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Part of the genetic makeup of a cell which determines one of its characteristics
The genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material. Genotype can also be used to refer to the alleles or variants an individual carries
Genotype
Combination of alleles in more than one place
A multilocus genotype is the combination of alleles found at two or more loci in a single individual. For example, in a diploid species, if there are two
Multilocus_genotype
Laboratory process
Genotyping is the process of determining differences in the genetic make-up (genotype) of an individual by examining the individual's DNA sequence using
Genotyping
2026 studio album by Textures
Genotype is the sixth studio album by the Dutch progressive metalcore band Textures. It was released on 23 January 2026 via Kscope. Music videos were released
Genotype_(album)
Measurement of genetic variations
SNP genotyping is the measurement of genetic variations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between members of a species. It is a form of genotyping
SNP_genotyping
allele frequencies and genotype frequencies. Genotype frequency in a population is the number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total
Genotype_frequency
Distinction made in genetics
The genotype–phenotype distinction is drawn in genetics. The "genotype" is an organism's full hereditary information. The "phenotype" is an organism's
Genotype–phenotype distinction
Genotype–phenotype_distinction
Composite of the organism's observable characteristics or traits
factors: the expression of an organism's unique profile of genes (its genotype) and the influence of environmental factors experienced by that same organism
Phenotype
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes refer to the genetic variations that occurs in the hepatitis C virus. Hepatitis C is a contagious disease that primarily
HCV_genotypes
Expected reproductive success
defined either with respect to a genotype or to a phenotype in a given environment or time. The fitness of a genotype is manifested through its phenotype
Fitness_(biology)
sequencing, genotyping by sequencing, also called GBS, is a method to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in order to perform genotyping studies
Genotyping_by_sequencing
Laboratory process
red cells). These antigens form the (molecular) basis of blood types. Genotyping has greatly reduced the cost of extended blood typing beyond ABO and RhD
Blood_group_genotyping
Conceptual model in genetic architecture
The genotype–phenotype map is a conceptual model in genetic architecture. Coined in a 1991 paper by Pere Alberch, it models the interdependency of genotype
Genotype–phenotype_map
Principle in genetics
Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem, or law, states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation
Hardy–Weinberg_principle
Statistical method for DNA profiling
Probabilistic genotyping is the use of statistical methods and mathematical algorithms in DNA Profiling. It may be used instead of manual methods in difficult
Probabilistic_genotyping
The genotype-first approach is a type of strategy used in genetic epidemiological studies to associate specific genotypes to apparent clinical phenotypes
Genotype-first_approach
(see SNP genotyping). Due to the increasing abundance of NGS data, these techniques are becoming increasingly popular for performing SNP genotyping, with
SNV_calling_from_NGS_data
Tabular summary of genetic combinations
The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald
Punnett_square
One gene variant masking the effect of another in the other copy of the gene
associated with allele r. In this case, three combinations of alleles (genotypes) are possible: RR, Rr, and rr. The RR (homozygous) individuals have round
Dominance_(genetics)
Variant of DNA sequence at a locus
heterozygous genotypes), "Type B" (produced by IBIB homozygous and IBi heterozygous genotypes), "Type AB" produced by IAIB heterozygous genotype, and "Type
Allele
Noninvasive genotyping is a modern technique for obtaining DNA for genotyping that is characterized by the indirect sampling of specimen, not requiring
Noninvasive_genotyping
Human with cells of different genotypes
A human chimera is a human with a subset of cells with a distinct genotype than other cells, that is, having genetic chimerism. An organism that contains
Human_chimera
Dependence of environmental conditions on individual genotype
correlation (or genotype–environment correlation) is said to occur when exposure to environmental conditions depends on an individual's genotype. Gene–environment
Gene–environment_correlation
File format for genomic variation data
the 1000 Genomes Project and has since been used by other large-scale genotyping and DNA sequencing projects. VCF is a common output format for variant
Variant_Call_Format
Extra X and Y chromosome in males
XXYY syndrome is a sex chromosome anomaly in which males have two extra chromosomes, one X and one Y chromosome. Human cells usually contain two sex chromosomes
XXYY_syndrome
Species of virus
The minor genotypes diverged about 200 years ago from their major genotypes. All of the extant genotypes appear to have evolved from genotype 1 subtype
Hepatitis_C_virus
Measure used in population genetics
population genetics to quantify the relative fitness of a genotype compared to other genotypes. Selection coefficients are central to the quantitative description
Selection_coefficient
Categorical data analysis trend
become smaller as the dose increases. The trend test is often used as a genotype-based test for case-control genetic association studies. The trend test
Cochran–Armitage test for trend
Cochran–Armitage_test_for_trend
Statistical inference of unobserved genotypes
In genetics, imputation is the statistical inference of unobserved genotypes. It is achieved by using known haplotypes in a population, for instance from
Imputation_(genetics)
Mistress Luna Mausoleum Blues rock, desert rock New Heavy Sounds Textures Genotype Progressive metalcore, djent Kscope Van Morrison Somebody Tried to Sell
List_of_2026_albums
Response to the same environmental variation differently by different genotypes
Gene–environment interaction (or genotype–environment interaction or G×E) is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different
Gene–environment_interaction
Type of biological inheritance
which can visually demonstrate all the possible genotypes that an offspring can receive, given the genotypes of their parents. Each parent carries two alleles
Mendelian_inheritance
Classification based on antibodies and antigens on RBC surfaces
blood group genotyping, commonly known as red cell genotyping. In contrast to serologic tests reporting a direct blood type phenotype, genotyping allows the
Blood_type
of statistical estimation of haplotypes from genotype data. The most common situation arises when genotypes are collected at a set of polymorphic sites
Haplotype_estimation
Dutch progressive metalcore band
fifth album, Phenotype. It was recorded at the same time as another album, Genotype, which was set to be released in 2017, and both could be considered the
Textures_(band)
Aspect of population genetics
the pure-bred homozygote parental strain with genotype AABB with a different pure-bred strain with genotype aabb. A and a and B and b represent the alleles
Genetic_linkage
Subtype of influenza A virus
Jia CX, Xiong KJ, Sun YH, Zhang XW, Wu XM, Gao XB, Li TX (2005). "New Genotype of Avian Influenza H5N1 Viruses Isolated from Tree Sparrows in China".
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N1
2016 studio album by Textures
Blast Records. The album was recorded at the same time as another album, Genotype, which was set to be released in 2017. Both albums were based around the
Phenotype_(album)
Model used to visualise relationship between genotypes and reproductive success
used to visualize the relationship between genotypes and reproductive success. It is assumed that every genotype has a well-defined replication rate (often
Fitness_landscape
Ability of a system to resist change without adapting its initial stable configuration
A network of genotypes linked by mutations. Each genotype is made up of 3 genes: a, b & c. Each gene can be one of two alleles. Lines link different phenotypes
Robustness
one Z and one W sexual chromosome (genotype ZW), while male (the homogametic sex) carries two Z chromosomes (genotype ZZ). Thus, reciprocal crosses between
Dwarfism_in_chickens
Measure in population genetics
difference between the fitness of an average genotype in a population and the fitness of some reference genotype, which may be either the best present in
Genetic_load
Most common genetic condition leading to color blindness
correlated to genotype. The genotype can be directly evaluated by sequencing the OPN1MW and OPN1LW genes. The correlation between genotype and phenotype
Congenital red–green color blindness
Congenital_red–green_color_blindness
Study of the inheritance of continuously variable traits
effect size, the mean and the variance) to link phenotypes (attributes) to genotypes. Some phenotypes may be analyzed either as discrete categories or as continuous
Quantitative_genetics
Relative frequency of a variant of a gene at a particular locus in a population
frequency is distinct from the genotype frequency, although they are related, and allele frequencies can be calculated from genotype frequencies. In population
Allele_frequency
Influence of mother's environment and genotype on offspring's phenotype
not only by the environment it experiences and its genotype, but also by the environment and genotype of its mother. In genetics, maternal effects occur
Maternal_effect
Degree of similarity of the alleles in an organism
hemizygous are used to describe the genotype of a diploid organism at a single locus on the DNA. Homozygous describes a genotype consisting of two identical alleles
Zygosity
Danish botanist and geneticist (1857–1927)
geneticist. He is best known for coining the terms gene, phenotype and genotype, and for his 1903 "pure line" experiments in genetics. Johannsen was born
Wilhelm_Johannsen
Capacity of a system for adaptive evolution
behavior. Analogously, the evolvability of organisms depends on their genotype–phenotype map. This means that genomes are structured in ways that make
Evolvability
Degree to which a phenotype is expressed
degree to which a phenotype is expressed by individuals having a particular genotype. Alternatively, it may refer to the expression of a particular gene by
Expressivity_(genetics)
Classes of computational models
distributed grass. Each color represents the spatial extent of a distinct genotype in a microscale model using stochastic cellular automata. Each curve on
Microscale and macroscale models
Microscale_and_macroscale_models
Genetically determined delay in first weeks of feather growing
10-day-old chicks. (A) Normal-feathering, with a T− genotype. (B) "Retarded"-feathering, with tsts genotype. (C) "Tardy"-feathering, with tt genotype.
Delayed feathering in chickens
Delayed_feathering_in_chickens
Data structure and types for evolutionary computation
suitable genotype-phenotype mapping: All possible admissible solutions must be contained in the search space. When more possible genotypes exist than
Genetic_representation
Rate at which mutations occur during some unit of time
genome of a single species. Mutation rates can also differ even between genotypes of the same species; for example, bacteria have been observed to evolve
Mutation_rate
Human liver enzyme
actually varies more than the other genes is not yet fully understood. The genotype accounts for enhanced, normal, reduced, and non-existent CYP2D6 function
CYP2D6
Proportion of individuals that express the trait associated with an allele
proportion of individuals carrying a particular variant (or allele) of a gene (genotype) that also expresses an associated trait (phenotype). In medical genetics
Penetrance
Evolutionary biology hypothesis
and famine).[citation needed] According to the hypothesis, the 'thrifty' genotype would have been advantageous for hunter-gatherer populations, especially
Thrifty_gene_hypothesis
Fur and skin colour variations of the show pet
Variation Genotype Black aa
Syrian_hamster_variations
Evolutionary process
evolutionary process by which the fitness of a phenotype or genotype depends on the phenotype or genotype composition of a given population. In positive frequency-dependent
Frequency-dependent_selection
Study of the role of the genome in drug response
rational means to optimize drug therapy, with regard to the patients' genotype, to achieve maximum efficiency with minimal adverse effects. It is hoped
Pharmacogenomics
Protein found in humans
inheritance of the GG or GA genotype is observed while the AA genotype is recessive. The phenotypes expressed by the genotypes include cerumen type (wet
ABCC11
two or more distinct genotypes rearranges in the course of time, giving birth to a spatial organization where some or all genotypes are concentrated in
Genetic_demixing
Pharaoh of Egypt from 1333 to 1324 BC
Tutankhamun or Tutankhamen (Ancient Egyptian: twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn; c. 1342 BC – c. 1323 BC), was the third to last pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of ancient
Tutankhamun
infect. The two types are termed AC genotype SBV and AM genotype SBV. AC genotype will infect A. cerana and AM genotype will infect A. mellifera. A. cerana
Evolution of the Sacbrood Virus
Evolution_of_the_Sacbrood_Virus
Concept in genetics
two heterozygous individuals will result in predictable ratios for both genotype and phenotype in the offspring. The expected phenotypic ratio of crossing
Dihybrid_cross
Human disease caused by Orthohepevirus A
sequences of the genome. Genotype 1 can be further subclassified into five subtypes, genotype 2 into two subtypes, and genotypes 3 and 4 have been divided
Hepatitis_E
State of unresponsiveness of the immune system
Schematic of the reaction norm of tolerance (after). Organisms of genotype 2 are considered more tolerant to the pathogen than organisms of genotype 1.
Immune_tolerance
Study of genetic variants in different individuals
are classified first by their clinical manifestation(s), as opposed to genotype-first. Each person gives a sample of DNA, from which millions of genetic
Genome-wide_association_study
Group of genes from one parent
A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent. Many organisms contain genetic material
Haplotype
Individuals nearly identical in genotype due to long inbreeding
individuals of a particular species which are nearly identical to each other in genotype due to long inbreeding. A strain is generally defined to be inbred once
Inbred_strain
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
encoded by the TAS2R38 gene. TAS2R38 is a bitter taste receptor; varying genotypes of TAS2R38 influence the ability to taste both 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP)
TAS2R38
Name of several apple cultivars
Pearmain diploid S-genotype S1 S3 Allington Pippin diploid S-genotype S1 S5 Biesterfelder Renette triploid Blenheim Orange triploid S-genotype S1 S3 S10 Brownless
Reinette
Species of virus
major genotypes (I–IV) of OROV. Genotype I was isolated from strains in Acre, Amazonas, Maranhão, Tocantins, Pará, Trinidad, and Tobago. Genotype II was
Oropouche_virus
Acute infectious disease of the liver
subgenotype IIB. Genotype III has been isolated from both humans and owl monkeys. Most human isolates are of genotype I. Of genotype I isolates, subtype
Hepatitis_A
Aspect of gene expression
of reaction, describes the pattern of phenotypic expression of a single genotype across a range of environments. One use of reaction norms is in describing
Reaction_norm
Measure of the ability of a population to produce the same phenotype
produce the same phenotype regardless of variability of its environment or genotype. It is a form of evolutionary robustness. The term was coined in 1942 by
Canalisation_(genetics)
Herpes virus that causes chickenpox and shingles
VZV genotypes. Sequence analysis of VZV isolates identified both shared and specific markers for every genotype and validated a unified VZV genotyping strategy
Varicella_zoster_virus
Viral agent that causes mumps
size from 100 to 600 nanometers in diameter. One serotype and twelve genotypes that vary in their geographic distribution are recognized. Humans are
Mumps_virus
Dependence of a gene mutation's phenotype on mutations in other genes
representation of the fitness where all genotypes are arranged in 2D space and the fitness of each genotype is represented by height on a surface. It
Epistasis
Crossbred chicken variety
chicken, derived from the chicken breeds Ri, Sasso, and Luong Phuong. The genotype composition is: 50% Ri, 25% Sasso, and 25% Luong Phuong. RSL started laying
RSL_chicken
Domestic cat with distinctive coat markings
and this allele is dominant over the others. So a TaTa genotype as well as TaTm and TaTb genotypes are ticked tabbies. The ticked tabby coat essentially
Tabby_cat
Type of genetic marker
and genotype DNA sequence polymorphisms mainly in form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Polymorphisms that are identified and genotyped by isolating
Restriction site associated DNA markers
Restriction_site_associated_DNA_markers
Underlying genetic basis of a phenotypic trait and its variational properties
architecture is sometimes studied using a genotype–phenotype map, which graphically depicts the relationship between the genotype and the phenotype. Genetic architecture
Genetic_architecture
Medical condition
Marshall-Smith syndrome, discovered in 1971 (Marshall, Graham, Scott, Boner, & Smith), is characterized by unusual accelerated skeletal maturation (usually
Marshall–Smith_syndrome
Index of articles associated with the same name
karyotype varies from cell to cell, while in the last three cases, the genotype is normal but the phenotype is not.) Donaldson, M. D. C.; Gault, E. J.;
Sex_chromosome_anomalies
Jewish diaspora of Central Europe
(2007). "Measuring European Population Stratification with Microarray Genotype Data". American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (5): 948–56. doi:10.1086/513477
Ashkenazi_Jews
Testing to identify incompatibilities between blood types
drugs may show spurious agglutination reactions in serologic testing, so genotyping may be necessary to determine their blood type accurately. Genetic testing
Blood_compatibility_testing
Concept in genetics
identity of genotypes heterozygous and homozygous for the allele defines it as dominant, versus a variant phenotype produced only by the genotype homozygous
Haploinsufficiency
Estimation of effect of genetic variation on phenotypic variation of a trait
population, by examining the association between individual phenotype and genotype data, or even by modeling summary-level data from genome-wide association
Heritability
Ability to digest milk after infancy
advantage exists for lactase persistence, and the lactase persistence genotype and phenotype remains rare. For example, in East Asia, historical sources
Lactase_persistence
Upper Paleolithic period skeleton of a Paleo-Indian woman
Luzia Woman (Portuguese pronunciation: [luˈzi.ɐ]) is the name for an Upper Paleolithic period Paleo-Indian woman whose skeletal remains were found in a
Luzia_Woman
Variety of cockatiel
Z-linked allele. Male lutinos are of genotype Z b / Z b {\displaystyle Z^{b}/Z^{b}} , and female lutinos are of genotype Z b / W {\displaystyle Z^{b}/W}
Lutino_cockatiel
Laboratory technique
Such electropherograms may be used to determine DNA sequence genotypes, or genotypes that are based on the length of specific DNA fragments or number
Electropherogram
Persistence of a biological trait under uncertain conditions
mutational accessibility of distinct heritable phenotypes for a single genotype and reduces selective differences within a genetically diverse population
Robustness_(evolution)
Organism composed of cells of different genotypes
ky-MEER-ə, kih-) is a single organism composed of cells of different genotypes. Animal chimeras can be produced by the fusion of two (or more) embryos
Chimera_(genetics)
Possession of multiple genetic lineages within a multi-cellular organism
wherein a single organism is composed of cells with more than one distinct genotype. Genetic mosaicism can result from many different mechanisms including
Mosaic_(genetics)
Species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus
divided into ten genotypes (A–J) and forty subgenotypes according to overall nucleotide sequence variation of the genome. The genotypes have a distinct
Hepatitis_B_virus
Variant of polymerase chain reaction
Kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) is a homogenous, fluorescence-based genotyping variant of polymerase chain reaction. It is based on allele-specific oligo
Kompetitive allele specific PCR
Kompetitive_allele_specific_PCR
Italian porridge, usually of cornmeal
the Introduction of Temperate Maize into Europe: Large-Scale Bulk SSR Genotyping and New Historical Elements" (PDF). Maydica. 51: 281–291. hdl:10883/3026
Polenta
Classification of blood types
the various blood groups that children may inherit from their parents. Genotypes are shown in the second column and in small print for the offspring: AO
ABO_blood_group_system
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