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Natural organic compounds derived from a [C(O)–CH2] chain
In organic chemistry, polyketides are a class of natural products derived from a precursor molecule consisting of a chain of alternating ketone (>C=O
Polyketide
Family of multi-domain enzymes that produce polyketides
Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are a family of multi-domain enzymes or enzyme complexes that produce polyketides, a large class of secondary metabolites
Polyketide_synthase
Species of bacterium
isolated from cultures of S. rimosus. Streptomyces rimosus's oxytetracycline polyketide synthase acyl carrier protein differs from most ACPs by having a C-terminus
Streptomyces_rimosus
also known as the polyketide pathway, is a fundamental biosynthetic route in organisms for the production of fatty acids and polyketides. This pathway operates
Acetate_pathway
Antibiotic
class of aromatic polyketide antibiotics, also known as bacterial aromatic polyketides, produced by Streptomyces via type II polyketide synthases (PKSs)
Oxytetracycline
Chemical compound
either from type ll polyketide or shikimate pathways. This claim was not disputed until a key intermediate exclusive to the polyketide pathway was isolated
Carminic_acid
Family of proteins
Aromatic polyketides are assembled by a type II (iterative) polyketide synthase in bacteria. Iterative type II polyketide syntheses produce polyketide chains
Polyketide synthesis cyclase family
Polyketide_synthesis_cyclase_family
Drugs to treat parasitic worms and insect pests
of avermectin production: 1) production of the avermectin aglycon by polyketide synthases, 2) modification of the aglycon, 3) synthesis of modified sugars
Avermectin
Type of organic compound
into four major classes: terpenes, phenylpropanoids (i.e. phenolics), polyketides, and alkaloids. Terpenes constitute a large class of natural products
Secondary_metabolite
Cofactor of both fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis
a family of protein cofactors that participate in fatty acid (acyl), polyketide (acyl and aryl), and nonribosomal peptide (peptidyl) biosynthesis. The
Acyl_carrier_protein
Chemical compound
produced by Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae. Colibactin is a polyketide peptide that can form inter-strand crosslinks in DNA. Colibactin forms
Colibactin
Pharmaceutical drug
polyketide are in RapC. Then, the linear polyketide is modified by the NRPS, RapP, which attaches L-pipecolate to the terminal end of the polyketide,
Sirolimus
Chemical compound
Borrelidin is an 18-membered polyketide macrolide derived from several Streptomyces species. First discovered in 1949 from Streptomyces rochei, Borrelidin
Borrelidin
Chemical compound
Sanglifehrin A is a polyketide natural product found to potently inhibit cyclophilins and have immunosuppressive activity. Isolation and characterisation
Sanglifehrin
Chemical compound
protein phosphatases, and has a variety of negative effects on cells. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, okadaic acid and other members
Okadaic_acid
20-Carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid
ω−3), Marine bacteria and the microalgae Schizochytrium use an anerobic polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway to synthesize DHA. The PKS pathway includes six
Eicosapentaenoic_acid
Chemical compound
Fostriecin is a type I polyketide synthase (PKS) derived natural product, originally isolated from the soil bacterium Streptomyces pulveraceus. It belongs
Fostriecin
Chemical compound
17C polyketide monic acid and the 9C fatty acid 9-hydroxy-nonanoic acid. The possibility that the entire molecule is assembled as a single polyketide with
Mupirocin
Chemical compound
Xanthohumol is a prenylated chalconoid, biosynthesized by a type III polyketide synthase (PKS) and subsequent modifying enzymes. Xanthohumol is a prenylated
Xanthohumol
Class of natural products
usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides belong to the polyketide class of natural products. Some macrolides have antibiotic or antifungal
Macrolide
Chemical compound
assembly of the a linear polyketide by use of seven modules and incorporation of six methylmalonyl CoAs and one malonyl CoA by polyketide synthases (type I PKSs)
Codinaeopsin
Secondary metabolides
biosynthesis of nonribosomal peptides shares characteristics with the polyketide and fatty acid biosynthesis. Due to these structural and mechanistic similarities
Nonribosomal_peptide
Chemical compound
Muironolide A is a tetrachloro polyketide discovered in 200 that has two unusual structural details: a hexahydro-1H-isoindolone-triketide ring and a trichlorocarbinol
Muironolide_A
the family of transferases, it has been identified as part of a Type 1 polyketide synthase module. DEBS is found in Saccharopolyspora erythraea and other
Erythronolide_synthase
synthases and to Type I polyketide synthesis. But, in contrast to fatty acid synthesis, the keto groups of the growing polyketide chain are not modified
Biosynthesis_of_doxorubicin
Species of bacterium
bacterium in the genus Kytococcus. It is known for the production of polyketide antibiotics as well as for its role as an opportunistic pathogen. It is
Kytococcus_sedentarius
Polyketide product
Chlorotonil A is a polyketide natural product produced by the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum So ce1525. It displays antimalarial activity in an animal
Chlorotonil_A
Organic compounds containing amine and carboxylic groups
"Nonproteinogenic amino acid building blocks for nonribosomal peptide and hybrid polyketide scaffolds". Angewandte Chemie (International ed. In English). 52 (28):
Amino_acid
Class of enzymes
{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } 2 CoA + 4-hydroxycoumarin + CO2 This polyketide synthase can also accept benzoyl-CoA as substrate. Liu B, Raeth T, Beuerle
4-Hydroxycoumarin_synthase
Organic compound that is soluble in nonpolar solvents
glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, saccharolipids, and polyketides (derived from condensation of ketoacyl subunits); and sterol lipids and
Lipid
Amino acid with a branched carbon chain
Proteins Glycoproteins & proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl -CoA Polyketides Terpenoid backbones Terpenoids & carotenoids (vitamin A) Cholesterol
Branched-chain_amino_acid
Chemical compound
synthase (OLES) follows the module structure of a type I synthase. The polyketide chain is bound through thioester linkages to the S-H groups of the ACP
Oleandomycin
instructions of microbes for making natural product polyketides. Rearranging the modular units in natural polyketide synthases, combining modules from different
Kosan_Biosciences
Species of fungus
large cigar shaped necrotic lesions that develop on the leaves due to the polyketide metabolite monocerin. Races of S. turcica are named for the maize R genes
Setosphaeria_turcica
Chemical compound
plants as secondary metabolites. The enzyme chalcone synthase, a type III polyketide synthase, is responsible for the biosynthesis of these compounds. The
Chalcone
Tylactone synthase or TYLS is a Type 1 polyketide synthase. TYLS is found in strains of Streptomyces fradiae and responsible for the synthesis of the macrolide
Tylactone_synthase
Antifungal medication
genomic sequence of nystatin reveals the presence of the polyketide loading module (nysA), six polyketide syntheses modules (nysB, nysC, nysI, nysJ, and nysK)
Nystatin
Chemical compound
still up for debate. It plays a key role in fatty acid biosynthesis and polyketide biosynthesis, fatty acid elongation, fatty acid oxidation via CPT1, the
Malonyl-CoA
Red fungal pigment produced by Fusarium species
Bikaverin is a red polyketide pigment made by several fungi, most of them species of Fusarium. It is a tetracyclic benzoxanthone and was first characterised
Bikaverin
Group of chemical compounds
Ansamycins is a family of bacterial secondary metabolites that show antimicrobial activity against many Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria,
Ansamycin
Class of enzymes
In enzymology, a 6-methylsalicylic-acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.165) is a polyketide synthase that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + 3 malonyl-CoA
6-methylsalicylic-acid synthase
6-methylsalicylic-acid_synthase
Immunosuppressive drug
Protopic. The biosynthesis of tacrolimus is hybrid synthesis of both type 1 polyketide synthases (PKS 1) and nonribosomal peptide syntheses (NRPS). The research
Tacrolimus
Class of enzymes
thousands of specialized metabolites, including waxes, sterols, and polyketides. ATP citrate lyase is the primary enzyme responsible for the synthesis
ATP_citrate_synthase
Genus of single-celled organisms
in Schizochytrium occurs via a Polyketide synthase (PKS)-based pathway, although the primary structures of the Polyketide synthases do not conform to any
Schizochytrium
Species of true bug
anticancer effects. It was suggested that lac insects employ polyketide pathway catalysed by polyketide synthase to produce laccaic acid D, a common precursor
Kerria_lacca
Chemical compound
Mycolactone is a polyketide-derived macrolide produced and secreted by a group of very closely related pathogenic mycobacteria species including M. ulcerans
Mycolactone
Process of releasing energy from nutrients using inorganic electron acceptors
Proteins Glycoproteins & proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl -CoA Polyketides Terpenoid backbones Terpenoids & carotenoids (vitamin A) Cholesterol
Cellular_respiration
Chemical compound
cholesterol. In 1982, some small-scale clinical investigations of lovastatin, a polyketide-derived natural product isolated from Aspergillus terreus, in very high-risk
Lovastatin
Chemical compound
particularly important in metabolic pathways that generate precursors for polyketide synthesis and other secondary metabolites. Post-translational modification
Crotonyl-CoA
Chemical compound
Pladienolide B is a polyketide natural product that is made by the bacterium Streptomyces platensis MER-11107, which is a gram-positive bacteria isolated
Pladienolide_B
Chemical compound
Atrop-abyssomicin C is a polycyclic polyketide-type natural product that is the atropisomer of abyssomicin C. It is a spirotetronate that belongs to the
Atrop-abyssomicin_C
Energy-carrying molecule in living cells
Proteins Glycoproteins & proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl -CoA Polyketides Terpenoid backbones Terpenoids & carotenoids (vitamin A) Cholesterol
Adenosine_triphosphate
Chemical in plants
of p-coumarate. Entering the flavone synthesis pathway, the type III polyketide synthase enzyme chalcone synthase uses consecutive condensations of three
Apigenin
Topics referred to by the same term
of several sulfated glycosaminoglycans Ketoacyl synthase, a domain of polyketide synthases with a thiol group on a cysteine side-chain Kaposi's sarcoma
KS
Covalent bond between amino acids in a protein chain
Biology of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases". Nonribosomal Peptide and Polyketide Biosynthesis. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1401. pp. 3–29. doi:10
Peptide_bond
Chemical compound
Citromycetin is a bio-active polyketide isolated from Australian Penicillium. Capon, RJ; Stewart, M; Ratnayake, R; Lacey, E; Gill, JH (2007). "Citromycetins
Citromycetin
Antifungal and antiparasitaric chemical compound
from sixteen 'C2' acetate and three 'C3' propionate units by polyketide syntheses. Polyketide biosynthesis begins with the decarboxylative condensation of
Amphotericin_B
Class of enzymes
\rightleftharpoons } 3 CoA + 3,5,7-trioxododecanoyl-CoA + 3 CO2 This polyketide synthase catalyse the first step in the cannabinoids biosynthetic pathway
3,5,7-Trioxododecanoyl-CoA synthase
3,5,7-Trioxododecanoyl-CoA_synthase
Enzymes
bond is a key step in the biosynthetic pathways by which fatty acids and polyketide are made. The thiolase superfamily enzymes catalyse the carbon–carbon-bond
Thiolase
Chemical compound
Aureothin is a natural product of a cytotoxic shikimate-polyketide antibiotic with the molecular formula C22H23NO6. Aureothin is produced by the bacterium
Aureothin
Indian biochemist and chemical engineer
focused on two realms: the first is to build a molecular understanding of polyketide synthases, and the second is focused on the biochemistry of celiac disease
Chaitan_Khosla
Category of polyphenol compound
catalyzed by polyketide synthase. Chain extension of 4-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA with three molecules of malonyl-CoA gives initially a polyketide (figure), which
Flavan-3-ol
Animal clade containing xenoturbellids, acoelomorphs, echinoderms and hemichordates
molecular genetics studies have proposed pigment cell clusters expressing polyketide synthase (PKS) and sulfotransferase as a synapomorphy of Xenambulacraria
Xenambulacraria
Chemical compound
vancomycin and other related compounds. DHPG is enzymatically derived from the polyketide synthase pathway. When synthesized in bacteria, DHPG requires 5 enzymes
Dihydroxyphenylglycine
Chemical compound
suspected to utilize phenylpropanoid pathway and produce putative type III polyketide synthase products based on the research of 6-gingerol biosynthesis by
Gingerol
British biological chemist (1957–2020)
Arts degree in Natural Sciences in 1979 followed by PhD on the topic of polyketide biosynthesis for research supervised by James Staunton in 1982. Abell
Chris_Abell
Species of fungus
roquefortine C, shikimic acid, griseofulvin, and 6-Methylsalicylic acid (via a polyketide synthase). Penicillium griseofulvum occurs on cereals and nuts. Fletcher
Penicillium_griseofulvum
Species of beetle
with a strain of the Burkholderia gladioli bacterium, which produces a polyketide that protects the beetle's eggs against fungal and also bacterial infections
Lagria_villosa
Topics referred to by the same term
previously presented Priming beta-ketosynthase in chemistry, a domain of polyketide synthases with a thiol group on a cysteine side-chain The process by which
Priming
Chemical compound
malonyl-CoA, a substrate required for synthesis of flavonoids and related polyketides, for elongation of fatty acids to produce waxes, cuticle, and seed oils
Acetyl-CoA
Class of terpenes
McIntyre, C.; Scott, Fiona E.; Sadler, Ian H. (1997-03-17). "Biosynthesis of polyketide-terpenoid (meroterpenoid) metabolites andibenin B and andilesin A in Aspergillus
Sesquiterpene
Chemical synthesis of ketone bodies
Proteins Glycoproteins & proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl -CoA Polyketides Terpenoid backbones Terpenoids & carotenoids (vitamin A) Cholesterol
Ketogenesis
Transfer of genes from unrelated organisms
Chen, Haotong; Du, Liangcheng (2016-01-01). "Iterative polyketide biosynthesis by modular polyketide synthases in bacteria". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
Horizontal_gene_transfer
Chemical compound
constituent of the Cannabis plant. It is also a meroterpenoid (i.e. a polyketide and a terpenoid), a member of resorcinols and a phytocannabinoid. It derives
Cannabigerolic_acid
Species of fungus
marine-derived fungus Aspergillus glaucus for the production of anti-cancer polyketide". Marine Biotechnology. 14 (6): 665–71. Bibcode:2012MarBt..14..665C. doi:10
Aspergillus_glaucus
Type of compounds
rhubarb, and cascara buckthorn, fungi, lichens, and some insects. A type II polyketide synthase is responsible for anthraquinone biosynthesis in the bacterium
Anthraquinones
Non-essential metabolic compounds and processes within plants
Resveratrol Polyacetylenes, fatty acids and waxes Without nitrogen 1500 Polyketides Without nitrogen 750 Carbohydrates and organic acids Without nitrogen
Plant_secondary_metabolism
Organism belonging to kingdom Fungi
produce bioactive compounds called mycotoxins, such as alkaloids and polyketides, that are toxic to animals, including humans. The fruiting structures
Fungus
Antifungal medication used for dermatophytoses
the synthesis of the 14-carbon poly-β-keto chain by a type I iterative polyketide synthase (PKS) via iterative addition of 6 malonyl-CoA to an acyl-CoA
Griseofulvin
Canadian chemist
Vederas, John C.; Hutchinson, C. Richard (21 May 1999). "Modulation of Polyketide Synthase Activity by Accessory Proteins During Lovastatin Biosynthesis"
Karine_Auclair
Chemical compound
early experiment helped establish the rich condensation chemistry of polyketides. It can be obtained by fusing extract of aloes with potash, followed
Orcinol
Pigment, aluminium salt of carminic acid
Carmine (/ˈkɑːrmən, ˈkɑːrmaɪn/) – also called cochineal (when it is extracted from the cochineal insect), cochineal extract, crimson lake, or carmine lake –
Carmine
Antibiotic
tailor the polyketide using malonyl-CoA, methylmalonyl-CoA, and ethylmalonyl-CoA. The final thioesterase domain hydrolyzes the polyketide to form the
Fidaxomicin
Species of protist
matrix. This algae species is capable of producing a variety of bioactive polyketide natural products such as ciguatoxin with characteristic fused-ring cyclic
Gambierdiscus_toxicus
Chemical compound
iterative polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway. This type I PKS loads Acetyl-CoA and then repeatedly adds a total of seven Malonyl-CoAs. The growing polyketide is
Calicheamicin
Informal group of fungi
by engineered yeast, including phenolics, isoprenoids, alkaloids, and polyketides. About 20% of biopharmaceuticals are produced in S. cerevisiae, including
Yeast
American chemist and Robert A (born 1966)
Michael J. (2016). "Enantioselective Alcohol C–H Functionalization for Polyketide Construction: Unlocking Redox-Economy and Site-Selectivity for Ideal Chemical
Michael_J._Krische
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
Proteins Glycoproteins & proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl -CoA Polyketides Terpenoid backbones Terpenoids & carotenoids (vitamin A) Cholesterol
Glycolysis
Breakdown of glycogen
Proteins Glycoproteins & proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl -CoA Polyketides Terpenoid backbones Terpenoids & carotenoids (vitamin A) Cholesterol
Glycogenolysis
Topics referred to by the same term
fraternity Parkes Catalogue of Radio Sources, an astronomical catalogue Polyketide synthases, a family of enzymes Prosperous Justice Party (Partai Keadilan
PKS
Biosynthesis of glucose molecules
Proteins Glycoproteins & proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl -CoA Polyketides Terpenoid backbones Terpenoids & carotenoids (vitamin A) Cholesterol
Gluconeogenesis
Class of enzymes
(CHS) is an enzyme ubiquitous to higher plants and belongs to a family of polyketide synthase enzymes (PKS) known as type III PKS. Type III PKSs are associated
Chalcone_synthase
Chemical compound found in some lichens
Solorinic acid is an anthraquinone pigment found in the leafy lichen Solorina crocea. It is responsible for the strong orange colour of the medulla and
Solorinic_acid
Chemical compound
receptor TAS2R50. The biphenylcarboxylic acid moiety is biosynthesized by a polyketide-type pathway, with three units of acetyl-CoA and one unit of 3-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA
Amarogentin
Class of chemical compounds
Ericaceae, Lamiaceae, Papaveraceae and Myrtaceae. In lichens, depsides are polyketide-derived secondary metabolites biosynthesized via the polymalonate pathway
Depside
synthase categorizes three enzyme isoforms (CURS1, 2, and 3), type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) present in the leaves and rhizome of the turmeric plant
Curcumin_synthase
Chemical compound
fluorescens, biosynthesis of phloroglucinol is performed with a type III polyketide synthase. The synthesis begins with the condensation of three malonyl-CoAs
Phloroglucinol
Biological process to convert light into chemical energy
Proteins Glycoproteins & proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl -CoA Polyketides Terpenoid backbones Terpenoids & carotenoids (vitamin A) Cholesterol
Photosynthesis
Malettinins are polyketide-derived antimicrobial compounds produced by fungal ascomycetes in the genus Hypoxylon. Angawi, Rihab F.; Swenson, Dale C.; Gloer
Malettinin
Chemical reaction
last step. Aldol condensation Stobbe condensation Fatty acid synthesis Polyketide synthase Dieckmann condensation Carey, F. A. (2006). Organic Chemistry
Claisen_condensation
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