total phase shift experienced by light
Discrete_dipole_approximation
Scattering of an electromagnetic plane wave by a sphere
and the approximation holds for particles of arbitrary shape. The anomalous diffraction approximation is valid for large (compared to wavelength) and optically
Mie_scattering
Patterns formed by scattering
they are easily seen in diffraction from regions of the specimen thick enough for multiple scattering. Unlike diffraction spots, which blink on and
Kikuchi_lines_(physics)
his doctoral thesis on the topic, subsequently formulating the anomalous diffraction theory. Peter van de Kamp United States 1901 1995 Sidney van den Bergh
List_of_astronomers
way, it calculates the structure factors and intensities of anomalous or resonant diffraction spectra (DAFS or RXS). The code uses two techniques of monoelectronic
FDMNES
Spectral line splitting in magnetic field
his laboratory had one of Henry Augustus Rowland's highest resolving diffraction gratings. Zeeman had read James Clerk Maxwell's article in Encyclopædia
Zeeman_effect
American theoretical physicist
the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. An early paper in high-energy phenomenology was his 1968 collaboration with R. Lipes on a diffraction model
Loyal_Durand
Type of transmissive optical device
metamaterials to achieve super-resolution imaging and go beyond the diffraction limit. The diffraction limit is a feature of conventional lenses and microscopes
Superlens
Alleged anomalous behavior of pendulums and gravimeters
considered as a result of the diffraction of gravitational waves. Erwin Saxl and Mildred Allen similarly reported strong anomalous changes in the period of
Allais_effect
Elementary particle with negative charge
diffraction (LEED) is a method of bombarding a crystalline material with a collimated beam of electrons and then observing the resulting diffraction patterns
Electron
evidence for the theory of general relativity. The first three tests, proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915, concerned the "anomalous" precession of the
Tests_of_general_relativity
oxide paper. Its structure was determined from single-crystal diffraction in 1924. The theory of graphene was first explored by P. R. Wallace in 1947 as
Discovery_of_graphene
Elementary particle or quantum of light
itself. Although he accepted the validity of Maxwell's theory, Einstein pointed out that many anomalous experiments could be explained if the energy of a Maxwellian
Photon
Anomalon Anomalous Diffraction Theory Anomalous X-ray pulsar Anomalous cosmic ray Anomalous diffusion Anomalous electric dipole moment Anomalous magnetic
Index_of_physics_articles_(A)
In physics, proton and neutron magnetism
classical value is the anomalous magnetic moment. The g-factor for the electron is measured to be −2.00231930436092(36). QED is the theory of the mediation
Nucleon_magnetic_moment
German physicist
und Elektrochemie (KWI). There he discovered a phenomenon regarding the anomalous low absorption of X-rays that became known as the "Borrmann effect" (or
Gerhard_Borrmann
Particle accelerator designed to produce intense x-ray beams
needed] The advantages of using synchrotron radiation for spectroscopy and diffraction have been realized by an ever-growing scientific community, beginning
Synchrotron_light_source
States of matter for water as a solid
density functional theory calculations, they successfully constructed fully ordered model in P-1 and showed that experimental diffraction data should be analysed
Phases_of_ice
is a solution of the Yang–Baxter equation. The numerical modeling of diffraction gratings in optical science can be performed using the R-matrix propagation
R-matrix
Formula in telecommunications engineering of antenna performance
derivation from antenna theory, the basic equation also can be derived from principles of radiometry and scalar diffraction in a manner that emphasizes
Friis_transmission_equation
Hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms
single-crystal X-ray diffraction by J. D. Bernal in 1924, while subsequent research tweaked the unit cell parameters. The theory of graphene was first
Graphene
Effect of a material on light
is typically the case in the ultraviolet), the medium is said to have anomalous dispersion. At the interface of such a material with air or vacuum (index
Dispersion_(optics)
Cluster of water molecules held together through hydrogen bonding
(H2O)2. Water clusters have been proposed as an explanation for some anomalous properties of liquid water, such as its unusual variation of density with
Water_cluster
(polycrystalline) diffraction. 1916 - Paul Peter Ewald predicted the Pendellösung effect, which is a foundational aspect of the dynamical diffraction theory of X-rays
Timeline_of_crystallography
Physical interaction of charged particles
coherent sources matter wave interference and diffraction effects need to be included.) Atomic theory Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy List of
Coulomb_scattering
Interpretation of quantum mechanics
uniform increase of entropy. Similarly in the de Broglie–Bohm theory, there are anomalous initial conditions that would produce measurement statistics
De_Broglie–Bohm_theory
amplitude information and phases of strong reflections. In electron diffraction, a diffraction pattern is produced by the interaction of the electron beam and
Direct methods (electron microscopy)
Direct_methods_(electron_microscopy)
Measure of the scattering amplitude of a wave by an isolated atom
but the imaginary components only become large near an absorption edge. Anomalous X-ray scattering makes use of the variation of the form factor close to
Atomic_form_factor
Russian physicist (1935–2014)
focusing in quadratic media. He has also predicted the phenomenon of anomalous diffraction in the parametric amplifier, and determined the optimal conditions
Anatoly_Sukhorukov
Perception caused by wavelengths of light
in arrays, for example, the array of pits in a CD, they behave as a diffraction grating: the grating reflects different wavelengths in different directions
Color
State similar to a liquid and a crystal
Hyperuniform materials are characterized by an anomalous suppression of density fluctuations at large scales. More precisely, the vanishing of density
Hyperuniformity
Type of image noise
intensity. When a surface is illuminated by a light wave, according to diffraction theory, each point on an illuminated surface acts as a source of secondary
Speckle_(interference)
Type of artificial sheet material
patterns. Historically, metasurfaces build on early studies of anomalous diffraction in metallic gratings (Wood's anomaly, 1902) and the later development
Electromagnetic_metasurface
Award in crystallography
his outstanding and profound contributions to the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction of spherical waves by perfect crystals and slightly deformed
Ewald_Prize
Type of radio propagation
However, the angle cannot be too sharp or the signal will not diffract. The diffraction mode requires increased signal strength, so higher power or better
Non-line-of-sight_propagation
Chemical compound
spectacular below 5 meV. The Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid theory has been invoked to explain its anomalous behavior. At room temperature, Greenblatt and others
Lithium molybdenum purple bronze
Lithium_molybdenum_purple_bronze
Quantum mechanics taking into account particles near or at the speed of light
(RQM) is any Poincaré-covariant formulation of quantum mechanics (QM). This theory is applicable to massive particles propagating at all velocities up to those
Relativistic quantum mechanics
Relativistic_quantum_mechanics
Hydrated amorphous form of silica
spheres produce the internal colors by causing the interference and diffraction of light passing through the microstructure of the opal. The regularity
Opal
Branch of physics
studied by Max von Laue and Paul Knipping, when they observed the X-ray diffraction pattern of crystals, and concluded that crystals get their structure
Condensed_matter_physics
Lowest possible energy of a quantum system or field
lattice would cause a reduction in the intensity of the diffracted radiation in X-ray diffraction even as the temperature approached absolute zero. In 1916
Zero-point_energy
Propagation of information or matter faster than the speed of light
or information faster than the speed of light in vacuum (c). The special theory of relativity implies that only particles with zero rest mass (i.e., photons)
Faster-than-light
Ability of a substance to exist in more than one distinct amorphous state
(2021). "Liquid structure under extreme conditions: High-pressure x-ray diffraction studies". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 33 (50). Bibcode:2021JPCM
Polyamorphism
Baedeker to understand semiconductors. 1912: Max von Laue discovers diffraction of X-rays by crystals. Peter Debye develops a model for the specific
Timeline of condensed matter physics
Timeline_of_condensed_matter_physics
British physicist (born 1937)
the theory of elementary particles, which includes studies of mesic atoms, kaon physics, pi–pi scattering, hadron spectroscopy and the anomalous magnetic
Alan_Martin_(physicist)
Any error in the perception or representation of information
artifacts occur. In medical electrophysiological monitoring, artifacts are anomalous (interfering) signals that originate from some source other than the
Artifact_(error)
Numerical model of nonlinear optical systems
cavity decay rate or cavity linewidth, ℓ d {\displaystyle \ell _{d}} the diffraction length in the cavity. θ = ( ω c − ω 0 ) / κ {\displaystyle \theta =(\omega
Lugiato–Lefever_equation
Italian-American nuclear physicist and radiochemist (1905–1989)
from the laboratory's cyclotron accelerator in 1937, which was emitting anomalous forms of radioactivity. Using careful chemical and theoretical analysis
Emilio_Segrè
Type of statistical analysis
MSD=6D_{a}t^{\alpha }\,} where D a {\displaystyle D_{a}} is an anomalous diffusion coefficient. "Anomalous diffusion" commonly refers only to this very generic
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Fluorescence_correlation_spectroscopy
State of matter
diffraction. Under normal conditions, the diffraction pattern has circular symmetry, expressing the isotropy of the liquid. Radially, the diffraction
Liquid
Behaviour of travelling radio waves
radio waves are affected by the phenomena of reflection, refraction, diffraction, absorption, polarization, and scattering. Understanding the effects
Radio_propagation
Upwelling of abnormally hot rock within Earth's mantle
mechanism of convection within the Earth's mantle, hypothesized to explain anomalous volcanism. Because the plume head partially melts on reaching shallow
Mantle_plume
Unexpectedly large transient ocean surface wave
that reported the Black Sea event assessed the wave as "anomalous" and suggested several theories on how such an extreme wave may have arisen. Both the
Rogue_wave
Ratio of void volume and total volume of a porous material
liquid phases – (ND cryoporometry). Archie's law Bulk density Coherent diffraction imaging Packing density Particle density (packed density) Petroleum geology
Porosity
Propulsion system creating motion without propellant
reporting no thrust across a wide frequency band and concluding that any anomalous thrust was below the photon-thrust limit, ruling out earlier reported
Reactionless_drive
Volcanism away from plate margins
intraplate extension. The plate theory attributes all volcanic activity on Earth, even that which appears superficially to be anomalous, to the operation of plate
Intraplate_volcanism
Phenomenon in crystallization
etch-pit procedure. More recently, high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) has been used to investigate the strain 'singularity' ahead
Crystal_twinning
History of chemical crystallography to 1895
conclusive. In the period between the discovery of X-rays (1895) and X-ray diffraction (1912) Barlow and William Jackson Pope developed the principles of packing
Chemical crystallography before X-rays
Chemical_crystallography_before_X-rays
Volcanic hotspot near the Hawaiian Islands, in the Pacific Ocean
H. Nataf (1998). "Detection of mantle plumes in the lower mantle by diffraction tomography: Hawaii". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 159 (3–4):
Hawaii_hotspot
Physical and science fiction concept
3,626,605 U.S. patent 3,823,570 Hayasaka, H. & Takeuchi, S. (1989). "Anomalous weight reduction on a gyroscope's right rotations around the vertical
Anti-gravity
Turkish-American theoretical physicist (1926–1994)
theoretic methods in physics. His books include Theory of the Scattering Matrix, Electrodynamics and Classical Theory of Fields and Particles and Representations
Asım_Orhan_Barut
Public research institute
Brázda, Petr; Palatinus, Lukáš; Babor, Martin (17 May 2019). "Electron diffraction determines molecular absolute configuration in a pharmaceutical nanocrystal"
Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
Institute_of_Physics_of_the_Czech_Academy_of_Sciences
Material consisting of two layers of graphene
stacking order, and interlayer twist---is obtainable using 3D electron diffraction Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang, D.; Zhang, Y.;
Bilayer_graphene
Award in the field of crystallography
United States Not Listed "For your development and application of neutron diffraction methods for studies of atomic and magnetic structures of solids." 1994
Gregori_Aminoff_Prize
Term in optics
will be affected by the linear effect (diffraction) much earlier than the nonlinear effect, it will just diffract without any nonlinear behavior. if N ≫
Soliton_(optics)
Scattering length Scattering rate Scattering theory Sceptre (fusion reactor) Schaefer–Bergmann diffraction Scharnhorst effect Scherk–Schwarz mechanism
Index_of_physics_articles_(S)
History of crystallography to 1895
the widespread adoption of X-ray diffraction to determine crystal structures. Before the development of X-ray diffraction, the study of crystals was based
History of crystallography before X-rays
History_of_crystallography_before_X-rays
Object detection system using radio waves
aircraft. These precautions do not totally eliminate reflection because of diffraction, especially at longer wavelengths. Half wavelength long wires or strips
Radar
Quantization procedure in quantum field theory
such as single-spin asymmetries, diffractive processes, and nuclear shadowing. This motivates extending LFQCD to the theory of reactions and to investigate
Light-front quantization applications
Light-front_quantization_applications
Device claimed to be a propellantless spacecraft thruster
rotated the cavity upwards as a "null" configuration, they observed an anomalous thrust of hundreds of micronewtons, much larger than the expected result
EmDrive
Comparison of the properties of the three main categories in the periodic table
Wolf E 1999, Principles of optics: Electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light, 7th ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals
Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals
Material with a negative refractive index
propagation of the electromagnetic wave is reversed. Resolution below the diffraction limit becomes possible. This is known as subwavelength imaging. Transmitting
Negative-index_metamaterial
Class of antennas
This results in a diffraction-limited resolution of λ/6, after some small losses. This compares with λ/2, the normal diffraction limit for conventional
Metamaterial_antenna
Palladium(II), and Platinum(II) Probed by Luminescence Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction at Variable Pressure". Inorganic Chemistry. 57 (13): 7713–7723. doi:10
Transition metal dithiocarbamate complexes
Transition_metal_dithiocarbamate_complexes
Intermolecular attraction between a hydrogen donor-and-acceptor pair
chemistry, biology, and materials science. It is responsible for the anomalously high boiling point of water, the stabilization of protein and nucleic
Hydrogen_bond
History of geometrical crystallography to 1895
groups became important in the 20th century after the discovery of X-ray diffraction and the founding of the field of X-ray crystallography. Ludwig August
Geometrical crystallography before X-rays
Geometrical_crystallography_before_X-rays
Method of communicating with microwave radio signals over considerable distances
to World War II, prevailing radio physics theory predicted a relationship between frequency and diffraction that suggested radio signals would follow
Tropospheric_scatter
Chemical element with atomic number 17 (Cl)
molecule (X = Cl, Br, I), ionic radius, and X–X bond length. (Fluorine is anomalous due to its small size.) All four stable halogens experience intermolecular
Chlorine
1051/epjconf/201920403002. ISSN 2100-014X. Loginov, Andrey Borisovich (2006). Search for anomalous production of events with a high energy lepton and photon at the Tevatron
Fixed-target_experiment
Material designed to manipulate sound waves
artificially fabricated transmission medium, and such negative values are an anomalous response. Negative ρ or β means that at certain frequencies the medium
Acoustic_metamaterial
Fluid containing nanometer-sized particles, called nanoparticles
anomalous or unexplainable effects". Despite these apparently conclusive experimental investigations theoretical papers continue to claim anomalous enhancement
Nanofluid
structure. Furthermore, PCs function by diffracting light. In contrast, metamaterial does not use diffraction. PCs have periodic inclusions that inhibit
Electromagnetic_metamaterial
Eighth planet from the Sun
For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K (477 °C; 890 °F). The planet is too far
Neptune
Digital optical disc data storage format
between 2000 and 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%. Despite
Compact_disc
Group of meteorites
chondrites; a CM–CO is sometimes described. All three groups contain clearly anomalous 50Ti and 54Cr isotopes. Though the C-chondrites are far rarer than ordinary
CM_chondrite
German-American scientist
non-destructive detection of fragile He, H2 and D2 clusters by utilizing diffraction from nanoscopic transmission gratings. A spectroscopic study of SF6 doped
Jan_Peter_Toennies
State of matter with insulating bulk but conductive boundary
Further measurements includes structural and chemical probes such as X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive spectroscopy but depending on the sample quality
Topological_insulator
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
organisms residing in lakes would perish during the winter. In addition, this anomalous behavior is an important part of the thermohaline circulation which distributes
Water
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