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Process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms
organelles and structures (e.g., the biosynthesis of glycosylated cell surface proteins). Elements of biosynthesis include: precursor compounds, chemical
Biosynthesis
Assembly of proteins inside biological cells
Protein biosynthesis, or protein synthesis, is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (via degradation
Protein_biosynthesis
Class of naturally occurring chemical compounds
alkaloid biosynthesis are too numerous and cannot be easily classified. However, there are a few typical reactions involved in the biosynthesis of various
Alkaloid
Polycyclic organic compound having sterane as a core structure
enabled the endosymbiotic acquisition of mitochondria. Although sterol biosynthesis is rare in prokaryotes, certain bacteria, including Methylococcus capsulatus
Steroid
Chemical reactions and pathways
Cobalamin biosynthesis is the process by which bacteria and archea make cobalamin, vitamin B12. Many steps are involved in converting aminolevulinic acid
Cobalamin_biosynthesis
animals, L-carnitine is obtained from both diet and by biosynthesis. The carnitine biosynthesis pathway is highly conserved among many eukaryotes and some
Carnitine_biosynthesis
Essential nutrient found in citrus fruits and other foods
ascorbic acid. This biosynthesis is regulated following a diurnal rhythm. Enzyme expression peaks in the morning to supporting biosynthesis for when mid-day
Vitamin_C
Green pigments found in plants, algae and bacteria
During the Biosynthesis of Haem and Chlorophylls: Mechanistic and Stereochemical Studies". Ciba Foundation Symposium 180 - the Biosynthesis of the Tetrapyrrole
Chlorophyll
Chemical reactions forming cocaine
The biosynthesis of cocaine is the natural metabolic process by which the coca plant (Erythroxylum species) produces cocaine, a tropane alkaloid, through
Biosynthesis_of_cocaine
dnrQS genes encoding a daunosamine biosynthesis enzyme and a glycosyl transferase involved in daunorubicin biosynthesis". J. Bacteriol. 177 (22): 6688–92
Biosynthesis_of_doxorubicin
Sterol biosynthesized by all animal cells
cholesterol for growth. Cholesterol also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acid, and vitamin D. Elevated levels of cholesterol
Cholesterol
Essential nutrient
(May 2013). "Vitamin D in plants: a review of occurrence, analysis, and biosynthesis". Frontiers in Plant Science. 4: 136. Bibcode:2013FrPS....4..136J. doi:10
Vitamin_D
Hormone released by the pineal gland
that serves as a long-term indicator of the body's energy status. The biosynthesis of melatonin in animals involves a sequence of enzymatic reactions starting
Melatonin
The biosynthesis of benzoxazinone, a cyclic hydroxamate and a natural insecticide, has been well-characterized in maize and related grass species. In maize
Benzoxazinone_biosynthesis
Chemical compound
(1965). "Studies on the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. II. A role of picolinic carboxylase in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine
Tryptophan
Glucose polymer used as energy store in plants
chains further agglomerate to form initials of starch granules. The biosynthesis and expansion of granules represent a complex molecular event that can
Starch
Amino acid
Subsequently, PLP-AT catalyses the reverse reaction to that of the AAA biosynthesis pathway, resulting in AAA being converted to α-ketoadipate. The product
Lysine
Tropane alkaloid & anticholinergic drug
(Belladonna), mandrake (Mandragora officinarum), and corkwood (Duboisia). The biosynthesis of scopolamine begins with the decarboxylation of L-ornithine to putrescine
Scopolamine
Aminosulfonic acid
substrates in the biosynthesis of bile salts. Taurine concentrations in human cells may derive from at least three processes: biosynthesis from the sulfur
Taurine
Metalloprotein that binds with oxygen
Hemoglobin (haemoglobin, Hb or Hgb) is a protein containing iron that facilitates the transportation of oxygen in red blood cells. Almost all vertebrates
Hemoglobin
proanthocyanidins (tannins) and a host of other various polyphenolics. Flavonoid Biosynthesis Diagrams Flavanoids can possess chiral carbons. Methods of analysis should
Flavonoid_biosynthesis
Chemical coordination complex of an iron ion chelated to a porphyrin
bacteria and virus. Thyroid peroxidase is the enzyme catalyzing the biosynthesis of the important thyroid hormones. Because lactoperoxidase destroys invading
Heme
Chemical compound
Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. A stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia
Ammonia
Class of chemical compounds; yellow, orange or red plant pigments
lipoproteins and cellular lipid structures. The regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis is influenced by various factors, including: Gene expression: many carotenoid
Carotenoid
Set of biochemical processes
L-aspartic acid as the precursor for the biosynthesis of one-fourth of the building block amino acids. The biosynthesis of aspartate frequently involves the
Amino_acid_synthesis
Peptide hormone
PMID 23222785. S2CID 8707897. Weiss M, Steiner DF, Philipson LH (2000). "Insulin Biosynthesis, Secretion, Structure, and Structure-Activity Relationships". In Feingold
Insulin
Neurohormone that activates the biosynthesis of pheromones in moths
pheromone biosynthesis activation neuropeptide (PBAN) is a neurohormone (member of the PBAN/pyrokinin neuropeptide family) that activates the biosynthesis of
Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide
Pheromone_biosynthesis_activating_neuropeptide
Monoamine neurotransmitter
"Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis". Cell. 161 (2): 264–276. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.047. PMC 4393509
Serotonin
Biological molecules constituting nucleic acids
Jones ME (1980). "Pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in animals: genes, enzymes, and regulation of UMP biosynthesis". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 49 (1):
Nucleotide
Vitamin, dietary supplement, and yellow food dye
addition to its function as a vitamin, it is used as a food coloring agent. Biosynthesis takes place in bacteria, fungi and plants, but not animals. Industrial
Riboflavin
Amino acid
Battersby AR, Binks R, Harper BJ (1962-01-01). "692. Alkaloid biosynthesis. Part II. The biosynthesis of morphine". Journal of the Chemical Society: 3534–3544
Tyrosine
Class of oily organic compounds found in plants
(2000). "Cyclization enzymes in the biosynthesis of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes". Biosynthesis. Vol. 209. pp. 53–95. doi:10.1007/3-540-48146-X_2
Terpene
Vitamin B9; nutrient essential for DNA synthesis
the biosynthesis of inosine monophosphate, the precursor to GMP and AMP. Methylenetetrahydrofolate donates the C1 center required for the biosynthesis of
Folate
Clade of reptiles
Martuscelli, J.; Ortiz Pineda, J.; Soberon, G. (1965). "The Regulation of Urea-Biosynthesis Enzymes in Vertebrates". Biochemical Journal. 96 (1): 28–35. doi:10.1042/bj0960028
Dinosaur
Biochemical process in which fatty acids are derived from acetyl-CoA and NADPH
however, propionyl-CoA instead of acetyl-CoA is used as the primer for the biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms. Regulation
Fatty_acid_synthesis
Chemical stimulant produced by some plants
while the pyrrolidine is derived from N-methyl-Δ1-pyrrollidium cation. Biosynthesis of the two component structures proceeds via two independent syntheses
Nicotine
Structural phenolic polymer in plant cell walls
plant extract in the development of a new class of biofuels. Lignin biosynthesis begins in the cytosol with the synthesis of glycosylated monolignols
Lignin
Drug class
An androgen synthesis inhibitor is a type of drug which inhibits the enzymatic synthesis of androgens, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Androgen_synthesis_inhibitor
Most abundant structural protein in animals
arise from genetic defects or nutritional deficiencies that affect the biosynthesis, assembly, posttranslational modification, secretion, or other processes
Collagen
Chemical reactions and pathways involving lysis of purine nucleotides
step are accomplished by a single protein named Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH, encoded by the ATIC gene. IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) converts
Purine_metabolism
Neurodevelopmental disorder
drugs for ADHD, amphetamine and methylphenidate, increase phenethylamine biosynthesis in treatment-responsive individuals with ADHD. Lower urinary phenethylamine
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder
Class of aromatic organic chemicals found in plants
Davis, Edward M.; Croteau, Rodney (2000). "Cyclization Enzymes in the Biosynthesis of Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes, and Diterpenes". Topics in Current Chemistry
Terpenoid
Biochemical cofactor and antioxidant
CoQ10 in humans: reduced biosynthesis, and increased use by the body. Biosynthesis is the major source of CoQ10. Biosynthesis requires at least 15 genes
Coenzyme_Q10
Family of chemical compounds
2006). "Intracellular trafficking of sphingolipids: relationship to biosynthesis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 1758 (12): 1885–92
Sphingolipid
Class of lipids
Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty
Phospholipid
Natural organic compounds derived from a [C(O)–CH2] chain
biosynthesis, and application of polyketides has evolved. It is a large and diverse group of secondary metabolites caused by its complex biosynthesis
Polyketide
The biosynthesis of isoflavonoids involves several enzymes; These are: Liquiritigenin,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, aryl migration), also
Isoflavonoid_biosynthesis
Primary male sex hormone
hormones, testosterone is derived from cholesterol . The first step in the biosynthesis involves the oxidative cleavage of the side-chain of cholesterol by cholesterol
Testosterone
Chemical compound
The biosynthesis of cephaeline and emetine come from two main biosynthesis pathways: the biosynthesis of dopamine from L-tyrosine and the biosynthesis of
Emetine
Situ Product Recovery (ISPR) System Using Amberlite IRA67 for Enhanced Biosynthesis of Hyaluronic Acid by Streptococcus zooepidemicus". Life. 13 (2): 558
Microbial hyaluronic acid production
Microbial_hyaluronic_acid_production
Class of plant-based pigments
Anthocyaninless Gene Encodes a bHLH Transcription Factor Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis That Is Developmentally Regulated and Induced by Low Temperatures". PLOS
Anthocyanin
The biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids involves a number of enzymes. In plants, all phenylpropanoids are derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine
Phenylpropanoids_metabolism
Process that produces butyric acid
One pathway for butyrate biosynthesis. Relevant enzymes: acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, NAD- and NADP-dependent 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA
Butyrate_fermentation
Terpene hydrocarbon
Biosynthesis of limonene from geranyl pyrophosphate
Limonene
Formation of methane by microbes
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane coupled to energy conservation by microbes known as methanogens. It is the fourth and final
Methanogenesis
Linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell
In contrast, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and fatty acid biosynthesis all occur in the cytosol of a cell. There are two types of metabolic
Metabolic_pathway
Warm-blooded animals with wings and feathers
Martuscelli, J; Ortiz Pineda, J; Soberon, G (1965). "The regulation of urea-biosynthesis enzymes in vertebrates". Biochemical Journal. 96 (1): 28–35. doi:10.1042/bj0960028
Bird
Type of organic compound
understood than those in bacteria. Notably, archaea often lack some biosynthesis genes commonly present in bacteria, which suggests that they may possess
Secondary_metabolite
Drug class
A. S.; Miller, W. R. (1999). "Pharmacology of Inhibitors of Estrogen Biosynthesis". Estrogens and Antiestrogens II. Vol. 135 / 2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer
Estrogen_synthesis_inhibitor
Chemical compound
Proposed biosynthesis of the nonproteinogenic amino-acid beta-hydroxycyclohex-2'-enylanine (3) (R = H or S~PCP) via a shunt in the phenylalanine biosynthetic
Salinosporamide_A
Class of molecules found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
PMC 2790178. PMID 19633680. Romano KP, Hung DT (March 2023). "Targeting LPS biosynthesis and transport in Gram-negative bacteria in the era of multi-drug resistance"
Lipopolysaccharide
Antibiotic medication
different compounds. The complete biosynthesis of gentamicin is not entirely elucidated. The genes controlling the biosynthesis of gentamicin are of particular
Gentamicin
Chemical compound
caffeic acid and quinic acid, functioning as an intermediate in lignin biosynthesis. The ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid was identified in 1932. Subsequently
Chlorogenic_acid
Class of compounds
array of products we recognize as bioactive eicosanoids. Eicosanoid biosynthesis begins when a cell is activated by mechanical trauma, ischemia, other
Eicosanoid
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
Transcription is the process of duplicating a segment of DNA into RNA for the purpose of gene expression. Some segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA
Transcription_(biology)
Chemical compound
Calyculins are natural products originally isolated from the marine sponge Discodermia calyx. Calyculins have proven to be strong serine/threonine protein
Calyculin
Molecule used to overcome antibiotic resistance in bacteria
of clavulanic acid looks structurally similar to penicillin, but the biosynthesis of this molecule involves a different biochemical pathway. Clavulanic
Clavulanic_acid
Aerobic respiration enzyme
subunits, processing of preproteins and membrane insertion, and cofactor biosynthesis and incorporation. Currently, mutations have been identified in seven
Cytochrome_c_oxidase
Chemical compound
and tryptophan 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) used for enterobactin biosynthesis The plant hormone salicylic acid Many alkaloids and other aromatic metabolites
Chorismic_acid
Chemical compound
Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), is a cannabinoid produced in cannabis plants. It is the precursor to cannabidiol (CBD). It is most abundant in the glandular
Cannabidiolic_acid
Chemical compound
Nopaline is a chemical compound derived from the amino acids glutamic acid and arginine. It is classified as an opine. Ti plasmids are classified on the
Nopaline
Active form of vitamin B6
has numerous roles in human body. A few examples below: Metabolism and biosynthesis of serotonin. Pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor of aromatic L-amino acids
Pyridoxal_phosphate
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5, the precursor of irisin, is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that is encoded by the FNDC5 gene. Irisin
FNDC5
Chemical compound
histidin (symbol His or H) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated
Histidine
Steroid acid in the bile of animals
to regulate the activity of certain enzymes and ion channels, and the biosynthesis of diverse substances including endogenous fatty acid ethanolamides,
Bile_acid
Metabolic pathways to build molecules
catabolism is the breaking-down aspect. Anabolism is usually synonymous with biosynthesis. Polymerization, an anabolic pathway used to build macromolecules such
Anabolism
Set of chemical reactions in organisms
glucose to pyruvate by cellular respiration); or anabolic—the building up (biosynthesis) of compounds (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids)
Metabolism
Biological synthesis and degradation of lipids
Membrane lipid biosynthesis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The phosphatidic acid is also a precursor for triglyceride biosynthesis. Phosphatidic
Lipid_metabolism
Amino acid and neurotransmitter
9NO 4, is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all organisms for the biosynthesis of proteins. It is a non-essential nutrient for humans, meaning that
Glutamic_acid
Chemical compound
Biosynthesis Pathway of Fusicoccins
Fusicoccin
Organic compound
Oxaloacetic acid (also known as oxalacetic acid or OAA) is a crystalline organic compound with the chemical formula HO2CC(O)CH2CO2H. Oxaloacetic acid,
Oxaloacetic_acid
Species of fungus
siderophore biosynthesis pathway, proved siderophore-mediated iron uptake to be essential for virulence. Mutation of the downstream siderophore biosynthesis genes
Aspergillus_fumigatus
Chemical compound
Methylarsonic acid is an organoarsenic compound with the formula CH3AsO3H2. It is a colorless, water-soluble solid. Salts of this compound, e.g. disodium
Methylarsonic_acid
Chemical compound
Enterobactin (also known as enterochelin) is a high affinity siderophore that acquires iron for microbial systems. It is primarily found in Gram-negative
Enterobactin
Amino acid
AGA, and AGG. The guanidine group in arginine is the precursor for the biosynthesis of nitric oxide. Like all amino acids, it is a white, water-soluble solid
Arginine
Enzyme
Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The stimulation is part of the biosynthesis pathway of queuosine. The enzyme from Escherichia coli can also convert
6-carboxytetrahydropterin synthase
6-carboxytetrahydropterin_synthase
Drug class
A steroidogenesis inhibitor, also known as a steroid biosynthesis inhibitor, is a type of drug which inhibits one or more of the enzymes that are involved
Steroidogenesis_inhibitor
Chemical compound
Methylselenocysteine (Me-Sec), also known as Se-methylselenocysteine (SeMSC), is an analog of S-methylcysteine in which the sulfur atom is replaced with
Methylselenocysteine
Chemical compound
Coniferin is a glucoside of coniferyl alcohol. This white crystalline solid is a metabolite in conifers, serving as an intermediate in cell wall lignification
Coniferin
Gelatinase biosynthesis-activating pheromone abbreviated as GBAP is a cyclic peptide produced by pathogenic bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis. GAP
Gelatinase biosynthesis-activating pheromone
Gelatinase_biosynthesis-activating_pheromone
Chemical compound
Homocysteine (symbol Hcy) is a non-proteinogenic α-amino acid. It is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine, differing by an additional methylene bridge
Homocysteine
Chemical compound
Methyl isoeugenol (isomethyleugenol) is a phenylpropanoid, the methyl ether of isoeugenol, found in certain essential oils. It can occur as both (E)- and
Methyl_isoeugenol
Chemical compound
route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites, and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan). This
Shikimic_acid
Chemical compound
Skatole (also spelled skatol) or 3-methylindole is an organic compound belonging to the indole family. It occurs naturally in the feces of mammals and
Skatole
Chemical compound
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP-AMP, cGAMP) is the first cyclic di-nucleotide found in metazoa. In mammalian cells,
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate
Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate–adenosine_monophosphate
Type of antibiotic
fradiae has been sequenced and largely analyzed. In broad strokes, the biosynthesis involves: Production of 2-deoxystreptamine from glucose-6-phosphate;
Neomycin
Chemical compound
Pathway proposed for the biosynthesis of zingiberene
Zingiberene
Chemical compound
Bilobalide is a biologically active terpenic trilactone present in Ginkgo biloba. Bilobalide is a main constituent of the terpenoids found in Ginkgo leaves
Bilobalide
Protein family
biochemistry, the iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis describes the components and processes involved in the biosynthesis of iron–sulfur proteins. The topic
Iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis
Iron–sulfur_cluster_biosynthesis
Chemical compound
Corydaline is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor isolated from Corydalis yanhusuo. Corydaline is a pharmacologically active isoquinoline alkaloid isolated
Corydaline
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