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Polymer formed from a chemical reaction with no by-products
In polymer chemistry, an addition polymer is a polymer that forms by simple linking of monomers without the co-generation of other products. Addition polymerization
Addition_polymer
Form of addition polymerization initiated with anions
anionic polymerization: An ionic polymerization in which the kinetic-chain carriers are anions. In polymer chemistry, anionic addition polymerization is a
Anionic addition polymerization
Anionic_addition_polymerization
Chemical reaction to form polymer chains
growth polymerization include cationic addition polymerization and anionic addition polymerization. A special case of chain-growth polymerization leads
Polymerization
Polymerization mechanism
Chain-growth polymerization (AE) or chain-growth polymerisation (BE) is a polymerization technique where monomer molecules add onto the active site on
Chain-growth_polymerization
Polymerization process involving free radicals as repeating units
In polymer chemistry, radical polymerization (RP) is a method of polymerization by which a polymer forms by the successive addition of a radical to building
Radical_polymerization
Polymer produced via a condensation reaction
polymerization are chain polymerization and polyaddition, both of which give addition polymers. IUPAC definition Polycondensation: a polymerization in
Condensation_polymer
Chemical reaction that produces polymers
Reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer or RAFT polymerization is one of several kinds of reversible deactivation radical polymerization. It makes
Reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization
Reversible_addition−fragmentation_chain-transfer_polymerization
Polymerization reaction initiated by a charge transfer to a monomer
cationic polymerization: An ionic polymerization in which the kinetic-chain carriers are cations. In polymer chemistry, cationic polymerization is a type
Cationic_polymerization
Substance composed of macromolecules with repeating structural units
IUPAC definition A polymer is a substance composed of macromolecules. A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of
Polymer
Type of polymerization reaction mechanism
In polymer chemistry, step-growth polymerization is a type of polymerization mechanism in which bi-functional or multifunctional monomers react to form
Step-growth_polymerization
Organic reaction in which 2+ molecules combine to form a larger one
addition and cycloadditions. Addition reactions are also encountered in polymerizations and called addition polymerization. Depending on the product structure
Addition_reaction
Engineering field studying polymer materials
Polymer engineering is generally an engineering field that designs, analyses, and modifies polymer materials. Polymer engineering covers aspects of the
Polymer_engineering
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
radical addition polymerization (ATRAP). As the name implies, the atom transfer step is crucial in the reaction responsible for uniform polymer chain growth
Atom transfer radical polymerization
Atom_transfer_radical_polymerization
Type of concrete that uses polymers to replace lime-type cements as a binder
polymer used is exclusively epoxy. In some cases the polymer is used in addition to Portland cement to form Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC) or Polymer Modified
Polymer_concrete
Polymer formation through individual independent addition reactions
Polyaddition A polymerization in which the growth of polymer chains proceeds by addition reactions between molecules of all degrees of polymerization. Notes:
Polyaddition
List of human-made polymers
to the synthetic polymers. IUPAC definition Artificial polymer: Man-made polymer that is not a biopolymer. Note 1: Artificial polymer should also be used
List_of_synthetic_polymers
Molecule which reacts with other monomers to form a polymer
respectively By type of polymer they form: those that participate in condensation polymerization those that participate in addition polymerization Differing stoichiometry
Monomer
Alteration in the polymer properties under the influence of environmental factors
Polymer degradation is the lowering of a polymer, such as strength, caused by changes in its chemical composition. Polymers and particularly plastics
Polymer_degradation
Lithium-ion battery using a polymer electrolyte
A lithium polymer battery, or more correctly, lithium-ion polymer battery (abbreviated as LiPo, LIP, Li-poly, lithium-poly, and others), is a rechargeable
Lithium_polymer_battery
Concrete as an aesthetic enhancement
mixes, polymer cement overlays can be applied thinly or thickly without fear of delamination or typical product failure. In addition, polymer cement overlays
Decorative_concrete
Chemical compound
formed by ring-opening polymerization; this makes it a special case in the comparison between condensation and addition polymers. Its competition with
Nylon_6
Chain-growth polymerization without the ability to terminate
In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been
Living_polymerization
Reaction in organic chemistry
; Long, T. (2006). "Michael addition reactions in macromolecular design for emerging technologies". Progress in Polymer Science. 31 (5): 487–531. doi:10
Michael_addition_reaction
Polymer obtained by irreversibly hardening (curing) a resin
In materials science, a thermosetting polymer, often called a thermoset, is a polymer that is obtained by irreversibly hardening ("curing") a soft solid
Thermosetting_polymer
Polymer derived from more than one species of monomer
In polymer chemistry, a copolymer is a polymer derived from more than one species of monomer. The polymerization of monomers into copolymers is called
Copolymer
Banknotes made from synthetic polymer
Polymer banknotes are banknotes made from a synthetic polymer such as biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP). Such notes incorporate many security features
Polymer_banknote
Polymer characterization is the analytical branch of polymer science. The discipline is concerned with the characterization of polymeric materials on a
Polymer_characterization
Chemical addition of an –SH and –C≡CH molecule
thiol-yne reaction has been reported. In polymer chemistry, systems have been described based on addition polymerization with 1,4-benzenedithiol and 1,4-diethynylbenzene
Thiol-yne_reaction
Thermoplastic polymer
polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications. It is produced via chain-growth polymerization from the monomer propylene.
Polypropylene
Polymers that break down by bacterial decomposition
Biodegradable polymers are polymers that can be decomposed by the action of living organisms. Whereas most polymers are designed for longevity, biodegradable
Biodegradable_polymer
Subfield of materials science concerned with polymers
Polymer science or macromolecular science is a subfield of materials science concerned with polymers, primarily synthetic polymers such as plastics and
Polymer_science
Chemical process
Bulk polymerization or mass polymerization is carried out by adding a soluble radical initiator to pure monomer in liquid state. The initiator should
Bulk_polymerization
Polymerization after alignment of monomers by crystallisation
[4+4], and [3+2] cycloaddition, linear addition between dienes, trienes, diacetylenes. Other than linear polymers, they can also be applied to the synthesis
Topochemical_polymerization
Plastic that softens with heat and hardens on cooling
A thermoplastic, or thermosoftening plastic, is any plastic polymer material that becomes pliable or moldable at a certain elevated temperature and solidifies
Thermoplastic
Lattice model of polymer solutions
Flory–Huggins solution theory is a lattice model of the thermodynamics of polymer solutions which takes account of the great dissimilarity in molecular sizes
Flory–Huggins_solution_theory
Type of chain polymerization
also reversible-deactivation polymerization RDP. In polymer chemistry, reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRPs) are members of the class
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
Reversible-deactivation_radical_polymerization
Movement of the active site on one growing polymer chain to another molecule
polymerization. Chain transfer reactions occur in most forms of addition polymerization including radical polymerization, ring-opening polymerization
Chain_transfer
Possible alternative polymerization process
Enzymatic polymerization is a potential area in polymer research, providing a sustainable and adaptable alternative to conventional polymerization processes
Enzymatic_polymerization
reversible-deactivation polymerization RDP. Living free radical polymerization is a type of living polymerization where the active polymer chain end is a free
Living free-radical polymerization
Living_free-radical_polymerization
Highly-strained hydrocarbon ring compound
oligomers. An anionic addition polymerization with n-butyllithium results in a fully polymerized product. X-ray diffraction of the polymer shows that the connecting
1.1.1-Propellane
Field of physics that studies polymers
Polymer physics is the field of physics that studies polymers, their fluctuations, mechanical properties, as well as the kinetics of reactions involving
Polymer_physics
Soft water-rich polymer gel
fluid. The solid phase is a water insoluble three dimensional network of polymers, having absorbed a large amount of water or biological fluids. Hydrogels
Hydrogel
Chemical compound
Cyclic olefin polymer (COP) is a type of amorphous polymer used in a wide variety of applications including pharmaceutical packaging and medical devices
Cyclic_olefin_polymer
Explosive materials where powder is bound together in a matrix with synthetic polymer
Polymer-bonded explosives, also called PBX or plastic-bonded explosives, are explosive materials in which explosive powder is bound together in a matrix
Polymer-bonded_explosive
Partial alignment of polymer molecular chains
solidification temperature of the polymer solidification. Crystal growth is achieved by the further addition of folded polymer chain segments and only occurs
Crystallization_of_polymers
Polymer architecture in polymer science relates to the way branching leads to a deviation from a strictly linear polymer chain. Branching may occur randomly
Polymer_architecture
Polymer matrix capable of ion conduction
A polymer electrolyte is a polymer matrix capable of ion conduction. Much like other types of electrolyte—liquid and solid-state—polymer electrolytes aid
Polymer_electrolytes
Solid conductive electrolyte
types: Polymer tantalum electrolytic capacitor (Polymer Ta-e-cap) Polymer aluminium electrolytic capacitor (Polymer Al-e-cap) Hybrid polymer capacitor
Polymer_capacitor
Light, strong and rigid composite material
Carbon fiber (or fibre) reinforced polymers are extremely strong and light fiber-reinforced plastics that contain carbon fibers. CFRPs can be expensive
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer
Carbon_fiber_reinforced_polymer
Type of coating
for example, where space is limited and access is difficult. In addition, polymer coatings can be customized to suit a wide range of applications, such
Plastic_coating
Diode that emits light from an organic compound
main families of OLED: those based on small molecules and those employing polymers. Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates a light-emitting electrochemical
OLED
Polymer resin widely used in packaging
Polystyrene (PS) /ˌpɒliˈstaɪriːn/ is a synthetic polymer made from monomers of the aromatic hydrocarbon styrene. Polystyrene can be solid or foamed. General-purpose
Polystyrene
Method of radical polymerization
Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization is a method of radical polymerization that makes use of an alkoxyamine initiator to generate polymers with well controlled
Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization
Nitroxide-mediated_radical_polymerization
Polymer produced by a living organism
Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by the cells of living organisms. Like other polymers, biopolymers consist of monomeric units that are covalently
Biopolymer
Critical temperature of miscibility in a mixture
lower temperatures. The UCST and LCST of polymer mixtures generally depend on polymer degree of polymerization and polydispersity. The seminal statistical
Upper critical solution temperature
Upper_critical_solution_temperature
Section of a polymer whose repetition would reproduce the polymer chain
independently, either prior to polymerization or after decomposition. One of the simplest repeat units is that of the addition polymer polyvinyl chloride, -[CH2-CHCl]n-
Repeat_unit
Highly viscous liquid exhibiting a kind of semi-solid behavior
network structure may result from physical bonds such as polymer chain entanglements (see polymers) (physical gels) or chemical bonds such as disulfide bonds
Gel
Relative conformational uniformity of repeating units in a macromolecule
diads, and longer sequences such as triads, tetrads, and pentads. In vinyl polymers, an isotactic macromolecule predominantly has the same stereochemical relationship
Tacticity
Polymer composed of a chain of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane) links
and PU) is a class of polymers composed of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane) links. In contrast to other common polymers such as polyethylene
Polyurethane
Equation in polymer science
particular polymer-solvent system as well as temperature. a {\textstyle a} is related to the polymer's hydrodynamic volume, and thus the solvated polymer's typical
Mark–Houwink_equation
Measure of heterogeneity of particle or molecular sizes
synthetic polymers, it can vary greatly due to reactant ratio, how close the polymerization went to completion, etc. For typical addition polymerization, Đ can
Dispersity
Biodegradable polymer
ring-opening polymerization of lactide [–C(CH 3)HC(=O)O–] 2, the cyclic dimer of the basic repeating unit. Often PLA is blended with other polymers. PLA can
Polylactic_acid
Engineering technique
Polymer soil stabilization refers to the addition of polymers to improve the physical properties of soils, most often for geotechnical engineering, construction
Polymer_soil_stabilization
Public university in Akron, Ohio, US
Ohio. As a STEM-focused institution, it focuses on industries such as polymers, advanced materials, and engineering. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral
University_of_Akron
Copolymer of varying ratios of polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid
ratio which exhibits the faster degradation (about two months). In addition, polymers that are end-capped with esters (as opposed to the free carboxylic
PLGA
Class of extremely unreactive, inert and fire-resistant polymers
Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) are polymers with the property of liquid crystal, usually containing aromatic rings as mesogens. Despite uncrosslinked LCPs
Liquid-crystal_polymer
Catalyst transfer polymerization (CTP), or catalyst transfer polycondensation, is a type of living chain-growth polymerization that is used for synthesizing
Catalyst transfer polymerization
Catalyst_transfer_polymerization
Organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon
aromatic compounds) react more readily, by means of substitution, addition, polymerization. At higher temperatures they undergo dehydrogenation, oxidation
Hydrocarbon
electropositive metal. The addition proceeds in an anti-Markovnikov fashion. Early work linked the addition to olefin polymerization. This addition is a step in a
Kharasch_addition
Ability of some chain polymerization reactions to halt themselves
of polymerization that is being used. Free radical, cationic, and anionic polymerizations are among the most common types of addition polymerizations and
Chain_termination
Early synthetic polymer developed as a textile fiber
Nylon is a family of synthetic polymers characterized by amide linkages, typically connecting aliphatic or semi-aromatic groups. Nylons are generally brownish
Nylon
Chemical reaction that triggers one or more secondary reactions
and microelectronics. Free radical addition "Chapter 3 Initiation", Mechanism and Kinetics of Addition Polymerizations, Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics
Initiation_(chemistry)
Chemical compound
range of pH. In addition, AMPS is absorbing water readily and also imparts enhanced water absorption and transport characteristics to polymers. Solubility:
2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid
2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane_sulfonic_acid
condensation polymerization. It should be distinguished from ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), which is a chain-growth, addition polymerization. Whereas
Acyclic_diene_metathesis
Spherical regions inside a polymer
polymer physics, spherulites (from Greek sphaira = ball and lithos = stone) are spherical semicrystalline regions inside non-branched linear polymers
Spherulite_(polymer_physics)
Adhesive used for porous materials
palladium-catalyzed oxidative addition of acetic acid to ethylene. PVA is a vinyl polymer. Polyvinyl acetate is prepared by the polymerization of vinyl acetate monomer
Polyvinyl_acetate
Composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibres
(FRP; also called fibre-reinforced polymer, or in American English fiber) is a composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibres. The
Fibre-reinforced_plastic
Composite materials made of wood fiber and thermoplastics
straw, digestate, etc. Chemical additives provide for integration of polymer and wood flour (powder) while facilitating optimal processing conditions
Wood–plastic_composite
Category of polymers, in which the monomers are joined together by ester links
Polyester is a category of polymers that contain one or two ester linkages in every repeat unit of their main chain. As a specific material, it most commonly
Polyester
Functional group at the extremity of an oligomer or other macromolecule
End groups are an important aspect of polymer synthesis and characterization. In polymer chemistry, they are functional groups that are at the very ends
End_group
Particles coming out of suspension as flakes
Flocculation (in polymer science): Reversible formation of aggregates in which the particles are not in physical contact. Agglomeration (except in polymer science)
Flocculation
Bonds linking one polymer chain to another
links one polymer chain to another. These links may take the form of covalent bonds or ionic bonds and the polymers can be either synthetic polymers or natural
Cross-link
Most common thermoplastic polymer
polyethene or poly(methylene)) is the most commonly produced plastic. It is a polymer, primarily used for packaging (plastic bags, plastic films, geomembranes
Polyethylene
context of polymer chemistry, refers to the addition of polymer chains onto a surface. In the so-called 'grafting onto' mechanism, a polymer chain adsorbs
Polymeric_surface
Chain polymerization in which active centers are ions or ion pairs
"living" polymer chains), until termination by the addition of a terminating molecule such as water. This leads to virtually monodisperse polymer products
Ionic_polymerization
Type of double stranded polymer which resembles a ladder in structure
chemistry, a ladder polymer is a type of double stranded polymer with the connectivity of a ladder. In a typical one-dimensional polymer, e.g. polyethylene
Ladder_polymer
Polysaccharide gum used as a food additive and thickener
xanthan polymer is produced extracellularly into the medium. After one to four days, the polymer is precipitated from the medium by the addition of isopropyl
Xanthan_gum
Polymerization reaction among insoluble monomers in a solution
In polymer chemistry, emulsion polymerization is a type of radical polymerization that usually starts with an emulsion incorporating water, monomers, and
Emulsion_polymerization
Clicked peptide polymers are poly-triazole-poly-peptide hybrid polymers. They are made of repeating units of a 1,2,3-triazole and an oligopeptide. They
Clicked_peptide_polymer
Polymer showing drastic changes in physical properties with temperature
Temperature-responsive polymers or thermoresponsive polymers are polymers that exhibit drastic and discontinuous changes in their physical properties with
Temperature-responsive polymer
Temperature-responsive_polymer
Polymers resistant to degradation at high temperatures
Fire-safe polymers are polymers that are resistant to degradation at high temperatures. There is need for fire-resistant polymers in the construction
Fire-safe_polymers
Chemical compound
temperatures and high optical clarity. In addition to ROMP, norbornene monomers also undergo vinyl-addition polymerization, and is a popular monomer for use in
Norbornene
Property of complex fluids
pipeline when polymer solutions are added. In 1948, B. A. Toms discovered by experiments that the addition of a small amount of polymer into a Newtonian
Toms_effect
Polymer nanocomposites (PNC) are composite materials consisting of inorganic nanoparticles dispersed within a polymer matrix. They offer enhanced material
Polymer_nanocomposite
Longest chain of covalently-bonded atoms in a polymer
of the molecule. In polymer science, the polymer chain or simply backbone of a polymer is the main chain of a polymer. Polymers are often classified
Polymer_backbone
Anionic polyelectrolyte polymer
and has broad applications in consumer products. This super-absorbent polymer (SAP) has the ability to absorb 100 to 1000 times its mass in water. Sodium
Sodium_polyacrylate
A thermoset polymer matrix is a synthetic polymer reinforcement where polymers act as binder or matrix to secure in place incorporated particulates, fibres
Thermoset_polymer_matrix
are a family of conducting polymers closely related to polyacetylene. They are created by the 1,4 topochemical polymerization of diacetylenes. They have
Polydiacetylenes
Formation of a thioether (–S–) compound from a thiol (–SH) and an alkene ( >C=C< )
protein functionalization. Click chemistry Free-radical addition Off-stoichiometry thiol-ene polymer Thiol-yne reaction Posner, Theodor (January 1905). "Beiträge
Thiol-ene_reaction
Temperature below which components of a mixture are miscible
of polymer solutions is an important property involved in the development and design of most polymer-related processes. Partially miscible polymer solutions
Lower critical solution temperature
Lower_critical_solution_temperature
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ADDITION POLYMER
ADDITION POLYMER
ADDITION POLYMER
ADDITION POLYMER
ADDITION POLYMER
ADDITION POLYMER
ADDITION POLYMER
ADDITION POLYMER
ADDITION POLYMER
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