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Fraction of optical power diffracted by an optical element
In optics, diffraction efficiency is the performance of diffractive optical elements – especially diffraction gratings – in terms of power throughput.
Diffraction_efficiency
Optical component which splits light into several beams
Diffraction efficiency Diffraction from slits Diffraction spike Diffractive solar sail Echelle grating Fraunhofer diffraction Fraunhofer diffraction (mathematics)
Diffraction_grating
transducer). Ratio between the diffracted intensity and the input one represents the diffraction efficiency. Maximum diffraction efficiency is limited by nonlinear
Acousto-optic programmable dispersive filter
Acousto-optic_programmable_dispersive_filter
Degree to which a process minimizes waste of resources
a photosensitive device Grating efficiency, a generalization of the reflectance of a mirror, extended to a diffraction grating Productivity improving technologies
Efficiency
Optical system with resolution performance at the instrument's theoretical limit
limit to its resolution due to the physics of diffraction. An optical instrument is said to be diffraction-limited if it has reached this limit of resolution
Diffraction-limited_system
Device which diffracts light via sound waves
beam. Diffraction from a sinusoidal modulation in a thin crystal mostly results in the m = −1, 0, +1 diffraction orders. Cascaded diffraction in medium
Acousto-optic_modulator
Data storage technology
extent of refractive index modulation produced per unit of exposure. Diffraction efficiency is proportional to the square of the index modulation times the
Holographic_data_storage
Ratio of energy extracted from sunlight in solar cells
Solar cell efficiency is the portion of energy in sunlight that is converted into electricity by a solar cell. Efficiency, in combination with latitude
Solar_cell_efficiency
Capacity of an object to reflect light
generalization of reflectance to a diffraction grating, which disperses light by wavelength, is called diffraction efficiency. Bidirectional reflectance distribution
Reflectance
Using wave optics to reproduce a three-dimensional light field
to understand interference and diffraction. Interference occurs when one or more wavefronts are superimposed. Diffraction occurs when a wavefront encounters
Holography
Technique to investigate atomic structures using neutron scattering
to obtain a diffraction pattern that provides information of the structure of the material. The technique is similar to X-ray diffraction but, due to
Neutron_diffraction
a thin layer of holographic grating) has a low diffraction efficiency, causing light beams to diffract in various directions. Conversely, volume HOE types
Holographic_optical_element
Type of diffraction grating
'ladder') – is a special type of diffraction grating. It is optimized to achieve maximum light efficiency in a given diffraction order. For this purpose, maximum
Blazed_grating
Bending of electron beams due to electrostatic interactions with matter
overview of electron diffraction and electron diffraction patterns, collectively referred to by the generic name electron diffraction. This includes aspects
Electron_diffraction
American forensic genealogist and physicist (born 1955)
Spariosu, K. (1998). Comparison of pulsed versus cw behavior of the diffraction efficiency of bacteriorhodopsin thin films. International Conference on Optical
Colleen_M._Fitzpatrick
Phenomenon in optics
coupling element, which will couple the light out. The larger the diffraction efficiency of the grating, the larger percent of light that would be coupled
Guided-mode_resonance
Loudspeaker using an acoustic horn
loudspeaker element which uses an acoustic horn to increase the overall efficiency of the driving element(s). A common form (right) consists of a compression
Horn_loudspeaker
Type of diffraction grating used in spectrometers
for use at high incidence angles and therefore in high diffraction orders. Higher diffraction orders provide increased dispersion (spacing) of spectral
Echelle_grating
Imaging and diffraction using electrons that pass through samples
strength of current to the intermediate lens, the diffraction pattern is projected on a screen. Diffraction is a very powerful tool for doing a cell reconstruction
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission_electron_microscopy
Device used to produce electricity from light
Heinemann, S.; Richardson, M. C. (6 June 2011). "Diffractive optical elements utilized for efficiency enhancement of photovoltaic modules". Optics Express
Solar_cell
scattering for optically soft spheres. The anomalous diffraction approximation for extinction efficiency is valid for optically soft particles and large size
Anomalous_diffraction_theory
their maximum diffraction efficiency, required power consumption, and resolution. Photorefractives have a high diffraction efficiency, an average-low
Organic photorefractive materials
Organic_photorefractive_materials
Regions of an electromagnetic field
approaches the far field. Local effects Fraunhofer diffraction for more on the far field Fresnel diffraction for more on the near field Inductive heating of
Near_and_far_field
Form of electron microscopy
scanning electron nano diffraction (SEND), nanobeam electron diffraction (NBED), or pixelated STEM. The use of diffraction patterns as a function of
4D scanning transmission electron microscopy
4D_scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy
photonics – Holography ISO 17901-1:2015 Part 1: Methods of measuring diffraction efficiency and associated optical characteristics of holograms ISO 17901-2:2015
List of ISO standards 16000–17999
List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999
Physical implementation of an artificial neural network with optical components
in Beijing is a hybrid ONN that combines the power efficiency and parallelism of optical diffraction and the configurability of optical interference. Taichi
Optical_neural_network
Lensless computational imaging method
space images from diffraction patterns. The first idea was the realization by Sayre in 1952 that Bragg diffraction under-samples diffracted intensity relative
Coherent_diffraction_imaging
Branch of physics that studies light
of situations such as diffraction through a single gap, diffraction through multiple slits, or diffraction through a diffraction grating that contains
Optics
Type of common-path interferometer
measurement resolution and efficiency. These include a diffraction grating interferometer by Kwon and the Phase-Shifting Point Diffraction Interferometer. Gary
Point diffraction interferometer
Point_diffraction_interferometer
Topics referred to by the same term
measure of the agreement between the crystallographic model and the diffraction data R0 or R number, the basic reproduction number in epidemiology In
R-value
Particle data acquisition technique
X-ray diffraction computed tomography is an experimental technique that combines X-ray diffraction with the computed tomography data acquisition approach
X-ray diffraction computed tomography
X-ray_diffraction_computed_tomography
of glass to diffract rather than reflect or refract light. Concentric microscopic grooves etched into the plastic provide the diffraction. Glass transmits
Optical_membrane
Optical device for selecting part of a spectrum
the phenomenon of optical dispersion in a prism, or that of diffraction using a diffraction grating, to spatially separate the colors of light. It usually
Monochromator
English physicist and musician (born 1968)
L. (2006). Diffractively produced Z bosons in the muon decay channel in pp collisions at √s=1.96 TeV, and the measurement of the efficiency of the DØ Run
Brian_Cox_(physicist)
Optical property
(Fresnel) regime, where the diffraction pattern evolves noticeably with propagation distance and the Fresnel diffraction (paraxial) integral is commonly
Fresnel_number
Shape and size of a digital camera's image sensor
resolution of all optical systems is limited by diffraction. One way of considering the effect that diffraction has on cameras using different sized sensors
Image_sensor_format
Electric light bulb with a resistively heated wire filament
longest-lasting light bulb in the world. Various lighting spectra as viewed in a diffraction grating. Upper left: fluorescent lamp, upper right: incandescent bulb
Incandescent_light_bulb
Algorithmic imaging methods that reconstruct quantitative phase and amplitude
microscopy refers to imaging modalities in which raw measurements (often diffraction patterns or image stacks under diverse illuminations) are transformed
Computational_microscopy
Diode that emits light from an organic compound
in the pulsed regime, has been demonstrated. The emission is nearly diffraction limited with a spectral width similar to that of broadband dye lasers
OLED
Measure of imaging quality in astronomy
{\displaystyle r_{0}} can achieve a resolution close to its theoretical best (the diffraction limit). However, for telescopes with apertures much larger than r 0 {\displaystyle
Fried_parameter
perfect chiral mirror exhibits circular conversion dichroism with ideal efficiency. Chiral mirrors can be realized by placing a planar chiral metamaterial
Planar_chirality
Alternative to silicon-based photovoltaics
and, in silicon-based tandem cells, to 34.85%, exceeding the maximum efficiency achieved in single-junction silicon solar cells. Perovskite solar cells
Perovskite_solar_cell
Electrical transmission without physical connection
Rayleigh criterion or diffraction limit, used in standard radio frequency antenna design, which also applies to lasers. Airy's diffraction limit is also frequently
Wireless_power_transfer
Function representing relative sizes of particles in a system
"halo" of diffracted light produced when a laser beam passes through a dispersion of particles in air or in a liquid. The angle of diffraction increases
Particle-size_distribution
Technique in fluorescence microscopy
methods use mathematical models to reconstruct a sub diffraction limit from many sets of diffraction limited images. In traditional microscopy, the resolution
STED_microscopy
Machine that removes heat from a liquid coolant
beverage processing, paper and cement processing, vacuum systems, X-ray diffraction, power supplies and gas turbine power generation stations (see Turbine
Chiller
Electron microscopy technique
high maximum diffraction angle allows for good separation between Bragg and Rutherford scattered electrons, therefore the maximum diffraction angle of the
Annular_dark-field_imaging
Study of interactions between sound and light
diffracted by an acoustic wave of a single frequency produces two distinct diffraction types. These are Raman–Nath diffraction and Bragg diffraction.
Acousto-optics
wavelength used for recording. In this case diffraction of light from the hologram is possible only as Bragg diffraction, i.e., the light has to have the right
Volume_hologram
Non-diffractive wave
axisymmetric diffraction gratings, or by placing a narrow annular aperture in the far field. High order Bessel beams can be generated by spiral diffraction gratings
Bessel_beam
atomic physics, a ridged mirror (or ridged atomic mirror, or Fresnel diffraction mirror) is a kind of atomic mirror, designed for the specular reflection
Ridged_mirror
Type of angular momentum in light
modify the phase of the light is with a diffraction grating. For an l = 0 {\displaystyle l=0} state, the diffraction grating would consist of parallel lines
Orbital angular momentum of light
Orbital_angular_momentum_of_light
Characteristic of an optical system
systems in panels (a) and (d). The former corresponds to the ideal, diffraction-limited, imaging system with a circular pupil. Its transfer function
Optical_transfer_function
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye
away from the observer. Astronomical spectroscopy uses high-dispersion diffraction gratings to observe spectra at very high spectral resolutions. English
Visible_spectrum
Form of electric spacecraft propulsion
overall efficiency drops because ionization takes up a larger percentage energy and at the high end propulsive efficiency is reduced. Optimal efficiencies and
Ion_thruster
Scientific instruments
variety of technologies available for detecting and recording the images, diffraction patterns, and electron energy loss spectra produced using transmission
Detectors for transmission electron microscopy
Detectors_for_transmission_electron_microscopy
Scattering of an electromagnetic plane wave by a sphere
in laser diffraction analysis to inspect the particle sizing effect. While early computers in the 1970s were only able to compute diffraction data with
Mie_scattering
Use of radio waves for communication
showed that radio waves like light demonstrated reflection, refraction, diffraction, polarization, standing waves, and traveled at the same speed as light
Radio
Surface which converts light into electrons via the photoelectric effect
are commonly used for free electron lasers and for ultrafast electron diffraction. Photocathodes are also commonly used as the negatively charged electrode
Photocathode
Branch of optics
deflected by an angle 2θ, producing a reflection spot in the diffraction pattern. X-ray diffraction is a form of elastic scattering in the forward direction;
X-ray_optics
Re-arrangement of viral components into solid crystal particles
lattice. Diffraction patterns depend on internal order within the crystal. High internal order with dense arrangements produce more extensive diffraction patterns
Virus_crystallisation
Mathematical operation
The diffraction of light can be calculated using integral transforms. The Fresnel diffraction integral is used to find the near field diffraction pattern
Fractional_Fourier_transform
British climate scientist
L. (2006). Diffractively produced Z bosons in the muon decay channel in pp collisions at √s=1.96 TeV, and the measurement of the efficiency of the DØ Run
Tamsin_Edwards
Small lens, generally with a diameter less than a millimetre
optical quality but sometimes unwanted effects arise due to optical diffraction at the small features. A typical microlens may be a single element with
Microlens
Rock dust covering the Moon
December 2019). "Modal analyses of lunar regolith by quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 266: 17–28. Bibcode:2019GeCoA
Lunar_regolith
Type of rechargeable battery
they generally have higher specific energy, energy density, and energy efficiency and a longer cycle life and calendar life. In the three decades since
Lithium-ion_battery
arrays of holes, and establishing that the phenomenon is dominated by diffraction. EOT is expected to play an important role in the creation of components
Extraordinary optical transmission
Extraordinary_optical_transmission
Measure of lens speed
f-ratio, or f-stop, and it is key in determining the depth of field, diffraction, and exposure of a photograph. The f-number is dimensionless and is usually
F-number
Scanning microscopy using thin samples and transmitted electrons
above). CBED differs from conventional electron diffraction in that CBED patterns consist of diffraction disks, rather than spots. The width of CBED disks
Scanning transmission electron microscopy
Scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy
Chinese-American physicist
scattering in electron diffraction and imaging. He published a textbook on Elastic and Inelastic Scattering in Electron Diffraction and Imaging (Plenum Press
Zhong_Lin_Wang
Converts an electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound
Since sound in this frequency range can easily bend around corners by diffraction, the speaker aperture does not have to face the audience, and subwoofers
Loudspeaker
Molecule that carries genetic information
of polyamines in solution. The first published reports of A-DNA X-ray diffraction patterns—and also B-DNA—used analyses based on Patterson functions that
DNA
Technique to characterize materials using X-ray radiation
painstakingly produced numerous diamond-ruled glass diffraction gratings for their spectrometers. The law of diffraction of a crystal is called Bragg's law in their
X-ray_spectroscopy
Technique to analyze the infrared spectrum of matter
Measurements in the far infrared needed the development of accurately ruled diffraction gratings to replace the prisms as dispersing elements, since salt crystals
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy
American biochemist and Nobel laureate (born 1964)
Berkeley National Laboratory for her experiments with high powered x-ray diffraction. In 2009, she took a leave of absence from Berkeley to work at Genentech
Jennifer_Doudna
Overview article
to understand interference and diffraction. Interference occurs when one or more wavefronts are superimposed. Diffraction occurs when a wavefront encounters
Physics_of_optical_holography
layered materials. Photothermal diffraction, a type of four wave mixing, monitors the effect of transient diffraction gratings "written" into the sample
Photothermal_spectroscopy
Type of antenna
reflector aperture of parabolic antennas is much larger than the wavelength, diffraction usually causes many narrow sidelobes, so the sidelobe pattern is complex
Parabolic_antenna
Lithography using 13.5 nm UV light
7271, 72711E (2009). "Double Diffraction Model of EUV Masks". 26 September 2021 – via www.youtube.com. "Double Diffraction in EUV Masks: Seeing Through
EUV_lithography
is the F / D {\displaystyle F/D} ratio, which determines the aperture efficiency. F {\displaystyle F} is the focal length and D {\displaystyle D} is the
Transmitarray_antenna
Photodetector sensitive to infrared radiation
developed, including a variety of geometrical coupling configurations, diffraction gratings and mode confinement solutions. Incident light impinges vertically
Quantum_cascade_detector
Chemical analysis technique
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS). WDS differs from EDS in that it uses the diffraction of X-rays on special crystals to separate its raw data into spectral
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
Energy-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy
British physicist
Humphreys, Colin John (1969). Aspects of multiple beam electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction topography. jisc.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge
Colin_Humphreys
Analytical methodology in spectroscopy
mechanism and active site is crucial to creating catalysts with optimal efficiency and maximal product yield. In situ reactor cell designs typically are
Operando_spectroscopy
Chemical compound
(2023), "Feynman photon path integral calculations of optical reflection, diffraction, and scattering from conduction electrons," Nuclear Instruments and Methods
Gallium_arsenide
Type of laboratory
example, characterizing of enzymes in biology, titration in chemistry, diffraction of light in physics, etc. - all of which may sometimes involve dealing
Wet_lab
Device for concentrating solar radiation using luminescence
internal reflection, refractive index gradients and where suitable, diffraction. In principle such LSCs can use light from cloudy skies and similar diffuse
Luminescent solar concentrator
Luminescent_solar_concentrator
Optical phenomenon
resembles a common Ronchi linear diffraction grating, save a "fork" dislocation. An incident laser beam creates a diffraction pattern with vortices whose topological
Optical_vortex
Computer vision library
on the diffraction equations of optics. Metaphorically speaking, PAGE emulates the physics of birefringent (orientation-dependent) diffractive propagation
PhyCV
Semiconductor laser
wavelength-selective mirror is a periodically structured diffraction grating with high reflectivity. The diffraction grating is within a non-pumped, or passive, region
Laser_diode
plasma-sphere shooter that emits explosive energy balls; has light distorting diffraction sword. Divebomb Eagle Five Faces of Darkness (Part 5) The Return of Optimus
List of The Transformers characters
List_of_The_Transformers_characters
Tapered sound guide
between a sound source and free air. This has the effect of maximizing the efficiency with which sound waves from the particular source are transferred to the
Horn_(acoustic)
supersaturated solution) gave better diffraction patterns than dried crystals. Using pepsin, they were the first to discern the diffraction pattern of a wet, globular
Protein_crystallization
Chemical compound
of structural chirality of berlinite and quartz using resonant x-ray diffraction with circularly polarized x-rays". Physical Review B. 81 (14) 144104
Aluminium_phosphate
Eyeglasses with two distinct optical powers
Peyghambarian, Nasser (2006-04-18). "Switchable electro-optic diffractive lens with high efficiency for ophthalmic applications". Proceedings of the National
Bifocals
Laboratory technique
Skoglund, Tomas (2019-09-01). "Measurement of homogenisation efficiency of milk by laser diffraction and centrifugation". International Dairy Journal. 96: 93–97
Particle_size_analysis
Explosion at supersonic velocity
1038/nphys806. Edwards, D. H.; Thomas, G. O. & Nettleton, M. A. (1979). "The Diffraction of a Planar Detonation Wave at an Abrupt Area Change". Journal of Fluid
Detonation
Laser using electron beam in vacuum as gain medium
expected number of diffraction patterns is also expected to increase by a substantial amount. The increase in the number of diffraction patterns will place
Free-electron_laser
Species of flowering plant
which have been the subject of controversy about whether they act as a diffraction grating, creating iridescence.[citation needed] The pollinated but unripe
Hibiscus_trionum
Liquid state of nitrogen
placing it in a vacuum chamber pumped by a vacuum pump. Liquid nitrogen's efficiency as a coolant is limited by the fact that it boils immediately on contact
Liquid_nitrogen
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