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Chemical process
Bulk polymerization or mass polymerization is carried out by adding a soluble radical initiator to pure monomer in liquid state. The initiator should dissolve
Bulk_polymerization
Polymerization reaction among monomers suspended in a liquid
suspension polymerization have diameters usually exceeding 10 μm. In polymer chemistry, suspension polymerization is a heterogeneous radical polymerization process
Suspension_polymerization
Thermoplastic polymer
and Robert Banks first demonstrated the polymerization of propylene in 1951. The stereoselective polymerization to the isotactic was discovered by Giulio
Polypropylene
Polymerization process involving free radicals as repeating units
In polymer chemistry, radical polymerization (RP) is a method of polymerization by which a polymer forms by the successive addition of a radical to building
Radical_polymerization
Type of organic solar cell
Polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells are a type of organic solar cell that generate electricity using a blend of a conductive polymer and
Polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cell
Polymer-fullerene_bulk_heterojunction_solar_cell
Polymerization reaction among insoluble monomers in a solution
In polymer chemistry, emulsion polymerization is a type of radical polymerization that usually starts with an emulsion incorporating water, monomers, and
Emulsion_polymerization
Material of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids
dispersed in the host resin. Masterbatch granules can be mixed with cheaper bulk polymer and will release their additives during processing to give a homogeneous
Plastic
Substance composed of macromolecules with repeating structural units
network. During the polymerization process, some chemical groups may be lost from each monomer. This happens in the polymerization of PET polyester. The
Polymer
Runaway polymerization reaction
overall rate of a free-radical polymerization system has been noted in many bulk polymerization systems. The polymerization of methyl methacrylate, for example
Autoacceleration
Electric charge generated in certain solids due to mechanical stress
Piezoelectric polymers can be classified by bulk polymers, voided charged polymers ("piezoelectrets"), and polymer composites. A piezo-response observed by bulk polymers
Piezoelectricity
Chemical compound
chain-growth polymerization of ethylene and vinyl acetate. There are several techniques of polymerization that can be applied to this polymer, such as solution
Ethylene-vinyl_acetate
Chain-growth polymerization without the ability to terminate
In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been
Living_polymerization
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is an example of a reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. Like its counterpart, ATRA, or atom transfer
Atom transfer radical polymerization
Atom_transfer_radical_polymerization
Transparent thermoplastic, commonly called acrylic
emulsion polymerization, solution polymerization, and bulk polymerization. Generally, radical initiation is used (including living polymerization methods)
Poly(methyl_methacrylate)
Chemical compound
Already the first work on vinylene carbonate describes its bulk polymerization a colorless polymer, which hydrolyzes to a water-soluble product. Subsequent
Vinylene_carbonate
Method of radical polymerization
Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization is a method of radical polymerization that makes use of an nitroxide initiator to generate polymers with well controlled
Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization
Nitroxide-mediated_radical_polymerization
Common synthetic polymer
polymerization accounts for about 12%, and bulk polymerization accounts for 8%. Suspension polymerization produces particles with average diameters of
Polyvinyl_chloride
Polymeric arrays of repeating units connected by non-covalent bonds
supramolecular polymerization, where the monomer nucleates only in an early stage of polymerization to generate "seeds" and becomes active for polymer chain elongation
Supramolecular_polymer
Glass-fiber polymer
Bulk moulding compound (BMC), bulk moulding composite, or dough moulding compound (DMC), is a ready-to-mold, glass-fiber reinforced thermoset polymer
Bulk_moulding_compound
Type of photovoltaic
the acceptor material is prepared directly from the donor polymer in a post-polymerization modification step. Since its active layer largely determines
Organic_solar_cell
Process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction
carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide but using copper-zinc catalysts. Bulk polymers derived from ethylene and propylene are often prepared using Ziegler–Natta
Catalysis
Surface and bulk erosion are two different forms of erosion that describe how a degrading polymer erodes. In surface erosion, the polymer degrades from
Surface_and_bulk_erosion
Measure of heterogeneity of particle or molecular sizes
synthetic polymers, it can vary greatly due to reactant ratio, how close the polymerization went to completion, etc. For typical addition polymerization, Đ can
Dispersity
phenolic resin as the thermoset polymer matrix. As the fibres were only short this material had relatively low bulk strength, but still improved surface
Glass-filled_polymer
Chemical compound
"Direct Synthesis of Thermally Stable Semiaromatic Polyamides by Bulk Polymerization Using Aromatic Diamines and Aliphatic Dicarboxylic Acids". ACS Omega
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
Chain polymerization involving cyclic monomers
polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization in which the terminus of a polymer chain attacks cyclic monomers
Ring-opening_polymerization
Polymer with a backbone of one composite and random branches of another composite
constitution and degree of polymerization, and the side chains are identical with respect to constitution and degree of polymerization, the macromolecule is
Graft_polymer
Type of chain polymerization
Living radical polymerization Living free radical polymerization Controlled/"living" radical polymerization Controlled radical polymerization Reversible deactivation
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
Reversible-deactivation_radical_polymerization
Category of polymers, in which the monomers are joined together by ester links
Progress in Polymer Science. 30 (10): 949–81. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2005.06.010. Nuyken O, Pask SD (April 2013). "Ring-Opening Polymerization—An Introductory
Polyester
Distance from center of mass to axis of rotation
The radius of gyration of an individual homopolymer with degree of polymerization N at a given time is defined as: R g 2 = d e f 1 N ∑ k = 1 N | r
Radius_of_gyration
Coating process for applying heated materials to a surface
electromagnetic radiation in the form of vacuum UV photons to penetrate bulk polymers to a depth of about 10 μm. This can cause chain scissions and cross-linking
Thermal_spraying
Non-metallic material used to bond various materials together
following: Cohesive fracture is obtained if a crack propagates in the bulk polymer which constitutes the adhesive. In this case the surfaces of both adherends
Adhesive
science of polymer synthesis allows for excellent control over the properties of a bulk polymer sample. However, surface interactions of polymer substrates
Polymeric_surface
Reversible transition in amorphous materials
much faster than dynamics in the bulk, but in agreement with models that compare bulk and surface dynamics. In polymers the glass transition temperature
Glass_transition
Engineering field
agricultural, polymer, plastic, rubber, ceramic, electronics, metals, minerals, paint, paper, textiles and more. Major characteristics of bulk materials,
Bulk_material_handling
Industrial container
A flexible intermediate bulk container (FIBC), jumbo bag, bulk bag, dumpy bag, super sack or a big bag is an industrial container made of flexible fabric
Flexible intermediate bulk container
Flexible_intermediate_bulk_container
Maritime transport standard
requirements for toxicity, heat sensitivity, water reactivity and risk of polymerization. Ships under the Code are designed according to three ship types: type
International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk
International_Code_for_the_Construction_and_Equipment_of_Ships_carrying_Dangerous_Chemicals_in_Bulk
Industrial-grade storage and transport container for fluids and solids
Intermediate bulk containers (also known as IBCs, IBC totes, or pallet tanks) are industrial-grade containers engineered for the mass handling, transport
Intermediate_bulk_container
Catalyst for the industrial production of plastics
A post-metallocene catalyst is a kind of catalyst for the polymerization of olefins, i.e., the industrial production of some of the most common plastics
Post-metallocene_catalyst
Material which glows when excited by ionizing radiation
a solid polymer matrix. While this combination is typically accomplished through the dissolution of the fluor prior to bulk polymerization, the fluor
Scintillator
Polymer with synthetic molecular receptor
radical or other polymerization initiator, 5) porogenic solvent and 6) extraction solvent. According to polymerization method and final polymer format one or
Molecularly_imprinted_polymer
Partial alignment of polymer molecular chains
individual monomers but not the resulting polymer. When a certain degree of polymerization is reached, the polymerized and partially crystallized product precipitates
Crystallization_of_polymers
Chemical element with atomic number 27 (Co)
is used to convert xylene to terephthalic acid, the precursor of the bulk polymer polyethylene terephthalate. Typical catalysts are the cobalt carboxylates
Cobalt
American physical chemist
Michael D. Fayer. His dissertation was titled, Probing the structure of bulk polymers and alloys using electronic excitation transport. His postdoctoral work
Andrew_H._Marcus
orthoesters and amides. Most biodegradable polymers are synthesized by ring opening polymerization. Biodegradable polymers can be melt processed by conventional
Synthetic biodegradable polymer
Synthetic_biodegradable_polymer
Solvent property in polymer science
adopted in bulk polymer polymerization . Thermodynamically, the excess chemical potential of mixing between a theta solvent and a polymer is zero.[vague] Equivalently
Theta_solvent
Unreproducible object used in digital security
S. (2022). "Unclonable features via electrospraying of bulk polymers". ACS Applied Polymer Materials. 4 (8): 5952–5964. Bibcode:2022AAPM....4.5952E
Physical_unclonable_function
Software for simulating and modeling materials
physicochemical properties. Polymers and Classical Simulation: to construct and characterize models of isolated chains or bulk polymers and predict their properties
Materials_Studio
safety regulations warn against heating bulk benzyl alcohol. A more modern route entails acid-catalyzed polymerization from tribenzylborate. Parylene, (CH2C6H4CH2)n
Poly(p-phenylene_methylene)
Chemical process
nanofibers are needed prior to onset of polymerization, which significantly change the bulk morphology of the polymer precipitate. Moreover, single-walled
Nanofiber_seeding
Geometric aspects of ions and molecules affecting their shape and reactivity
temperature where the rate of polymerization and depolymerization are equal. Sterically hindered monomers give polymers with low T c {\displaystyle T_{c}}
Steric_effects
Living polymerization, the synthesis of polymers with specific architectures becomes more and more facile. Architectures such as star polymers, comb polymers
Polymer_architecture
prepared by melt condensation polymerization, which results in high molecular weight polymers. Melt condensation polymerization involves reacting dicarboxylic
Polyanhydride
Polymer obtained by irreversibly hardening (curing) a resin
In materials science, a thermosetting polymer, often called a thermoset, is a polymer that is obtained by irreversibly hardening ("curing") a soft solid
Thermosetting_polymer
Alteration in the polymer properties under the influence of environmental factors
plastic polymers. The major chemical changes are oxidation and chain scission, leading to a reduction in the molecular weight and degree of polymerization of
Polymer_degradation
Allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure
modified to reduce the hydrophobicity and improve interfacial adhesion to a bulk polymer. Chemical routes such as covalent functionalization have been studied
Carbon_nanotube
non-covalent polymerization in supramolecular chemistry is highly dependent on the interactions during the self-assembly process. The degree of polymerization depends
Two-dimensional_polymer
pervaded volume is relevant in the morphology and rheology of melt and bulk polymers through its relation to quantities such as the interchain entanglement
Pervaded_volume
Natural or synthetic substance that is significantly longer than it is wide
which the chemist synthesizes from low-molecular weight compounds by polymerization (chain-building) reactions. The earliest semi-synthetic fiber is the
Fiber
mechanical properties. The molecular mass of a polymer differs from typical molecules, in that polymerization reactions produce a distribution of molecular
Polymer_characterization
Explosive materials where powder is bound together in a matrix with synthetic polymer
Polymer-bonded explosives, also called PBX or plastic-bonded explosives, are explosive materials in which explosive powder is bound together in a matrix
Polymer-bonded_explosive
Plastic that softens with heat and hardens on cooling
Modification of the polymer through copolymerization or through the addition of non-reactive side chains to monomers before polymerization can also lower it
Thermoplastic
Solid metallic material with disordered atomic-scale structure
superior electronic, thermal and mechanical properties of bulk metallic glasses compared to polymers make them a good candidate for nanocomposites for electronic
Amorphous_metal
Polymer matrix capable of ion conduction
heterogeneous and homogenous polymer electrolytes. The technique is useful for characterizing the electrical properties of bulk material and is capable of
Polymer_electrolytes
Indian polymer chemist and leather technologist
B. (1982). "Gamma radiation-induced bulk polymerization of some methyl aryloxymethacrylates". Journal of Polymer Science. 20 (8): 1863–1873. Bibcode:1982JPoSA
Mushi_Santappa
Area of research analysing the modification of carbon nanotubes
modified to reduce the hydrophobicity and improve interfacial adhesion to a bulk polymer through chemical attachment. Covalent modification attaches a functional
Carbon_nanotube_chemistry
Synthetic polymer
Mishra, Munmaya; Yagci, Yusuf, eds. (2008). Handbook of Vinyl Polymers: Radical Polymerization, Process, and Technology, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 573–574
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Movement of the active site on one growing polymer chain to another molecule
polymerization. Chain transfer reactions occur in most forms of addition polymerization including radical polymerization, ring-opening polymerization
Chain_transfer
Topological interaction between long polymer chains that constrains their motion
In polymer physics, a chain entanglement is a topological interaction that occurs when polymer chains become long enough that they cannot pass through
Chain_entanglement
Chemical science associated with pressure-sensitive adhesives
adhesive tapes are readily synthesized by free-radical polymerization. These polymerizations can be initiated thermally or photo catalytically using
Chemistry of pressure-sensitive adhesives
Chemistry_of_pressure-sensitive_adhesives
Plastic
made by polymerization of ADC in presence of diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate (IPP) initiator. The presence of the allyl groups allows the polymer to form
CR-39
mediated radical polymerization. About half of all commercial polymers are produced by radical polymerization. Radical polymerization (RP) reactions have
Cobalt-mediated radical polymerization
Cobalt-mediated_radical_polymerization
Polymer composed of a chain of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane) links
which requires the presence of a gas, or blowing agent, during the polymerization step. This is commonly achieved by adding small amounts of water, which
Polyurethane
Organic polymer made of the repeating unit [C2H2]
cryogenics to produce usable polymer. Gas-phase polymerization typically produces irregular cuprene, whereas liquid-phase polymerization, conducted at −78 °C
Polyacetylene
Synthetic material
epoxy materials as the thermoset polymer matrix in composite materials, where its characteristics, strengths, and bulk cost are intermediate between polyester
Vinyl_ester_resin
Diode that emits light from an organic compound
water have been prepared via ring opening metathesis polymerization. These water-soluble polymers or conjugated poly electrolytes (CPEs) also can be used
OLED
Synthetic fiber made from a polyolefin
any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of ethylene, propylene, or other olefin units” Polymerization of propylene and ethylene
Olefin_fiber
Phenomenon in chemistry
such rays, with the normal minimum wavelength being 280–290 nm. The bulk of the polymer is therefore photo-inert and degradation is instead attributed to
Photo-oxidation_of_polymers
Short circular highly elastic rubber loop
done upon these bulk polymers. Instead, all work done to the rubber is "released" (not stored) and appears immediately in the polymer as thermal energy
Rubber_band
Research of materials
strength, bulk, or electrostatic dispersion. These additions may be termed reinforcing fibers, or dispersants, depending on their purpose. Polymers are chemical
Materials_science
Type of battery
A polymer-based battery uses organic materials instead of bulk metals to form a battery. Currently accepted metal-based batteries pose many challenges
Polymer-based_battery
Regular organic or inorganic structure which supports a regular porous structure
Nanoporous materials consist of a regular organic or inorganic bulk phase in which a porous structure is present. Nanoporous materials exhibit pore diameters
Nanoporous_materials
Resin that cures when exposed to light of appropriate wavelengths
advantages of photopolymerization over thermally cured polymerization include higher rates of polymerization and environmental benefits from elimination of volatile
Photopolymer
British biophysicist, material scientist, and academic
106 (Dentistry), on ceramics, composite materials, adhesion and photo-polymerization from 1986 to 2011. Watts has authored over 500 publications. His research
David_C._Watts
Excess energy at the surface of a material relative to its interior
energetically favorable than the bulk of the material (that is, the atoms on the surface must have more energy than the atoms in the bulk), otherwise there would
Surface_energy
Chemical compound
comparison to those produced by activated anionic polymerization (monomer casting). Ring-opening polymerization is the preferred route for commercial production
Nylon_12
American chemist (1910–1985)
earliest work in polymer science was in the area of polymerization kinetics at the DuPont Experimental Station. In condensation polymerization, he challenged
Paul_Flory
Device for concentrating solar radiation using luminescence
edges, both for doped glasses and for organic dyes incorporated into bulk polymers. When transparent plates are doped with fluorescent materials, effective
Luminescent solar concentrator
Luminescent_solar_concentrator
Conducting semi-flexible rod polymer
synthetic methods to produce polyaniline are quite simple, the mechanism of polymerization is probably complex. The formation of leucoemeraldine can be described
Polyaniline
reactive centre, (ii) a low tendency of the bulk polymer chain to undergo chain transfer reactions. CGC derived polymers are currently marketed by The Dow Chemical
Constrained_geometry_complex
off-stoichiometry blends of thiols and allyls. After complete polymerization, typically by UV micromolding, the polymer articles contain a well-defined number of unreacted
Off-stoichiometry thiol-ene polymer
Off-stoichiometry_thiol-ene_polymer
polymeric structures. They can be classified based on their surface chemistry, bulk structure, morphology, and production method. The chemical and physical properties
Synthetic_membrane
Type of semiconductor
; Kanazawa, K. Keiji; Gardini, Gian Piero (1979). "Electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole". Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications
Organic_semiconductor
Polyester material
ranges are listed below. Bulk moulding compound Fiberglass Fibre-reinforced plastic Thermosetting polymer Thermoset polymer matrix Forged composite CFSMC
Sheet_moulding_compound
Film infiltration
formation of inorganic structures by selective nucleation throughout the bulk polymer. With SIS, the shapes of various inorganic materials can be tailored
Sequential infiltration synthesis
Sequential_infiltration_synthesis
Industrial and food chemical
oxide. The base must be removed when the polymerization is complete. Hydrolysis of Si(CH3)2Cl2 generates a polymer that is terminated with silanol groups
Polydimethylsiloxane
Technology with features near one nanometer
in nanoscale technologies began emerging. These products were limited to bulk applications of nanomaterials and did not involve atomic control of matter
Nanotechnology
Organic compounds of the form R–O–O–R′
industrial polymerization applications include processes which are carried out in bulk, solution, or suspension type batches. Relevant polymers include:
Organic_peroxides
Substance used to fill cavities in teeth
composite resins have low polymerization shrinkage and low coefficients of thermal shrinkage, which allows them to be placed in bulk while maintaining good
Dental_composite
Polymer of glucose and structural component of cell wall of plants and green algae
depend on its chain length or degree of polymerization, the number of glucose units that make up one polymer molecule. Cellulose from wood pulp has typical
Cellulose
BULK POLYMERIZATION
BULK POLYMERIZATION
Boy/Male
Hindu
Bull
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Nickname for a Turkish Woman; A Nose Ring
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a man with some fancied resemblance to a he-goat (Old English bucc(a)) or a male deer (Old English bucc). Old English Bucc(a) is found as a personal name, as is Old Norse Bukkr. Names such as Walter le Buk (Somerset 1243) are clearly nicknames.English : topographic name for someone who lived near a prominent beech tree, such as Peter atte Buk (Suffolk 1327), from Middle English buk ‘beech’ (from Old English bÅc).German : from a personal name, a short form of Burckhard (see Burkhart).North German and Danish : nickname for a fat man, from Middle Low German bÅ«k ‘belly’. Compare Bauch.German : variant of Bock.German : variant of Puck in the sense ‘defiant’, ‘spiteful’, or ‘stubborn’.German : topographic name from a field name, Buck ‘hill’.Emanuel Buck came from England to Plymouth Colony in the 1640s and in 1647 settled in Wethersfield, CT.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Old age; perishing.
Boy/Male
British, Christian, English
People; Tribe
Male
English
Modern form of Medieval English Fulke, FULK means "people, tribe."
Male
German
From the Germanic word burg, BURK means "castle, fort, protection." Used as a short form of longer names containing the same element.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Bull
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Balch.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a strong, aggressive, bull-like man, from Middle English bul(l)e, bol(l)e. Occasionally, the name may denote a keeper of a bull. Compare Bulman.German (mainly northern) : from a byname for a cattle breeder, keeper, or dealer. Compare South German Ochs.South German : nickname for a short fat man, a variant of Bolle, or a nickname for a man with the physical characteristics of a bull.
Boy/Male
English American Greek
Male deer.
Male
English
The Deer
Biblical
old age; perishing
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Foulks.Respelling of German Volk.
Male
English
From the American English pet name for a "high-spirited young man," from the vocabulary word buck, BUCK means "male deer or goat."
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Bull
Boy/Male
Arabic, Indian, Muslim, Turkish
Country; Kingdom; Supreme Power
Boy/Male
Tamil
Kankeya | கநà¯à®•à¯‡à®¯à®¾Â
Bull
Kankeya | கநà¯à®•à¯‡à®¯à®¾Â
Boy/Male
French
Lives in a fortress.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English, Indian
A Stag; Male Deer
BULK POLYMERIZATION
BULK POLYMERIZATION
Boy/Male
Indian
The righteousness of the faith
Girl/Female
English
Unusual Nature Name
Boy/Male
Indian
Winner
Boy/Male
Muslim
One who confirms, Verifies another (1)
Male
Scandinavian
Scandinavian form of Old High German Lewenhart, LENNART means "lion-strong."
Boy/Male
Muslim
One who is led, Conducted, Obedient
Boy/Male
Chinese
Great.
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Absorbed in God's Love
Boy/Male
Tamil
Excellent
Boy/Male
English American Hebrew
in use since the Middle Ages.
BULK POLYMERIZATION
BULK POLYMERIZATION
BULK POLYMERIZATION
BULK POLYMERIZATION
BULK POLYMERIZATION
n.
A name given to some parts that resemble in shape certain bulbous roots; as, the bulb of the aorta.
v. i.
To go to bed in a bunk; -- sometimes with in.
v. t.
To throw by bucking. See Buck, v. i., 2.
a.
Of great bulk or dimensions; of great size; large; thick; massive; as, bulky volumes.
v. t.
To disappoint; to frustrate; to foil; to baffle; to /hwart; as, to balk expectation.
a.
Having a short and thick neck like that of a bull.
v. i.
To take the shape of a bulb; to swell.
a.
Of or pertaining to a bull; resembling a bull; male; large; fierce.
n.
The main mass or body; the largest or principal portion; the majority; as, the bulk of a debt.
n. & v.
See Balk.
v. t.
To take out the entrails of; to disembowel; as, to hulk a hare.
n.
Anything bulky or unwieldly.
n.
Bulk; volume.
v. i.
To appear or seem to be, as to bulk or extent; to swell.
v. t.
To endeavor to raise the market price of; as, to bull railroad bonds; to bull stocks; to bull Lake Shore; to endeavor to raise prices in; as, to bull the market. See 1st Bull, n., 4.
n.
Magnitude of material substance; dimensions; mass; size; as, an ox or ship of great bulk.
n.
A thwarting an adversary in cribbage by spoiling his score; a balk.
imp. & p. p.
of Bulk
n.
One who, or that which, resembles a bull in character or action.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Bulk