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Bending of electron beams due to electrostatic interactions with matter
way electrons can act as waves, and diffract and interact with matter. It also involves the extensive history behind modern electron diffraction, how
Electron_diffraction
Interference phenomenon of waves
superposition of a few waves, while the term diffraction is used when many waves are superposed. The term diffraction pattern is used to refer to an image or
Diffraction
Scanning electron microscopy technique
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique used to study the crystallographic structure of materials. EBSD
Electron backscatter diffraction
Electron_backscatter_diffraction
Type of microscope with electrons as a source of illumination
control the electron beam, for instance focusing it to produce magnified images or electron diffraction patterns. As the wavelength of an electron can be more
Electron_microscope
Specialized technique for electron diffraction
Microcrystal electron diffraction, or MicroED, is a CryoEM method that was developed by the Gonen laboratory in late 2013 at the Janelia Research Campus
Microcrystal electron diffraction
Microcrystal_electron_diffraction
Method of observing gaseous atomic structure
principle is the same as that of other electron diffraction methods such as LEED and RHEED, but the obtainable diffraction pattern is considerably weaker than
Gas_electron_diffraction
Averaging technique for electron diffraction
Precession electron diffraction (PED) is a specialized method to collect electron diffraction patterns in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). By
Precession electron diffraction
Precession_electron_diffraction
Elastic interaction of x-rays with electrons
sources. Similar diffraction patterns can be produced by related scattering techniques such as electron diffraction or neutron diffraction. If single crystals
X-ray_diffraction
Electron diffraction by reflection from surfaces
Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is a technique used to characterize the surface of crystalline materials. RHEED systems gather information
Reflection high-energy electron diffraction
Reflection_high-energy_electron_diffraction
Technique for determining surface structures
Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique for the determination of the surface structure of single-crystalline materials by bombardment with
Low-energy electron diffraction
Low-energy_electron_diffraction
Method to determine atomic positions in solids using an electron microscope
Electron crystallography is a subset of methods in electron diffraction focusing upon detailed determination of the positions of atoms in solids using
Electron_crystallography
Imaging and diffraction using electrons that pass through samples
selecting the diffracted beams indicated in diffraction pattern with circles (b) using an aperture at the back focal plane. Grains from which electrons are scattered
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission_electron_microscopy
Electron scattering technique for structural analyses
beam electron diffraction (CBED) is an electron diffraction technique where a convergent or divergent beam (conical electron beam) of electrons is used
Convergent beam electron diffraction
Convergent_beam_electron_diffraction
Form of electron microscopy
scanning electron nano diffraction (SEND), nanobeam electron diffraction (NBED), or pixelated STEM. The use of diffraction patterns as a function of
4D scanning transmission electron microscopy
4D_scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy
Scientific study of crystal structures
methods such as low-energy electron diffraction, low-energy electron microscopy and reflection high-energy electron diffraction which can be used to obtain
Crystallography
Electron diffraction using very short pulses
Ultrafast electron diffraction (UED), also known as femtosecond electron diffraction, is a pump-probe experimental method based on the combination of optical
Ultrafast electron diffraction
Ultrafast_electron_diffraction
Physics experiment
Fresnel diffraction equation, which implies that as the plane of observation gets closer to the plane in which the slits are located, the diffraction patterns
Double-slit_experiment
of the electron to generate vertical diffraction contrast, making steps on the surface visible. In dark field imaging (also termed diffraction contrast
Low-energy electron microscopy
Low-energy_electron_microscopy
Scattering from arrays of atoms
jointly win. The concept of Bragg diffraction applies equally to neutron diffraction and approximately to electron diffraction. In both cases the wavelengths
Bragg's_law
Crystallographic electron diffraction technique
larger, the electrons are diffracted on the crystal lattice, acting as a diffraction grating. Due to the diffraction, part of the electrons is scattered
Selected_area_diffraction
Experimental method in X-ray diffraction
powder diffraction is with X-rays, the focus of this article, although some aspects of neutron powder diffraction are mentioned. (Powder electron diffraction
Powder_diffraction
relationships for optical scattering at gratings, and the diffraction of electrons. In the early days of diffraction fine details were not observable because the detectors
Duane's_hypothesis
Technique to investigate atomic structures using neutron scattering
to obtain a diffraction pattern that provides information of the structure of the material. The technique is similar to X-ray diffraction but, due to
Neutron_diffraction
Diffraction using small incidence angles
different areas: Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), where electrons of relatively high energy diffract at small angles from a surface. RHEED
Grazing_incidence_diffraction
Quantum mechanical waves describing matter
and interaction characteristics of electrons, neutrons, and atoms are leveraged for advanced microscopy and diffraction technologies. At the end of the 19th
Matter_wave
Experiment verifying the wave-particle duality of matter
Western Electric (later Bell Labs). Electrons, scattered by the surface of a crystal of nickel metal, displayed a diffraction pattern. This confirmed the hypothesis
Davisson–Germer_experiment
Concept in quantum mechanics
experimental verification of wave property of electrons by diffraction experiments. Similar crystal diffraction experiments were carried out by Otto Stern
Wave–particle_duality
Physical interaction of charged particles
backscattering. Electron on nuclei are employed in electron polarimeters and, for coherent electron sources, in many different kinds of electron diffraction. Couloumb
Coulomb_scattering
Scanning microscopy using thin samples and transmitted electrons
(see above). CBED differs from conventional electron diffraction in that CBED patterns consist of diffraction disks, rather than spots. The width of CBED
Scanning transmission electron microscopy
Scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy
Elementary particle with negative charge
studies. Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a method of bombarding a crystalline material with a collimated beam of electrons and then observing
Electron
British physicist (1892–1975)
with Clinton Davisson "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals." His father, J. J. Thomson, won the Nobel Prize in
George_Paget_Thomson
Patterns formed by scattering
transmission electron microscopes, they are easily seen in diffraction from regions of the specimen thick enough for multiple scattering. Unlike diffraction spots
Kikuchi_lines_(physics)
phases of strong reflections. In electron diffraction, a diffraction pattern is produced by the interaction of the electron beam and the crystal potential
Direct methods (electron microscopy)
Direct_methods_(electron_microscopy)
Lensless computational imaging method
space images from diffraction patterns. The first idea was the realization by Sayre in 1952 that Bragg diffraction under-samples diffracted intensity relative
Coherent_diffraction_imaging
Single scattering diffraction
dynamical theory of diffraction. For x-rays and in electron diffraction different approaches are used for calculating the dynamical diffraction for transmission:
Kinematic_diffraction
Ordered chemical structure with no repeating pattern
evidenced by X-ray and electron diffraction revealing peak widths as sharp as those of perfect crystals such as Si. Diffraction patterns exhibit fivefold
Quasicrystal
chloride crystals using electron diffraction. 1934 - Arthur Patterson introduced the Patterson function which uses diffraction intensities to determine
Timeline_of_crystallography
Energy conservation during diffraction by atoms
electron, neutron, and x-ray diffraction which shows the relationship between: the wavevector of the incident and diffracted beams, the diffraction angle
Ewald's_sphere
British naval architect and electronics engineer
electronics engineer who is credited with the invention of scanning electron diffraction. Grigson was born in Hoshangabad, India, to Sir Wilfrid Grigson,
Christopher_Grigson
Nanoscale orientation mapping method
Transmission Kikuchi diffraction setup Transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD), also sometimes called transmission electron backscatter diffraction (t-EBSD), is
Transmission Kikuchi diffraction
Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction
Electron microscopy technique
biomolecular complexes) using the X-ray diffraction pattern, electrons can also produce a electron diffraction pattern from a crystal. Work in this area
Cryo-electron_microscopy
Spatial frequency of a wave
and the physics of wave scattering, such as X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, electron diffraction, and elementary particle physics. For quantum mechanical
Wavenumber
Scientific instruments
detecting and recording the images, diffraction patterns, and electron energy loss spectra produced using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Traditionally
Detectors for transmission electron microscopy
Detectors_for_transmission_electron_microscopy
Emission of surface atoms through energetic particle bombardment
ultra-high-vacuum system to prepare ultra-clean surfaces for low-energy electron-diffraction (LEED) studies. Sputter cleaning became an integral part of the ion
Sputtering
Chinese-American physicist
inelastic scattering in electron diffraction and imaging. He published a textbook on Elastic and Inelastic Scattering in Electron Diffraction and Imaging (Plenum
Zhong_Lin_Wang
Deviation of electrons from their original trajectories
interaction involving the electrons of an atom, however nuclear Compton scattering does exist.[citation needed] The first electron diffraction experiment was conducted
Electron_scattering
intensities and lattice spacings from X-ray powder diffraction data with entries in powder-diffraction fingerprinting databases.Crystal structures of nanometer
Crystallographic_database
British physicist
career started with his PhD, which was concerned with low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), a technique for examining the surface of materials which
John_Pendry
Small angle deflection of waves
scattering dominates, in particular for electron diffraction and electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction. In these the relevant waves are
Forward_scatter
beam electron diffraction CCM – Charge collection microscopy CDI – Coherent diffraction imaging CE – Capillary electrophoresis CET – Cryo-electron tomography
List of materials analysis methods
List_of_materials_analysis_methods
Describes the range of energies of an electron within the solid
November 2016. High-energy bands are important for electron diffraction physics, where the electrons can be injected into a material at high energies,
Electronic_band_structure
Norwegian physicist
research has contributed to fields such as transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and the study of aluminum alloys, solar cell materials
Randi_Holmestad
Multiple diffraction of waves
the latter an asymmetric shape. X-ray diffraction Neutron diffraction Electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy Structure determination in
Dynamical theory of diffraction
Dynamical_theory_of_diffraction
Fourier transform of a real-space lattice, important in solid-state physics
a major role in many areas such as X-ray and electron diffraction as well as the energies of electrons in a solid. It emerges from the Fourier transform
Reciprocal_lattice
Canadian chemist
spectroscopy, and the development of new femtosecond electron sources that facilitates ultrafast electron diffraction experiments. His research has enabled real-time
R._J._Dwayne_Miller
Crystalline materials consisting of a single layer of atoms
temperature. A structure determination of stanene using low energy electron diffraction has shown ultra-flat stanene on a Cu(111) surface. Plumbene is a
Single-layer_materials
Relation of wavelength/wavenumber as a function of a wave's frequency
electrons in a transmission electron microscope, the energy dependence of higher-order Laue zone (HOLZ) lines in convergent beam electron diffraction
Dispersion_relation
Study of the 3D shapes of molecules
detected by these techniques. X-ray crystallography, neutron diffraction and electron diffraction can give molecular structure for crystalline solids based
Molecular_geometry
Physical phenomenon
electrons. It occurs when an inner-shell vacancy in an atom is filled by an electron, releasing energy that causes the emission of another electron from
Auger_effect
Chemical compound
hydrides. He proposed the first ethane-like structure of diborane. Electron diffraction measurements by S. H. Bauer initially appeared to support his proposed
Diborane
Optical system with resolution performance at the instrument's theoretical limit
limit to its resolution due to the physics of diffraction. An optical instrument is said to be diffraction-limited if it has reached this limit of resolution
Diffraction-limited_system
Type of cathode-ray tube
electron diffraction, a simple deflection tube with a fluorescent screen, and one which could be used to measure the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron. The
Teltron_tube
material can be characterized using the electron microscopy techniques (TEM, EELS, EDS, electron diffraction) during or right after deposition. In situ
Electron beam-induced deposition
Electron_beam-induced_deposition
Branch of chemistry which studies 3D structure of molecules
three-dimensional information: can be obtained for gases by gas electron diffraction and microwave (rotational) spectroscopy (and other rotationally resolved
Structural_chemistry
Source for electron beams which works via the photoelectric effect
as the main electron source for single-pass synchrotron light sources, such as free-electron lasers and for ultrafast electron diffraction setups. The
Photoinjector
Particle collisions conserving kinetic energy
electron diffraction techniques like reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), transmission electron diffraction (TED), and gas electron diffraction
Elastic_scattering
Crystal growth process
in situ observation of MBE process using reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) in the late 1960s. Molecular-beam epitaxy takes place in
Molecular-beam_epitaxy
Electron microscopy technique
diffracted beam from the specimen. This is made possible by tilting the specimen to excite higher angle diffraction spots. The electrons diffracted by
Weak-beam dark-field microscopy
Weak-beam_dark-field_microscopy
Imaging mode of electron microscopes
between the electron wave in different atom columns leads to Bragg diffraction. The exact description of dynamical scattering of electrons in a sample
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy
High-resolution_transmission_electron_microscopy
Type of electron microscopy
which goes together naturally with low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM). In biology, it is called photoelectron
Photoemission electron microscopy
Photoemission_electron_microscopy
Surface which converts light into electrons via the photoelectric effect
brightness electron beams. Electron beams generated with photocathodes are commonly used for free electron lasers and for ultrafast electron diffraction. Photocathodes
Photocathode
Particle scattering in which kinetic energy is not conserved
the case of gas electron diffraction (GED), reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), and transmission electron diffraction, because the energy
Inelastic_scattering
wide application in electron microscopy and crystallography. The mapping from a crystal structure to its image or electron diffraction pattern is relatively
Multislice
Beam of electrons observed in vacuum tubes
tube Electron beam processing Electron diffraction Electron microscope Electron beam melting Electron beam welding Electron beam technology Electron gun
Cathode_ray
Degree to which a particle's spin aligns with a given direction
of free electrons is measured either by a low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) image from a clean tungsten crystal (SPLEED) or by an electron microscope
Spin_polarization
Principal energy levels in atomic physics
of X-ray diffraction: the first was unconnected with the type of material used in the experiment and could be polarized. The second diffraction beam he
Electron_shell
Algorithmic imaging methods that reconstruct quantitative phase and amplitude
X-ray, and electron modalities. When a coherent beam of photons or electrons interacts with a specimen, detectors record only the diffraction intensities
Computational_microscopy
Diffraction of He from surfaces
material by measuring the diffracted atoms from a monochromatic helium beam incident on the sample. The first recorded helium diffraction experiment was completed
Helium_atom_scattering
Organic compound (H3C–CH3)
have been measured to high precision by microwave spectroscopy and electron diffraction: rC−C = 1.528(3) Å, rC−H = 1.088(5) Å, and ∠CCH = 111.6(5)° by microwave
Ethane
Russian chemist
1981). "A new intensity equation for electron diffraction analysis: A barrier to pseudorotation in PF5 from diffraction data". Journal of Molecular Structure
Victor_Pavlovich_Spiridonov
British physicist
Humphreys, Colin John (1969). Aspects of multiple beam electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction topography. jisc.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge
Colin_Humphreys
Physical interaction of charged particles
relativistic effects of high energy electrons, and for their magnetic moment. When an experimentally found diffraction pattern deviates from the mathematically
Mott_scattering
Colorless flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odor
pyramidal. The structure of the free molecules was determined by gas electron diffraction and microwave spectroscopy. The N–N single bond length is 1.447(2)
Hydrazine
Chemical compound
has a P-P bond length of rg = 2.1994(3) Å as was determined by gas electron diffraction. The β form of white phosphorus contains three slightly different
White_phosphorus
Type of electron microscope
electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.
Scanning_electron_microscope
Carbon mineral whose existence is disputed
than graphite, with a reflection colour of grey to white. From its electron diffraction pattern, the mineral has been considered to have a carbyne structure
Chaoite
Non-mathematical introduction
Germer fired slow-moving electrons at a crystalline nickel target which showed a diffraction pattern indicating wave nature of electron whose theory was fully
Introduction to quantum mechanics
Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics
One of the five families of stainless steel
Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) transmission electron micrograph of a [111] zone axis of austenitic stainless steel
Austenitic_stainless_steel
Davisson and Lester Germer demonstrate the wave nature of the electron in the electron diffraction experiment. (1927) Carl David Anderson with the discovery
History_of_quantum_mechanics
Power transferred per unit area
(1988-09-01). "Large dynamic range, parallel detection system for electron diffraction and imaging". Review of Scientific Instruments. 59 (9): 2102–2105
Intensity_(physics)
Physical phenomenon
surface. It is similar to reflection high-energy electron diffraction, where electrons reflect and diffraction from surfaces, and grazing incidence atom scattering
Quantum_reflection
American physicist
specializing in theoretical condensed matter, particularly electron and x-ray diffraction. He worked as a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Dilano_Saldin
Chemical compound
a free radical halogenation: The structure has been examined by electron diffraction. Benzyl bromide is used in organic synthesis for the introduction
Benzyl_bromide
American chemist (1919–2011)
resonance spectra, rather than X-ray diffraction, could be used." This goal was partially achieved, although X-ray diffraction is still necessary to determine
William_Lipscomb
Material with a continuous, unbroken crystal lattice
such as angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy or low-energy electron diffraction are only possible or meaningful on surfaces of single crystals. Single
Single_crystal
Australian physicist (1923–2004)
monograph Diffraction Physics remains the standard reference in the field. His ideas, enthusiasm and basic understanding of electron optics and diffraction phenomena
John_M._Cowley
American biochemist and biophysicist
homeostasis and method development in cryoEM, namely microcrystal electron diffraction (microED). He published the first atomic resolution structure determined
Tamir_Gonen
Technique used for determining crystal structures and identifying mineral compounds
beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of the X-ray diffraction, a crystallographer can produce
X-ray_crystallography
Synthetic pigment
by Polarized Neutron Diffraction. 1980. Helvetica Chimica Acta. 63/148-153. doi:10.1002/hlca.19800630115. Neutron Diffraction Study of Prussian Blue
Prussian_blue
University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US
in health care. Electron diffraction – Clinton Davisson won the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of electron diffraction in the famous Davisson–Germer
Carnegie_Mellon_University
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