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Process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms
organelles and structures (e.g., the biosynthesis of glycosylated cell surface proteins). Elements of biosynthesis include: precursor compounds, chemical
Biosynthesis
Assembly of proteins inside biological cells
Protein biosynthesis or protein synthesis (also known as proteosynthesis) is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular
Protein_biosynthesis
Class of naturally occurring chemical compounds
alkaloid biosynthesis are too numerous and cannot be easily classified. However, there are a few typical reactions involved in the biosynthesis of various
Alkaloid
Polycyclic organic compound having sterane as a core structure
enabled the endosymbiotic acquisition of mitochondria. Although sterol biosynthesis is rare in prokaryotes, certain bacteria, including Methylococcus capsulatus
Steroid
Chemical reactions and pathways
Cobalamin biosynthesis is the process by which bacteria and archea make cobalamin, vitamin B12. Many steps are involved in converting aminolevulinic acid
Cobalamin_biosynthesis
Chemical reactions forming cocaine
The biosynthesis of cocaine is the natural metabolic process by which the coca plant (Erythroxylum species) produces cocaine, a tropane alkaloid, through
Biosynthesis_of_cocaine
Sterol biosynthesized by all animal cells
cholesterol for growth. Cholesterol also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acid, and vitamin D. Elevated levels of cholesterol
Cholesterol
Essential nutrient found in citrus fruits and other foods
ascorbic acid. This biosynthesis is regulated following a diurnal rhythm. Enzyme expression peaks in the morning to supporting biosynthesis for when mid-day
Vitamin_C
Green pigments found in plants, algae and bacteria
During the Biosynthesis of Haem and Chlorophylls: Mechanistic and Stereochemical Studies". Ciba Foundation Symposium 180 - the Biosynthesis of the Tetrapyrrole
Chlorophyll
Type of molecule
Biosynthesis of limonene from geranyl pyrophosphate
Limonene
Glucose polymer used as energy store in plants
chains further agglomerate to form initials of starch granules. The biosynthesis and expansion of granules represent a complex molecular event that can
Starch
Essential nutrient
(May 2013). "Vitamin D in plants: a review of occurrence, analysis, and biosynthesis". Frontiers in Plant Science. 4: 136. Bibcode:2013FrPS....4..136J. doi:10
Vitamin_D
Set of biochemical processes
L-aspartic acid as the precursor for the biosynthesis of one-fourth of the building block amino acids. The biosynthesis of aspartate frequently involves the
Amino_acid_synthesis
The biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids involves a number of enzymes. In plants, all phenylpropanoids are derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine
Phenylpropanoids_metabolism
Chemical compound
Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. A stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia
Ammonia
Aminosulfonic acid
substrates in the biosynthesis of bile salts. Taurine concentrations in human cells may derive from at least three processes: biosynthesis from the sulfur
Taurine
Amine hormone
that serves as a long-term indicator of the body's energy status. The biosynthesis of melatonin in animals involves a sequence of enzymatic reactions starting
Melatonin
Metalloprotein that binds with oxygen
Hemoglobin (haemoglobin, Hb or Hgb) is a protein containing iron that facilitates the transportation of oxygen in red blood cells. Almost all vertebrates
Hemoglobin
Amino acid
Battersby AR, Binks R, Harper BJ (1962-01-01). "692. Alkaloid biosynthesis. Part II. The biosynthesis of morphine". Journal of the Chemical Society: 3534–3544
Tyrosine
Amino acid
Subsequently, PLP-AT catalyses the reverse reaction to that of the AAA biosynthesis pathway, resulting in AAA being converted to α-ketoadipate. The product
Lysine
Chemical compound
(1965). "Studies on the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. II. A role of picolinic carboxylase in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine
Tryptophan
Class of oily organic compounds found in plants
(2000). "Cyclization enzymes in the biosynthesis of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes". Biosynthesis. Vol. 209. pp. 53–95. doi:10.1007/3-540-48146-X_2
Terpene
Peptide hormone
PMID 23222785. S2CID 8707897. Weiss M, Steiner DF, Philipson LH (2000). "Insulin Biosynthesis, Secretion, Structure, and Structure-Activity Relationships". In Feingold
Insulin
Tropane alkaloid & anticholinergic drug
(Belladonna), mandrake (Mandragora officinarum), and corkwood (Duboisia). The biosynthesis of scopolamine begins with the decarboxylation of L-ornithine to putrescine
Scopolamine
Class of chemical compounds; yellow, orange or red plant pigments
lipoproteins and cellular lipid structures. The regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis is influenced by various factors, including: Gene expression: many carotenoid
Carotenoid
dnrQS genes encoding a daunosamine biosynthesis enzyme and a glycosyl transferase involved in daunorubicin biosynthesis". J. Bacteriol. 177 (22): 6688–92
Biosynthesis_of_doxorubicin
Class of lipids
Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty
Phospholipid
Warm-blooded animals with wings and feathers
Martuscelli, J; Ortiz Pineda, J; Soberon, G (1965). "The regulation of urea-biosynthesis enzymes in vertebrates". Biochemical Journal. 96 (1): 28–35. doi:10.1042/bj0960028
Bird
Most abundant structural protein in animals
arise from genetic defects or nutritional deficiencies that affect the biosynthesis, assembly, posttranslational modification, secretion, or other processes
Collagen
Chemical stimulant produced by some plants
while the pyrrolidine is derived from N-methyl-Δ1-pyrrollidium cation. Biosynthesis of the two component structures proceeds via two independent syntheses
Nicotine
Monoamine neurotransmitter
"Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis". Cell. 161 (2): 264–276. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.047. PMC 4393509
Serotonin
Biological molecules constituting nucleic acids
Jones ME (1980). "Pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in animals: genes, enzymes, and regulation of UMP biosynthesis". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 49 (1):
Nucleotide
Biochemical cofactor and antioxidant
CoQ10 in humans: reduced biosynthesis, and increased use by the body. Biosynthesis is the major source of CoQ10. Biosynthesis requires at least 15 genes
Coenzyme_Q10
animals, L-carnitine is obtained from both diet and by biosynthesis. The carnitine biosynthesis pathway is highly conserved among many eukaryotes and some
Carnitine_biosynthesis
Clade of reptiles
Martuscelli, J.; Ortiz Pineda, J.; Soberon, G. (1965). "The Regulation of Urea-Biosynthesis Enzymes in Vertebrates". Biochemical Journal. 96 (1): 28–35. doi:10.1042/bj0960028
Dinosaur
Vitamin
addition to its function as a vitamin, it is used as a food coloring agent. Biosynthesis takes place in bacteria, fungi and plants, but not animals. Industrial
Riboflavin
proanthocyanidins (tannins) and a host of other various polyphenolics. Flavonoid Biosynthesis Diagrams Flavanoids can possess chiral carbons. Methods of analysis should
Flavonoid_biosynthesis
Class of aromatic organic chemicals found in plants
Davis, Edward M.; Croteau, Rodney (2000). "Cyclization Enzymes in the Biosynthesis of Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes, and Diterpenes". Topics in Current Chemistry
Terpenoid
Neurodevelopmental disorder
drugs for ADHD, amphetamine and methylphenidate, increase phenethylamine biosynthesis in treatment-responsive individuals with ADHD. Lower urinary phenethylamine
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder
Vitamin
the biosynthesis of inosine monophosphate, the precursor to GMP and AMP. Methylenetetrahydrofolate donates the C1 center required for the biosynthesis of
Folate
Protein family
biochemistry, the iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis describes the components and processes involved in the biosynthesis of iron–sulfur proteins. The topic
Iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis
Iron–sulfur_cluster_biosynthesis
Chemical reactions and pathways involving lysis of purine nucleotides
step are accomplished by a single protein named Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH, encoded by the ATIC gene. IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) converts
Purine_metabolism
Class of molecules found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
PMC 2790178. PMID 19633680. Romano KP, Hung DT (March 2023). "Targeting LPS biosynthesis and transport in Gram-negative bacteria in the era of multi-drug resistance"
Lipopolysaccharide
Psychoactive substance found in plants in the family Apocynaceae
such as 5-MeO-IsoqT, have also been developed and studied. Ibogaine biosynthesis begins with tryptophan undergoing enzymatic decarboxylation by tryptophan
Ibogaine
Chemical compound
Methyl isoeugenol (isomethyleugenol) is a phenylpropanoid, the methyl ether of isoeugenol, found in certain essential oils. It can occur as both (E)- and
Methyl_isoeugenol
Primary male sex hormone
hormones, testosterone is derived from cholesterol . The first step in the biosynthesis involves the oxidative cleavage of the side-chain of cholesterol by cholesterol
Testosterone
Situ Product Recovery (ISPR) System Using Amberlite IRA67 for Enhanced Biosynthesis of Hyaluronic Acid by Streptococcus zooepidemicus". Life. 13 (2): 558
Microbial hyaluronic acid production
Microbial_hyaluronic_acid_production
Chemical compound
Coniferin is a glucoside of coniferyl alcohol. This white crystalline solid is a metabolite in conifers, serving as an intermediate in cell wall lignification
Coniferin
Family of chemical compounds
2006). "Intracellular trafficking of sphingolipids: relationship to biosynthesis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 1758 (12): 1885–92
Sphingolipid
Process that produces butyric acid
One pathway for butyrate biosynthesis. Relevant enzymes: acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, NAD- and NADP-dependent 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA
Butyrate_fermentation
Class of plant-based pigments
Anthocyaninless Gene Encodes a bHLH Transcription Factor Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis That Is Developmentally Regulated and Induced by Low Temperatures". PLOS
Anthocyanin
Natural organic compounds derived from a [C(O)–CH2] chain
biosynthesis, and application of polyketides has evolved. It is a large and diverse group of secondary metabolites caused by its complex biosynthesis
Polyketide
Chemical compound
Calyculins are natural products originally isolated from the marine sponge Discodermia calyx. Calyculins have proven to be strong serine/threonine protein
Calyculin
Chemical coordination complex of an iron ion chelated to a porphyrin
bacteria and virus. Thyroid peroxidase is the enzyme catalyzing the biosynthesis of the important thyroid hormones. Because lactoperoxidase destroys invading
Heme
Structural phenolic polymer in plant cell walls
has been investigated as a feedstock for biofuel production. Lignin biosynthesis begins in the cytosol with the synthesis of glycosylated monolignols
Lignin
Chemical compound
and tryptophan 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) used for enterobactin biosynthesis The plant hormone salicylic acid Many alkaloids and other aromatic metabolites
Chorismic_acid
Chemical compound
4-Vinylphenol is an organic compound with the formula C2H3C6H4OH. It is the most studied of the three isomeric vinylphenols. It is a white volatile solid
4-Vinylphenol
Aerobic respiration enzyme
subunits, processing of preproteins and membrane insertion, and cofactor biosynthesis and incorporation. Currently, mutations have been identified in seven
Cytochrome_c_oxidase
Steroid acid in the bile of animals
to regulate the activity of certain enzymes and ion channels, and the biosynthesis of diverse substances including endogenous fatty acid ethanolamides,
Bile_acid
Vitamin
has numerous roles in human body. A few examples below: Metabolism and biosynthesis of serotonin. Pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor of aromatic L-amino acids
Pyridoxal_phosphate
Ability of a chemical reaction to produce an unequal mixture of stereoisomers
t-butyl group resulting in high facial diastereoselectivity: Pinoresinol biosynthesis involved a protein called a dirigent protein. The first dirigent protein
Stereoselectivity
Chemical compound
caffeic acid and quinic acid, functioning as an intermediate in lignin biosynthesis. The ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid was identified in 1932. Subsequently
Chlorogenic_acid
Chemical compound
Malondialdehyde belongs to the class of β-dicarbonyls. A colorless solid, malondialdehyde is a highly reactive compound that occurs as the enol. It is
Malondialdehyde
Class of chemical compounds
Isoflavones are a type of naturally occurring isoflavonoids, many of which act as phytoestrogens in mammals. Isoflavones occur in many plant species, but
Isoflavone
Molecular moiety or the drug class that uses it
similarity between sulfanilamide (left) and PABA (center) is the basis for the inhibitory activity of sulfa drugs on tetrahydrofolate (right) biosynthesis.
Sulfonamide_(medicine)
Organic compound
Fumaric acid or trans-butenedioic acid is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H. A white solid, fumaric acid occurs widely in nature. It has
Fumaric_acid
Chemical compound
Methylarsonic acid is an organoarsenic compound with the formula CH3AsO3H2. It is a colorless, water-soluble solid. Salts of this compound, e.g. disodium
Methylarsonic_acid
Molecule used to overcome antibiotic resistance in bacteria
of clavulanic acid looks structurally similar to penicillin, but the biosynthesis of this molecule involves a different biochemical pathway. Clavulanic
Clavulanic_acid
Chemical compound
Thujopsene is a natural chemical compound, classified as a sesquiterpene, with the molecular formula C15H24. Thujopsene is found in the essential oil of
Thujopsene
Chemical compound
Felinine, also known as (R)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxy-2-methylbutan-2-ylthio)propanoic acid, is an amino acid found in cat urine and a precursor via microbial
Felinine
Formation of methane by microbes
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane coupled to energy conservation by microbes known as methanogens. It is the fourth and final
Methanogenesis
Metabolic pathways to build molecules
catabolism is the breaking-down aspect. Anabolism is usually synonymous with biosynthesis. Polymerization, an anabolic pathway used to build macromolecules such
Anabolism
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Defensin, alpha 1 also known as human alpha defensin 1, human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP-1) or neutrophil defensin 1 is a human protein that is encoded
DEFA1
Chemical compound
Biosynthesis Pathway of Fusicoccins
Fusicoccin
Chemical compound
Laminaribiose C12H22O11 is a disaccharide which is used notably in the agricultural field and as an antiseptic. It is in general obtained by hydrolysis
Laminaribiose
Chemical compound
Skatole (also spelled skatol) or 3-methylindole is an organic compound belonging to the indole family. It occurs naturally in the feces of mammals and
Skatole
Chemical compound
Darobactin is an experimental antibiotic compound that may be effective against Gram-negative bacteria. If it can be developed into a human-compatible
Darobactin
Chemical compound
Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), is a cannabinoid produced in cannabis plants. It is the precursor to cannabidiol (CBD). It is most abundant in the glandular
Cannabidiolic_acid
Biochemical process in which fatty acids are derived from acetyl-CoA and NADPH
however, propionyl-CoA instead of acetyl-CoA is used as the primer for the biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms. Regulation
Fatty_acid_synthesis
Reactions describing metabolism
In contrast, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and fatty acid biosynthesis all occur in the cytosol of a cell. There are two types of metabolic
Metabolic_pathway
Chemical compound
Enterobactin (also known as enterochelin) is a high affinity siderophore that acquires iron for microbial systems. It is primarily found in Gram-negative
Enterobactin
Pyridine-2-carboxylic acid; bidentate chelating agent
Picolinic acid is an organic compound with the formula NC5H4CO2H. It is a derivative of pyridine with a carboxylic acid (COOH) substituent at the 2-position
Picolinic_acid
Sulfur-containing amino acid
routes are present in some other pathways (e.g. lysine biosynthesis and arginine biosynthesis). The hydroxyl activating group is then replaced with cysteine
Methionine
Chemical compound
histidin (symbol His or H) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated
Histidine
Chemical compound
Benzothiazole, or more specifically 1,3-benzothiazole, is an aromatic heterocyclic compound with the chemical formula C 7H 5NS. It is colorless, slightly
Benzothiazole
Organic compound
of the enzyme geranylgeranyl reductase. This compound is used for the biosynthesis of tocopherols and the phytyl functional group is used in the formation
Diterpene
Chemical compound
Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α in prostanoid nomenclature), pharmaceutically termed carboprost , is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used in medicine to induce
Prostaglandin_F2alpha
Chemical compound
Anthranilic acid is an aromatic acid with the formula C6H4(NH2)(CO2H) and has a sweetish taste. The molecule consists of a benzene ring, ortho-substituted
Anthranilic_acid
Polymer in bacterial cell walls
This makes the cell walls of such archaea insensitive to lysozyme. The biosynthesis of pseudopeptidoglycan has been described. Peptidoglycan recognition
Peptidoglycan
Class of compounds
array of products we recognize as bioactive eicosanoids. Eicosanoid biosynthesis begins when a cell is activated by mechanical trauma, ischemia, other
Eicosanoid
Chemical compound
isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. Isoprenoid precursors such as IPP, and its isomer DMAPP, are used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids
Isopentenyl_pyrophosphate
Sweet chemicals derived from the Stevia plant
sweeter when matching a 10% sucrose solution. In Stevia rebaudiana, the biosynthesis of the glucosides occurs only in green tissues. Steviol is first produced
Steviol_glycoside
Chemical compound
Biosynthesis of jasmolone
Jasmolone
Chemical compound
Trifolin is a chemical compound. It is the kaempferol 3-galactoside. It can be found in Camptotheca acuminata, in Euphorbia condylocarpa or in Consolida
Trifolin
Chemical compound
Nopaline is a chemical compound derived from the amino acids glutamic acid and arginine. It is classified as an opine. Ti plasmids are classified on the
Nopaline
Chemical compound
8-Hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG) is an RNA nucleoside which is an oxidative derivative of guanosine. The incorporation of oxidized bases is typically detrimental
8-Hydroxyguanosine
Chemical compound
Curacin A is a hybrid polyketide synthase (PKS)/nonribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) derived natural product produced isolated from the cyanobacterium
Curacin_A
Chemical compound
Cereulide is a heat-stable toxin produced by some strains of Bacillus cereus, B. megaterium and related species. It is a potent cytotoxin that causes nausea
Cereulide
Organic compound
Oxaloacetic acid (also known as oxalacetic acid or OAA) is a crystalline organic compound with the chemical formula HO2CC(O)CH2CO2H. Oxaloacetic acid,
Oxaloacetic_acid
Chemical compound
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is a naturally occurring prostaglandin with various medical uses. Alprostadil and misoprostol are synthetic forms of prostaglandin
Prostaglandin_E1
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