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Genetic trait
Complex traits, also known as polygenic or multigenic traits, are phenotypes determined by the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors
Complex_traits
DNA locus associated with variation in a quantitative trait
QTLs underlie continuous traits (those traits which vary continuously, e.g. height) as opposed to discrete traits (traits that have two or several character
Quantitative_trait_locus
Influence of a single gene on multiple phenotypic traits
phenotypic traits. A gene that has such multiple effects is referred to as a pleiotropic gene. Mutations in pleiotropic genes can affect several traits simultaneously
Pleiotropy
Statistical method for genetic variance component estimation
Genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA) Genome-based restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) is a statistical method for heritability estimation in genetics
Genome-wide complex trait analysis
Genome-wide_complex_trait_analysis
Function of trait, shifted by evolution
elaborated in the last edition of The Origin of Species, many complex traits evolved from earlier traits that had served different functions. By trapping air,
Exaptation
Science of genes, heredity and variation
blend of traits from their parents. Mendel's work provided examples where traits were definitely not blended after hybridization, showing that traits are produced
Genetics
Part of the genetic makeup of a cell which determines one of its characteristics
the pea plant. However, other traits are only partially influenced by genotype. These traits are often called complex traits because they are influenced
Genotype
Mendelian traits in humans are human traits that are substantially influenced by Mendelian inheritance. Most – if not all – Mendelian traits are also influenced
Mendelian_traits_in_humans
Evolutionary theory
adaptationist explanations for the emergence of complex traits and hypotheses positing that a complex trait emerged as a response to a deleterious development
Constructive neutral evolution
Constructive_neutral_evolution
Unresolved discrepancy in genetics
particularly large power due to their very large sample size, other complex traits likely have similar genetic architecture. Thus, the missing heritability
Missing_heritability_problem
Passing of traits to offspring from the species' parents or ancestor
The complete set of observable traits of the structure and behavior of an organism is called its phenotype. These traits arise from the interaction of
Heredity
1918 scientific article by Ronald Fisher
understanding how complex traits evolve and respond to selection. The infinitesimal model, derived from Fisher's work, assumes that quantitative traits are influenced
The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance
The_Correlation_between_Relatives_on_the_Supposition_of_Mendelian_Inheritance
Model of genetic architecture of complex traits
of complex traits. Expanding beyond polygenes, the authors propose that all genes expressed within a cell affect the expression of a given trait. In
Omnigenic_model
Proportion of variance that two traits share due to genetic causes
association study (GWAS) results, breeding, prediction of traits, and discovering the etiology of traits & diseases. They can be estimated using individual-level
Genetic_correlation
"Quantitative trait locus mapping based on resampling in a vast maize testcross experiment and its relevance to quantitative genetics for complex traits". Genetics
Genomic_selection
Personality model consisting of five broad dimensions
found evidence for all of the Big Five traits in childhood and adolescence as well as two other child-specific traits: Irritability and Activity. Despite
Big_Five_personality_traits
Purported type of inferiority complex
could be attributable to height"; these traits included generalizations associated with the Napoleon complex, such as risk-taking behaviours. The Northern
Napoleon_complex
Study of genetic-environment interactions influencing behaviour
findings were: "All psychological traits show significant and substantial genetic influence." "No behavioural traits are 100% heritable." "Heritability
Behavioural_genetics
Deduction of secret data from public sources
of deforestation or agricultural activity, and in healthcare, where complex traits like hypertension are modeled through interconnected causal factors
Mosaic_effect
Type of dog
researchgate.net. Li, Wu-Lue, et al. "Multiple origins and genomic basis of complex traits in sighthounds". Molecular Biology and Evolution (2023): msad158. msad158
Sighthound
Estimation of effect of genetic variation on phenotypic variation of a trait
complex human traits, it is impossible to use heritability analysis to determine the relative contributions of genes and environment, as such traits result
Heritability
Expression of genes depending on parentage
mapping models are used to identify imprinting effects on genes and complex traits. Allelic parent-of-origin influences the vary in phenotype that derive
Genomic_imprinting
Quantitative genetic model developed by Ronald Fisher in 1918
variation of a trait." Some phenotypes undergo evolutionary adaptation such that they involve a modest number of loci of large effect. Complex traits, however
Infinitesimal_model
Genomic loci that explain variation in gene expression levels
specific, quantifiable trait. While the term QTL can refer to a wide range of phenotypic traits, the more specific eQTL refers to traits measured by gene expression
Expression quantitative trait loci
Expression_quantitative_trait_loci
Biological causes of variation in human personality
human personality. Human neurobiology, especially as it relates to complex traits and behaviors, is not well understood, but research into the neuroanatomical
Biological basis of personality
Biological_basis_of_personality
Grouping by physical or social qualities
a genetic explanation for group differences in complex traits, especially for human behavioral traits such as IQ scores" AAA 1998: "For example, 'Evidence
Race_(human_categorization)
Study of genetic variants in different individuals
is associated with a trait. GWA studies typically focus on associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and traits like major human diseases
Genome-wide_association_study
Member of a group of interacting genes
display polygeny with traits such as wing morphology, bristle count and many others. The frequency of the phenotypes of these traits generally follows a
Polygene
Professor of statistical genomics
variation in quantitative traits, such as human height, as well as the role of natural selection in driving genetic variation in such traits. He and his colleagues
Jian_Yang_(geneticist)
Coat pattern in horses
dominant). Horses without a dominant Lp gene do not exhibit leopard-complex traits, and cannot produce offspring with the Lp gene unless it is contributed
Leopard_complex
Rose-like markings on fur and skin
(August 1996). "The genetics of pigmentation: from fancy genes to complex traits". Trends in Genetics. 12 (8): 299–305. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(96)10031-7
Rosette_(zoology)
Biological concept
polymorphisms (SNPs) mapping helps to explore the genetic variation of complex traits at individual loci. Researchers can quantify the contribution of additive
Genetic_variance
One gene variant masking the effect of another in the other copy of the gene
cause different traits to arise. it is helpful to recognize how Epistasis could affect viewing pleiotropic genes if different traits arise or mask themselves
Dominance_(genetics)
Transition of human species to anthropologically modern behavior
symbolic thought, planning depth, cumulative culture, and complex social learning. These traits are often inferred archaeologically through evidence including
Behavioral_modernity
detected for personality traits. These traits are polygenic. Significant genetic variants are present for most of the behavioral traits. There is a consistency
Genomics of personality traits
Genomics_of_personality_traits
American geneticist
genetics and is particularly interested in genetic heterogeneity and complex traits. She studies the interaction of genetics and environmental influences
Mary-Claire_King
Difference in a quantitative trait between heterozygous and homozygous genotypes
heterotic if its traits are enhanced as a result of mixing the genetic contributions of its parents. The heterotic offspring often has traits that are more
Heterosis
American professor of biology at Stanford University
computational methods to study the evolution of gene expression and complex traits. Fraser completed his undergraduate degree in Biology at the Massachusetts
Hunter_Fraser
American geneticist
Statistical Genetics. His research focuses on the genetic dissection of complex traits; in a career spanning 25 years, he has developed methods for analysis
Michael_Boehnke
Type of human genetic study conducted on twins
g. personality traits) and some more complex heritabilities, with evidence for different genes affecting different aspects of the trait – as in the case
Twin_study
Stereotype of Jews
Nicholas Wright (2011). Genes, Chromosomes, and Disease: From Simple Traits, to Complex Traits, to Personalized Medicine. Pearson Education. pp. 78–80. ISBN 9780132623247
Ashkenazi_Jewish_intelligence
Measure of the joint variability
of heritability of complex traits. In the theory of evolution and natural selection, the Price equation describes how a genetic trait changes in frequency
Covariance
Long-standing debate in biology and society
heritable. When traits are determined by a complex interaction of genotype and environment it is possible to measure the heritability of a trait within a population
Nature_versus_nurture
Human eyelid appearance
studies (GWAS) have shown that eyelid morphology is more likely to be a complex trait influenced by multiple genes, rather than a simple single-gene inheritance
Monolids
Study of changes in DNA and RNA over time
molecular evolution include the origins of new genes, the genetic nature of complex traits, the genetic basis of adaptation and speciation, the evolution of development
Molecular_evolution
Extinct species of mammal
Claude (2017). Evolutionary Biology: Self/Nonself Evolution, Species and Complex Traits Evolution, Methods and Concepts. Springer International Publishing.
Bison_schoetensacki
American-Israeli agricultural geneticist (1931–2026)
Ariel (1998). "Experimental strategies for the genetic dissection of complex traits in animal models". Nature Genetics. 18 (1). Nature Portfolio: 19–24
Morris_Soller
Organism with chromosomes from inbreeding
analysis of complex polygenic traits was obvious from the outset, the small number of strains only made it feasible to map quantitative traits with very
Recombinant_inbred_strain
Gene considered likely to be involved in a condition
without the disease?" Candidate genes hypothesized to be associated with complex traits have generally not been replicated by subsequent GWASs or highly powered
Candidate_gene
Complex trait geneticist
is best known for her research on the genetics of obesity and other complex traits. Lindgren earned a master’s degree in molecular genetics from Lund University
Cecilia_Lindgren
Israeli geneticist
evolution of sex and recombination, genome mapping, and the genetics of complex traits. Korol was born in Bendery, Moldavia (now Moldova), then part of the
Abraham_B_Korol
Biological entity that causes disease in its host
Regulation of Translation Reveals Hidden Genetic Variation to Produce Complex Traits". Nature. 431 (7005): 184–187. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..184T. doi:10.1038/nature02885
Pathogen
Study of genetics in natural populations
is on traits of ecological significance—traits that affect an organism's fitness, or its ability to survive and reproduce. Examples of such traits include
Ecological_genetics
American biologist (born 1956)
comparative physiology and ecophysiology, and for various studies of complex traits. He has also studied trade-offs in various systems. His research has
Theodore_Garland_Jr.
Belief that one is responsible for assisting others
condition. Savior complex is often seen in those who struggle with self-worth and exclusively feel good when helping other people. Some traits of this concept
Savior_complex
Mouse used for scientific research
recessive traits that could cause problems. They also have very unified phenotypes due to this stability. Many inbred strains have well documented traits that
Laboratory_mouse
Genetic characteristic
Pharoah, Paul D. (2024-09-18). "Improving on polygenic scores across complex traits using select and shrink with summary statistics (S4) and LDpred2". BMC
Genetic_predisposition
Biological signalling molecule
T, Zhao M, Saltzman W (August 2016). "Hormones and the Evolution of Complex Traits: Insights from Artificial Selection on Behavior". Integrative and Comparative
Hormone
Change in the heritable traits of populations
possibly survive; (2) traits vary among individuals with respect to their morphology, physiology, and behaviour; (3) different traits confer different rates
Evolution
Portuguese researcher
PMID 23661697. Abecasis, Gonçalo (2002). Methods for fine mapping complex traits in human pedigrees (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. "Gonçalo Rocha
Gonçalo_Abecasis
One of two offspring produced by the same pregnancy
Editorial Review: 19 June 2000 Michael R. Cummings, 5-7 Twin Studies and Complex Traits in "Human Heredity Principles and issues" p. 104. "Twins, Triplets,
Twin
Extinct human species
the contribution of Neanderthal introgression to the heritability of complex traits". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 4481. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.4481M.
Neanderthal
Genome regions affecting protein levels
organisms' physical traits, are at the foundation of QTLs. QTLs help explain the gap between Mendelian inheritance and complex trait variation by highlighting
Protein quantitative trait loci
Protein_quantitative_trait_loci
Breeding for desired characteristics
bred through culling animals with particular traits and selecting for further breeding those with other traits. Purebred animals belong to a single, recognizable
Selective_breeding
Dutch Australian geneticist who works on the genetic architecture of complex traits Friedrich Vogel (1925–2006), German, leader in human genetics, coined
List_of_geneticists
Physical human trait
not follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance, and may instead be a complex trait affected by multiple genes with minor genetic effects. In some cases
Accessory nail of the fifth toe
Accessory_nail_of_the_fifth_toe
Study of human behavior and cultural diversity
phenotypic gambit refers to the simplifying assumption that complex traits, such as behavioural traits, can be modelled as if they were controlled by single
Human_behavioral_ecology
Behaviour due to innate biological factors
T, Zhao M, Saltzman W (August 2016). "Hormones and the Evolution of Complex Traits: Insights from Artificial Selection on Behavior". Integrative and Comparative
Instinct
"PolymiRTS Database: linking polymorphisms in microRNA target sites with complex traits". Nucleic Acids Res. 35 (Database issue). England: D51-4. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl797
PolymiRTS
British geneticist (born 1952)
environmental and genetic factors that influence quantitative traits. These phenotypic traits include height or weight and are represented by continuous
Trudy_Mackay
Maize laboratory technique
McMullen for identifying and dissecting the genetic architecture of complex traits in corn (Zea mays). Nested association mapping (unlike association mapping)
Nested_association_mapping
Theories on the development of personality
The Trait Theory of personality is one of the main theories in the study of personality. According to this theory, traits make up personality. Traits can
Personality_development
Australian statistical geneticist and researcher
and genomics methodologies across complex diseases, disorders and traits, specifically psychiatric-related traits. Wray was one of the scientists who
Naomi_Wray
the expressions of genes and complex traits and diseases. By looking at the association between gene expression and the trait expressed, genetic regulatory
Transcriptome-wide association study
Transcriptome-wide_association_study
with his theory of evolution by natural selection in the evolution of complex traits such as eyes or "the structure and habits of a bat." Indeed, the oldest
Bat_flight
Subclass of bivalves
mechanisms behind convergent evolution and the evolution and regression of complex traits. Eyes evolved exclusively in epifaunal lineages, and have been lost
Pteriomorphia
Health issue in Japan
influenced by mutations next to or within genes. Most of these genes have complex traits that interact and control multiple systems in the body. The genes are
Diabetes_in_Japan
UK adult registry of twins
98 to study the genetic and environmental aetiology of age related complex traits and diseases. Established in 1993, it is based at King's College London
TwinsUK
Family of fishes
Syngnathidae have a complex evolutionary history with many independent origins of similar traits. Early members of the family developed traits to limit the presence
Syngnathidae
Effect in population genetics
been passed down through the generations. Founder effects can affect complex traits, such as song diversity. In the common myna (Acridotheres tristis),
Founder_effect
Response to the same environmental variation differently by different genotypes
gene–environment interaction studies is the lack of reproducibility. Specifically complex traits studies have come under scrutiny for producing results that cannot be
Gene–environment_interaction
Character in Avatar: The Last Airbender
exhibiting traits resembling Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), with psychotic features, insecure attachment, and superiority-complex traits. Azula often
Azula
association has been extended to quantitative traits. The TDT has been extended in context of quantitative traits and nuclear or extended pedigree families
Family-based_QTL_mapping
Researcher in Biology
of complex traits and diseases. The Mohlke lab is currently identifying genetic variants and genes that influence common human traits with complex inheritance
Karen_Mohlke
Neuroscientist
Disease Progression". "Using Quantitative Traits to Identify Novel Genes for Alzheimers Disease and Other Complex Traits". "The Familial Alzheimer Sequencing
Carlos_Cruchaga
Australian statistical geneticist
of Queensland in 2013. He is known for researching the genetics of complex traits in humans, such as osteoporosis, asthma, and binge eating. He was an
David_Evans_(geneticist)
Medical condition
models of genomic syndromes as tools for understanding the basis of complex traits: an example with the smith-magenis and the potocki-lupski syndromes"
Potocki–Lupski_syndrome
Infraorder of marine mammals
Pierre (2016). Evolutionary Biology: Convergent Evolution, Evolution of Complex Traits. Springer. p. 74. ISBN 978-3-319-41324-2. Godfrey, Stephen J.; Geisler
Cetacean
Mathematical formula used to calculate heritability in twin studies
Alexandra J.; Meyre, David (2017-07-26). "Assessing the Heritability of Complex Traits in Humans: Methodological Challenges and Opportunities". Current Genomics
Falconer's_formula
Technique for detecting polymorphisms in a genome
arrays allows SNPs to be used as markers for genetic diseases that have complex traits. For example, genome-wide association studies have identified SNPs associated
SNP_array
Correlation between human biology and political tendencies
Dorret; Machin, Geoffrey (17 December 1997). "A twin-pronged attack on complex traits" (PDF). Nature Genetics. 17 (4): 387–92. doi:10.1038/ng1297-387. PMID 9398838
Biology and political orientation
Biology_and_political_orientation
Study of genes and heredity in plants
of choice for studying inheritance and traits was the pea plant. Mendel's work tracked many phenotypic traits of pea plants, such as their height, flower
Plant_genetics
Medicine focused on hereditary disorders
PMID 15088270. McKeigue PM (2005). "Prospects for admixture mapping of complex traits". Am J Hum Genet. 76 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1086/426949. PMC 1196412. PMID 15540159
Medical_genetics
Icelandic neurologist (born 1949)
than rare diseases is ES Lander and NJ Schork, "Genetic dissection of complex traits," Science, Vol. 265, Issue 5181, pp. 2037–2048, 30 September 1994 This
Kári_Stefánsson
traits, such as in QTL mapping with Genome-wide association study. Those study analyze the Gene–environment interaction underneath simple and complex
Diversity_panel
Interbreeding of different races or ethnic groups
Hispanics of the San Luis Valley, Colorado, and its implications for complex trait gene mapping". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 139–153. doi:10.1046/j
Miscegenation
British military officer (1786–1854)
Nicholas (2011). Genes, Chromosomes, and Disease: From Simple Traits, to Complex Traits, to Personalized Medicine. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson
John_Conroy
understanding of the interplay of multiple genetic polymorphisms of complex traits in genome-wide association studies. More recent work focuses on computational
Jason_H._Moore
Proposed biological phenomenon
a shorter muzzle. Other traits may include changes in the endocrine system and an extended breeding cycle. These animal traits have been claimed to emerge
Domestication_syndrome
Numerical score aimed at predicting a trait based on variation in multiple genetic loci
a weighted sum of trait-associated alleles. Recent progress in genetics has developed polygenic predictors of complex human traits, including risk for
Polygenic_score
COMPLEX TRAITS
COMPLEX TRAITS
Boy/Male
Tamil
Poornan | பூரà¯à®¨à®¾à®¨
Complete
Poornan | பூரà¯à®¨à®¾à®¨
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.Americanized form of German Koppler.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Complete
Boy/Male
Tamil
Complete
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Complex; Zigzag; Curling
Boy/Male
Indian
Complete
Surname or Lastname
English (Yorkshire)
English (Yorkshire) : habitational name from any of various places called Copley, for example in County Durham, Staffordshire, and Yorkshire, from the Old English personal name Coppa (apparently a byname for a tall man) or from copp ‘hilltop’ + lēah ‘woodland clearing’.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Complex, Zigzag, Curling
Girl/Female
Tamil
Complete
Girl/Female
Tamil
Complete
Girl/Female
Bengali, Indian
Good Complex
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Coppull in Lancashire, recorded in the 13th century as Cophill, from Old English copp ‘peak’ + hyll ‘hill’.English : nickname from Old French curt peil ‘short hair’.Probably an Americanized spelling of German and Jewish Koppel or German and Dutch Kappel.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Complete
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name, probably from Comley in Shropshire or Combley on the Isle of Wight; both are named with Old English cumb ‘valley’ + lēah ‘woodland clearing’.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Complex
Girl/Female
Tamil
Complete
Girl/Female
Tamil
Shesha Harani | ஷேஷ ஹரணீÂ
Complete
Shesha Harani | ஷேஷ ஹரணீÂ
Boy/Male
Indian
Complete
Boy/Male
Tamil
Complete
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sompurna | ஸோமபà¯à®°à¯à®¨à®¾
Complete
COMPLEX TRAITS
COMPLEX TRAITS
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Triumphing
Boy/Male
Indian
Awakens.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a variant spelling of Bowles.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lamp of gods grace
Boy/Male
British, English
Northern Guardian
Boy/Male
Tamil
Cloud
Biblical
free and voluntary gift; prince
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Blondness; Fair
Girl/Female
Hindu
Modest
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Uniting with God
COMPLEX TRAITS
COMPLEX TRAITS
COMPLEX TRAITS
COMPLEX TRAITS
COMPLEX TRAITS
n.
Two taken together; a pair or couple; especially two lines of verse that rhyme with each other.
imp. & p. p.
of Couple
a.
That which joins or links two things together; a bond or tie; a coupler.
n.
Composed of two or more parts; composite; not simple; as, a complex being; a complex idea.
a.
One of the pairs of plates of two metals which compose a voltaic battery; -- called a voltaic couple or galvanic couple.
v. t.
To bring to a state in which there is no deficiency; to perfect; to consummate; to accomplish; to fulfill; to finish; as, to complete a task, or a poem; to complete a course of education.
a.
Intricate; entangled; complicated; complex.
a.
Finished; ended; concluded; completed; as, the edifice is complete.
n.
One who complies, yields, or obeys; one of an easy, yielding temper.
pl.
of Couple-close
a.
Repeatedly compound; made up of complex constituents.
a.
Complex, complicated.
imp. & p. p.
of Compile
adv.
In a complex manner; not simply.
a.
Not complex; uncompounded; simple.
a.
See Couple-close.
n.
One who compiles; esp., one who makes books by compilation.
n.
One who couples; that which couples, as a link, ring, or shackle, to connect cars.
imp. & p. p.
of Comply
n.
A complex; an aggregate of parts; a complication.