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Temperature below which components of a mixture are miscible
The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or lower consolute temperature is the critical temperature below which the components of a mixture are
Lower critical solution temperature
Lower_critical_solution_temperature
Critical temperature of miscibility in a mixture
The upper critical solution temperature (UCST) or upper consolute temperature is the critical temperature above which the components of a mixture are
Upper critical solution temperature
Upper_critical_solution_temperature
Temperature and pressure point where phase boundaries disappear
point at which cooling induces phase separation, and the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), which is the coldest point at which heating induces
Critical point (thermodynamics)
Critical_point_(thermodynamics)
Homogeneous mixture of a solute and a solvent
sample. Upper critical solution temperature – Critical temperature of miscibility in a mixture Lower critical solution temperature – Temperature below which
Solution_(chemistry)
Increase in the total entropy of a compound system after mixing
molecules. For some systems this can lead to a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or lower limiting temperature for phase separation. For example, triethylamine
Entropy_of_mixing
Polymer showing drastic changes in physical properties with temperature
temperatures, either an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) or a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) exists. Research mainly focuses on polymers
Temperature-responsive polymer
Temperature-responsive_polymer
Chemical compound
however, when these solutions are heated in above their cloud point temperature, they undergo a reversible lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase transition
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
Creation of two phases of matter from a single homogenous mixture
phase-separate. The upper critical solution temperature (UCST) and the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) are two critical temperatures, above which or
Phase_separation
Lattice model of polymer solutions
predict the lower critical solution temperature observed in some polymer blends and the lack of dependence of the critical temperature T c {\displaystyle
Flory–Huggins_solution_theory
Substance composed of macromolecules with repeating structural units
critical solution temperature phase transition (UCST), at which phase separation occurs with cooling, polymer mixtures commonly exhibit a lower critical solution
Polymer
Collapse of a macromolecule from an expanded coil state to a collapsed globule state
opposite may hold true. Upper critical solution temperature Lower critical solution temperature Critical point Ideal solution Sherman, E; Haran G (2006)
Coil–globule_transition
Temperature above which micelles form in a solution of dissolved surfactants
concentration (CMC). Below the Krafft temperature, the maximum solubility of the surfactant will be lower than the critical micelle concentration, meaning micelles
Krafft_temperature
Property of water-soluble substances
The critical relative humidity (CRH) of a salt is defined as the relative humidity of the surrounding atmosphere (at a certain temperature) at which the
Critical_relative_humidity
Chemical compound
needed] Methyl cellulose has a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) between 40 °C and 50 °C.[citation needed] At temperatures below the LCST, it is readily
Methyl_cellulose
Characteristic temperature for a substance
pressure. The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid at a given temperature, the lower the normal boiling point (i.e., the boiling point at atmospheric
Boiling_point
Chemical compound
poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)s with core–shell morphology below the lower critical solution temperature". RSC Advances. 4 (92): 50932–50937. doi:10.1039/C4RA10076J
Nile_red
Chemical compound
shows both a lower and an upper critical solution temperature: below around 49 °C (lower critical solution temperature), the liquids are completely miscible
2-Butoxyethanol
a decreased volume phase transition temperature, the thin-film analogy of a lower critical solution temperature. These experimental studies are supported
Cononsolvency
Temperature above which magnetic properties change
induced magnetism. The Curie temperature is named after Pierre Curie, who showed that magnetism is lost at a critical temperature. The force of magnetism is
Curie_temperature
Chemical compound
hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups, so it has a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at 45 °C. At temperatures below the LCST, HPC is readily soluble in
Hydroxypropyl_cellulose
Technologies for targeted drug delivery
water at room temperature but precipitates reversibly from when the temperature is raised above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST), changing
Nanoparticle_drug_delivery
Concept in thermodynamics
with temperature and concentration, and the binodal and spinodal meet at the critical or consolute temperature and composition. For binary solutions, the
Spinodal
alcohol and water and, with Schubert and others, on how the lower critical solution temperature should be measured and reported. In 2013 he was a co-author
Richard_Hoogenboom
Homogeneous mixture containing dissolved polymers
glass transition temperature, yield temperature, and melt viscosity. Understanding the thermodynamics of a polymer solution is critical in manufacturing
Polymer_solution
Process of heating something to alter it
are often heated to a temperature that is just above the upper critical temperature, in order to prevent the grains of solution from growing too large
Heat_treating
Concentration of surfactants above which micelles form
substances and electrolytes. In standard aqueous solutions, micelles only form above critical micelle temperature (CMT), often called Krafft point when related
Critical micelle concentration
Critical_micelle_concentration
Type of material
properties. Several polymer systems respond to temperature, undergoing a lower critical solution temperature phase transition. One of the better-studied
Smart_polymer
Soft water-rich polymer gel
solution temperature (UCST) or lower critical solution temperature (LCST). UCST polymers increase in their water-solubility at higher temperatures, which
Hydrogel
Polymer responsive to electric fields
microfluidic devices are mainly based on temperature-responsive polymers with lower critical solution temperature (LCST) characteristics, which are controlled
Electroactive_polymer
Type of hydrogel
induced phase transition upon reaching either the upper or lower critical solution temperature. By definition, a crosslinked polymer gel is a macromolecule
Self-healing_hydrogels
Study of the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures
points above 120 K. Discovery of superconducting materials with critical temperatures significantly above the boiling point of nitrogen has provided new
Cryogenics
Carbon dioxide above its critical point
held at or above its critical temperature and critical pressure. Carbon dioxide usually behaves as a gas in air at standard temperature and pressure (STP)
Supercritical_carbon_dioxide
Dimensionality of space at which the character of the phase transition changes
physics, a critical dimension is the dimensionality of space at which the character of the phase transition changes. Below the lower critical dimension
Critical_dimension
Component of shear stress necessary to initiate slip in a crystal
metals have higher critical resolved shear stress values compared to FCC. However, the relationship between the CRSS and temperature and strain rate is
Critical resolved shear stress
Critical_resolved_shear_stress
State of matter
A supercritical fluid (SCF) is a substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist,
Supercritical_fluid
Parameter describing physics near critical points
temperature; the translation to another control parameter is straightforward. The temperature at which the transition occurs is called the critical temperature
Critical_exponent
Organic compound, industrial chemical
a lower critical solution temperature of 57°C (compared to 27 °C for DIPA; the word lower indicates that the LCST is a lower bound to a temperature interval
N,N-Diethylmethylamine
Superconductive behavior at temperatures much higher than absolute zero
High-temperature superconductivity (high-Tc or HTS) is superconductivity in materials with a critical temperature (the temperature below which the material
High-temperature superconductivity
High-temperature_superconductivity
Form of iron
iron or a solid solution of iron with an alloying element. In plain-carbon steel, austenite exists above the critical eutectoid temperature of 1000 K (727 °C);
Austenite
Cooking method using prolonged low temperatures
than three days in some cases) at a precisely regulated temperature. The temperature is much lower than usually used for cooking, typically around 55 to
Sous_vide
Capacity of a substance to dissolve in a homogeneous way
affected by temperature, pH of the solution, and by the carbonate buffer. The decrease of solubility of carbon dioxide in seawater when temperature increases
Solubility
Simple model for non-ideal solutions
temperature where the three extremes coalesce and the system becomes fully miscible. This point is known as the upper critical solution temperature or
Regular_solution
Comparison of a wide range of temperatures
Retrieved 6 August 2013. "Can the ocean freeze? Ocean water freezes at a lower temperature than freshwater". NOAA. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020
Orders of magnitude (temperature)
Orders_of_magnitude_(temperature)
Liquid additive
of the liquid, allowing higher coolant temperature. However, all common antifreeze additives also have lower heat capacities than water, and do reduce
Antifreeze
Properties of solutions that depend only on the number of solute particles
the solute. A vapor is a substance in a gaseous state at a temperature lower than its critical point. Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor
Colligative_properties
well as influence the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), also referred to commonly as the Tt. It is at this temperature that the ELPs move from
Elastin-like_polypeptides
Ring Low field nuclear magnetic resonance Low frequency Lower critical solution temperature Lower tangent arc Loyd A. Jones LRAD Corporation LSZ reduction
Index_of_physics_articles_(L)
Caustic soda, with formula NaOH
into a solution at 13.35 °C; however, once the temperature exceeds 12.58 °C it often decomposes into solid monohydrate and a liquid solution. Even the
Sodium_hydroxide
Mixture with a lower melting point than its constituents
changes phase, but rather a temperature at which it changes between liquid and slush (known as the liquidus) and a lower temperature at which it changes between
Eutectic_system
Alloy with higher durability than normal metals
chemical and process innovations. Superalloys develop high temperature strength through solid solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening from secondary
Superalloy
Field of nuclear engineering
high-temperature reactors and low-temperature cryogenic experiments. Heterogeneity: Blending fissile powders into solution, milling of powders or scraps,
Nuclear_criticality_safety
Austenitic nickel-chromium superalloys
thermally-induced crystal vacancies. Inconel's high-temperature strength is developed by solid solution strengthening or precipitation hardening, depending
Inconel
Cellulose ether used as emulsifier or thickening agent to disperse colloids in water
aqueous solution, like methylcellulose, exhibits a thermal gelation property. That is, when the solution heats up to a critical temperature, the solution congeals
Hypromellose
Theory of continuous phase transitions
these two conditions, one can write down (in the vicinity of the critical temperature, Tc) a phenomenological expression for the free energy as a Taylor
Landau_theory
Graphical curve that denotes a point at which two distinct phases coexist
the chemical potential of all solution components is equal in each phase. The extremum of a binodal curve in temperature coincides with the extremum of
Binodal
Nanostructures of protein-polymer conjugates
streptavidin close to its recognition site. At temperatures above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), the polymer collapses and blocks the binding
Polymer-protein_hybrid
Pressurized liquid water at temperatures between the boiling and critical points
liquid water under pressure at temperatures between the usual boiling point, 100 °C (212 °F) and the critical temperature, 374 °C (705 °F).[citation needed]
Superheated_water
Uncontrolled nuclear fission chain reaction
and shape). Temperature is also a factor in criticality. Calculations can be performed to determine the conditions needed for a critical state, e.g. mass
Criticality_accident
Metal-joining technique
use of a higher temperature. The principle of joining with filler metal is the same, but solder has a specific composition and lower melting point allowing
Brazing
Chemical compound
at standard temperature and pressure liquid anhydrous ammonia will vaporise. Ammonia readily dissolves in water. In an aqueous solution, it can be expelled
Ammonia
Process by which a solid with a highly organized structure forms
from solution, freezing of a liquid, or deposition from a gas. Attributes of the resulting crystal can depend largely on factors such as temperature, air
Crystallization
Type of resistive heater
means the element can operate at a lower temperature and still deliver a large amount of heat. The lower temperature may make a heater safer. However,
Self-regulating_heater
Physical process of transition between basic states of matter
solidus temperatures resulting in a temperature span where solid and liquid coexist in equilibrium. This is often the case in solid solutions, where the
Phase_transition
Material that can form magnetic vortices
ceramic materials which have achieved the highest superconducting critical temperatures. These include La1.85Ba0.15CuO4, BSCCO, and YBCO (Yttrium-Barium-Copper-Oxide)
Type-II_superconductor
Reaction of carbon monoxide and water vapor
that is, higher hydrogen formation is observed at lower temperatures. With increasing temperature, the reaction rate increases, but hydrogen production
Water–gas_shift_reaction
Building material
Firebricks, with their ability to withstand high temperatures and store heat, offer a promising solution for storing energy. These refractory bricks can
Fire_brick
Additionally, all greases and oils exhibit a lower viscosity at higher temperatures. Cleaning solution temperatures of 170 °F (77 °C) and above softens or melts
Parts_washer
Type of alloying which improves strength of pure metals
solute size mismatch can put the dislocation in a lower energy state. In substitutional solid solutions, these stress fields are spherically symmetric,
Solid_solution_strengthening
Collection of models with the same renormalization group flow limit
Typically, a family of universality classes has a lower and upper critical dimension: below the lower critical dimension, the universality class becomes degenerate
Universality_class
Reversible transition in amorphous materials
typically marked as 100 s of relaxation time). It is always lower than the melting temperature, Tm, of the crystalline state of the material, if one exists
Glass_transition
Differences in the temperature between the titrant and the titrand; Evaporative losses from the surface of the rapidly mixed fluid; Heats of solution when the titrant
Thermometric_titration
State of a solution that contains more solute than can be dissolved at equilibrium
at the lower temperature is achieved. Impurities remain in the supernatant liquid. In some cases crystals do not form quickly and the solution remains
Supersaturation
Chemical compounds with at least one niobium atom
Characteristically, compounds in oxidation states lower than +5 frequently display Nb–Nb bonding. In aqueous solution, niobium exhibits essentially only the +5
Niobium_compounds
Fiber made from spun molten minerals
application temperatures exceeding 1,300 °C (2,370 °F) and in critical chemical and physical application conditions. Kaowool is a type of high-temperature mineral
Mineral_wool
Medical procedure
well as reducing free radicals that might damage the brain. Body temperature may be lowered by many means, including cooling blankets, cooling helmets, cooling
Targeted temperature management
Targeted_temperature_management
Supercooling is a phenomenon in which the system's temperature is lowered under the phase transition temperature without the creation of the new phase. Let Δ
Critical_radius
General principle in thermodynamics regarding pVT systems in equilibrium
conditions for equilibrium between these two phases, and the other at lower temperature and pressure is the solid–gas boundary. Even for a pure substance
Phase_rule
Group of fatty molecules suspended in liquid by soaps and/or detergents
geometry of its surfactant molecules and solution conditions such as surfactant concentration, temperature, pH, and ionic strength. The process of forming
Micelle
Symmetry in statistical physics
the same theory with an inverse temperature. When one raises the temperature in one theory, one lowers the temperature in the other. If there is only one
Kramers–Wannier_duality
Carbon steel quenched and tempered after a heat treatment
temper colours are drawn, generally at a temperature significantly lower than the alloy's critical temperature. Different colours in the temper spectrum
Hardened_steel
Chemical compound
a powerful oxidizer when hot, but aqueous solutions up to approximately 70% by weight at room temperature are generally safe, only showing strong acid
Perchloric_acid
Pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium
different temperature ranges. The Antoine equation has poor accuracy with any single parameter set when used from a compound's melting point to its critical temperature
Vapor_pressure
State of matter of many bosons
longer support this many particles, at lower temperatures). The above equation can be solved for the critical temperature: T c = ( N ζ ( α ) ) 1 / α E c k B
Bose_gas
Gas law regarding proportionality of dissolved gas
interatomic distance in solution. Henry's law follows as a consequence if this ratio is a constant for each gas at a given temperature." Under high pressure
Henry's_law
Process of heat treating used to increase the toughness of iron-based alloys
to a temperature below its "lower critical temperature". This is also called the lower transformation temperature or lower arrest (A1) temperature: the
Tempering_(metallurgy)
Method of nerve regeneration
The sol-gel transition is governed by the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), which is the temperature at which the elastic modulus equals the viscous
Nerve_guidance_conduit
"Boiler" operating at supercritical pressure and temperature
supercritical steam generator operates above the critical pressure – 22 megapascals (3,200 psi) and temperature 374 °C (705 °F). Under these conditions, the
Supercritical_steam_generator
Hypothetical class of extreme tropical cyclone
to Emanuel's hypothetical model, the ocean temperature would have to be at least 49 °C (120 °F). A critical difference between a hypercane and present-day
Hypercane
Method used to apply surface coatings
processing allows deposition at lower temperatures, which is often critical in the manufacture of semiconductors. The lower temperatures also allow for the deposition
Chemical_vapor_deposition
Chemical compound
ambient temperatures, sodium hypochlorite is more stable in dilute solutions that contain solvated Na+ and OCl− ions. The density of the solution is 1.093 g/mL
Sodium_hypochlorite
Property of solid materials under mechanical stress
given temperature or temperatures. Below a critical value of applied stress, a material may exhibit linear viscoelasticity. Above this critical stress
Creep_(deformation)
Lattice model of statistical mechanics
Though the exact solution is intractable, it is possible to use certain approximations to get estimates for the critical temperature T c {\displaystyle
Classical_XY_model
Inert electrolyte: non-redox active and non complexing ligand
powder at high temperature and is used in rocket propellant and fireworks, when the perchlorate anion is dissolved in aqueous solution, it does not exhibit
Supporting_electrolyte
Pressure of a component gas in a mixture
amount of substance Vapor – Substances in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical point Charles Henrickson (2005). Chemistry. Cliffs Notes
Partial_pressure
Method of producing chemical compounds
which it is possible to form various oxides and carbonates. The critical temperature and pressure of ammonia are 132.2 °C and 111 bar. In these conditions
Solvothermal_synthesis
Electronic oscillator circuit
filter or oscillator remains accurate. For critical applications the quartz oscillator is mounted in a temperature-controlled container, called a crystal
Crystal_oscillator
Slowing or stopping of life without death
environmental conditions, as seen in some amphibians and reptiles. Lowering the temperature of a substance reduces its chemical activity by the Arrhenius equation
Suspended_animation
One of the main factors limiting microbial activity
pressure in equilibrium with the solution, and p* is the (partial) vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature. An alternate definition can be
Water_activity
Thermal engineering discipline concerning transfer of heat in physical systems
heat transfer always occurs from a region of high temperature to another region of lower temperature, as described in the second law of thermodynamics
Heat_transfer
ratio of moles of particles in solution to moles of solute dissolved. vapor When a substance is below the critical temperature while in the gas phase. vapor
Glossary_of_chemistry_terms
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LOWER CRITICAL-SOLUTION-TEMPERATURE
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