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Chemical reaction to form polymer chains
include emulsion polymerization, solution polymerization, suspension polymerization, and precipitation polymerization. Although the polymer dispersity and
Polymerization
Substance composed of macromolecules with repeating structural units
network. During the polymerization process, some chemical groups may be lost from each monomer. This happens in the polymerization of PET polyester. The
Polymer
Polymerization reaction among insoluble monomers in a solution
In polymer chemistry, emulsion polymerization is a type of radical polymerization that usually starts with an emulsion incorporating water, monomers, and
Emulsion_polymerization
Polymerization process involving free radicals as repeating units
In polymer chemistry, radical polymerization (RP) is a method of polymerization by which a polymer forms by the successive addition of a radical to building
Radical_polymerization
Chain-growth polymerization without the ability to terminate
In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been
Living_polymerization
Thermoplastic polymer
and Robert Banks first demonstrated the polymerization of propylene in 1951. The stereoselective polymerization to the isotactic was discovered by Giulio
Polypropylene
Molecular reaction that creates polymers
the formed polymer beyond a critical molecular weight. In polymer science, precipitation polymerization is a heterogeneous polymerization process that
Precipitation_polymerization
Polymerization reaction initiated by a charge transfer to a monomer
cationic polymerization: An ionic polymerization in which the kinetic-chain carriers are cations. In polymer chemistry, cationic polymerization is a type
Cationic_polymerization
Number of monomeric units in a macromolecule or polymer
{X}}_{w}} . The number-average degree of polymerization is a weighted mean of the degrees of polymerization of polymer species, weighted by the mole fractions
Degree_of_polymerization
Type of polymerization reaction mechanism
In polymer chemistry, step-growth polymerization is a type of polymerization mechanism in which bi-functional or multifunctional monomers react to form
Step-growth_polymerization
Polymerization mechanism
Chain-growth polymerization (AE) or chain-growth polymerisation (BE) is a polymerization technique where monomer molecules add onto the active site on
Chain-growth_polymerization
Chemical process
Bulk polymerization or mass polymerization is carried out by adding a soluble radical initiator to pure monomer in liquid state. The initiator should
Bulk_polymerization
Molecule which reacts with other monomers to form a polymer
respectively By type of polymer they form: those that participate in condensation polymerization those that participate in addition polymerization Differing stoichiometry
Monomer
Polymers that absorb and retain extremely large amounts of liquid
superabsorbent polymers are made using one of three primary methods: gel polymerization, suspension polymerization or solution polymerization. Each of the
Superabsorbent_polymer
Polymer produced via a condensation reaction
polymerization are chain polymerization and polyaddition, both of which give addition polymers. IUPAC definition Polycondensation: a polymerization in
Condensation_polymer
Polymeric arrays of repeating units connected by non-covalent bonds
supramolecular polymerization, where the monomer nucleates only in an early stage of polymerization to generate "seeds" and becomes active for polymer chain elongation
Supramolecular_polymer
Type of polymerization occurring at the interface of two immiscible phases
Interfacial polymerization is a type of step-growth polymerization in which polymerization occurs at the interface between two immiscible phases (generally
Interfacial_polymerization
Polymer formed from a chemical reaction with no by-products
products. Addition polymerization differs from condensation polymerization, which does co-generate a product, usually water. Addition polymers can be formed
Addition_polymer
Polymerization reaction among monomers suspended in a liquid
suspension polymerization have diameters usually exceeding 10 μm. In polymer chemistry, suspension polymerization is a heterogeneous radical polymerization process
Suspension_polymerization
Method of industrial polymerization
Solution polymerization is a method of industrial polymerization. In this procedure, a monomer is dissolved in a non-reactive solvent that contains a
Solution_polymerization
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is an example of a reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. Like its counterpart, ATRA, or atom transfer
Atom transfer radical polymerization
Atom_transfer_radical_polymerization
Polymerization after alignment of monomers by crystallisation
Topochemical polymerization is a polymerization method performed by monomers aligned in the crystal state. In this process, the monomers are crystallised
Topochemical_polymerization
Neutral heterocyclic compound
with Rh and Au. NHOs are used as polymerization catalysts for both organopolymerization and Lewis-pair polymerization. In the latter, the NHOs act as Lewis
N-Heterocyclic_olefins
radical polymerization known as reversibly addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) mediated polymerization. RAFT-mediated polymerization of PTMA
Organic_radical_battery
Plasma polymerization (or glow discharge polymerization) uses plasma sources to generate a gas discharge that provides energy to activate or fragment gaseous
Plasma_polymerization
Form of addition polymerization initiated with anions
anionic polymerization: An ionic polymerization in which the kinetic-chain carriers are anions. In polymer chemistry, anionic addition polymerization is a
Anionic addition polymerization
Anionic_addition_polymerization
PVC-based hardenable modeling clay
Polymer clay is a type of hardenable modeling clay based on the polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It typically contains no clay minerals, but like mineral
Polymer_clay
Composite materials made of wood fiber and thermoplastics
straw, digestate, etc. Chemical additives provide for integration of polymer and wood flour (powder) while facilitating optimal processing conditions
Wood–plastic_composite
Precipitation reaction among monomers dissolved in solution
IUPAC definition Dispersion polymerization: Precipitation polymerization in which monomer(s), initiator(s), and colloid stabilizer(s) are dissolved in
Dispersion_polymerization
Biodegradable polymer
ring-opening polymerization of lactide [–C(CH 3)HC(=O)O–] 2, the cyclic dimer of the basic repeating unit. Often PLA is blended with other polymers. PLA can
Polylactic_acid
Group of polymers derived from vinyl monomers
stable to undergo polymerization. Vinyl polymers are subject of several structural variations, which greatly expands the range of polymers and their applications
Vinyl_polymer
reversible-deactivation polymerization RDP. Living free radical polymerization is a type of living polymerization where the active polymer chain end is a free
Living free-radical polymerization
Living_free-radical_polymerization
Most common thermoplastic polymer
Chromium Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization". In Hoff, Ray; Mathers, Robert T. (eds.). Handbook of Transition Metal Polymerization Catalysts. John Wiley &
Polyethylene
Stable dispersion of polymer microparticles in an aqueous medium
Stanisław Penczek; Robert F. T. Stepto (2011). "Terminology of polymers and polymerization processes in dispersed systems (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)"
Latex
Polymer derived from more than one species of monomer
all of which are formed by chain-growth polymerization. Another production mechanism is step-growth polymerization, which is used to produce the nylon-12/6/66
Copolymer
Material of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids
View chart definition. Plastics are produced in chemical plants by the polymerization of their starting materials (monomers); which are almost always petrochemical
Plastic
polymerisation is a form of polymerization that is catalyzed by transition metal salts and complexes. Coordination polymerization started in the 1950s with
Coordination_polymerization
Type of chain polymerization
Living radical polymerization Living free radical polymerization Controlled/"living" radical polymerization Controlled radical polymerization Reversible deactivation
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
Reversible-deactivation_radical_polymerization
Chemical reaction that produces polymers
addition−fragmentation chain transfer or RAFT polymerization is one of several kinds of reversible deactivation radical polymerization. It makes use of a chain transfer
Reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization
Reversible_addition−fragmentation_chain-transfer_polymerization
Catalyst for synthesis of polymers of 1-alkenes
Heterogeneous supported catalysts based on titanium compounds are used in polymerization reactions in combination with cocatalysts, organoaluminum compounds
Ziegler–Natta_catalyst
Living polymerization, the synthesis of polymers with specific architectures becomes more and more facile. Architectures such as star polymers, comb polymers
Polymer_architecture
Relative conformational uniformity of repeating units in a macromolecule
polymerization, the next monomer to be inserted will have the same stereochemistry as the previous monomer, while in a syndioselective polymerization
Tacticity
Measure of heterogeneity of particle or molecular sizes
synthetic polymers, it can vary greatly due to reactant ratio, how close the polymerization went to completion, etc. For typical addition polymerization, Đ can
Dispersity
Field of physics that studies polymers
radius of gyration of the polymer, N {\displaystyle N} is the number of bond segments (equal to the degree of polymerization) of the chain and ν {\displaystyle
Polymer_physics
Polymer whose backbone does not contain carbon
salt. Inorganic polymers are formed, like organic polymers, by: Step-growth polymerization: Polysiloxanes; Chain-growth polymerization: Polysilanes; Ring-opening
Inorganic_polymer
Solid conductive electrolyte
polymer Al-e-caps as well as in polymer Ta-e-caps. The problem with the polymerization of PPy was the rate of polymerization. When pyrrole is mixed with the
Polymer_capacitor
Polymer with a backbone of one composite and random branches of another composite
constitution and degree of polymerization, and the side chains are identical with respect to constitution and degree of polymerization, the macromolecule is
Graft_polymer
Chain polymerization involving cyclic monomers
polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization in which the terminus of a polymer chain attacks cyclic monomers
Ring-opening_polymerization
Chemical compounds used in adhesives and sealants
Silyl-modified polymers (SMP; also silane-modified polymers, modified-silane polymers, MS polymers, silane-terminated polymers, etc.) are polymers terminating
Silyl_modified_polymers
Family of proteins that form microfilaments
filaments is reversible, and their function often involves undergoing rapid polymerization and depolymerization. Second, microfilaments are polarized – i.e. the
Actin
Type of chain-growth polymerisation reaction involving cyclic olefins
In polymer chemistry, ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) is a type of chain-growth polymerization involving olefin metathesis. The reaction
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization
Ring-opening_metathesis_polymerization
Chemical compound
the smallest polyoxymethylene, the polymerization product of formaldehyde with a typical degree of polymerization of 8–100 units. Paraformaldehyde commonly
Paraformaldehyde
Category of polymers, in which the monomers are joined together by ester links
Progress in Polymer Science. 30 (10): 949–81. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2005.06.010. Nuyken O, Pask SD (April 2013). "Ring-Opening Polymerization—An Introductory
Polyester
Early synthetic polymer developed as a textile fiber
redirect targets Step-growth polymerization – Type of polymerization reaction mechanism Actually the most common nylon polymers are made from hexamethylenediamine
Nylon
Subfield of materials science concerned with polymers
Polymer science or macromolecular science is a subfield of materials science concerned with polymers, primarily synthetic polymers such as plastics and
Polymer_science
Functional group at the extremity of an oligomer or other macromolecule
macromolecule or oligomer (IUPAC). In polymer synthesis, like condensation polymerization and free-radical types of polymerization, end-groups are commonly used
End_group
Plastic that softens with heat and hardens on cooling
Modification of the polymer through copolymerization or through the addition of non-reactive side chains to monomers before polymerization can also lower it
Thermoplastic
Lithium-ion battery using a polymer electrolyte
Hyun-Kon (May 2019). "Gel Polymer Electrolytes: Gel/Solid Polymer Electrolytes Characterized by In Situ Gelation or Polymerization for Electrochemical Energy
Lithium_polymer_battery
Chemical compound
low-density PE. The former is produced by free-radical polymerization and the latter by coordination polymerization (e.g. Ziegler-Natta catalysis. LDPE is a thermoplastic
Low-density_polyethylene
mechanical properties. The molecular mass of a polymer differs from typical molecules, in that polymerization reactions produce a distribution of molecular
Polymer_characterization
Light, strong and rigid composite material
Carbon fiber (or fibre)-reinforced polymers are extremely strong and light fiber-reinforced plastics that contain carbon fibers. CFRPs can be expensive
Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer
Carbon-fiber_reinforced_polymer
Copolymers via Chain Shuttling Polymerization” Science Vol. 312 May 2006. 10.1126/science.1125268 "Ziegler-Natta Polymerization". Gibson, V. “Shuttling Polyolefins
Chain shuttling polymerization
Chain_shuttling_polymerization
type of polymerization. The masking can be removed after polymerization so that they regain their pH-sensitive functionality. Living polymerization is often
PH-sensitive_polymers
Macromolecule with repeating units linked by amide bonds
silk. Artificially made polyamides can be made through step-growth polymerization or solid-phase synthesis yielding materials such as nylons, aramids
Polyamide
Possible alternative polymerization process
Enzymatic polymerization is a potential area in polymer research, providing a sustainable and adaptable alternative to conventional polymerization processes
Enzymatic_polymerization
Runaway polymerization reaction
overall rate of a free-radical polymerization system has been noted in many bulk polymerization systems. The polymerization of methyl methacrylate, for example
Autoacceleration
Polymers with polar and nonpolar functionalities
combination of polymerization techniques including: post-functionalization, ROMP/hydrogenation, ADMET/hydrogenation, radical polymerization, and catalytic
Functionalized_polyolefins
Chemistry subdiscipline
Institute of NYU). Polymers are high molecular mass compounds formed by polymerization of monomers. They are synthesized by the polymerization process and can
Polymer_chemistry
Chemical compound
Sharkey, William H. (1975). "Polymerization through the carbon-sulfur double bond". Polymerization. Advances in Polymer Science. Vol. 17. pp. 73–103.
Thioacetone
Type of chemical synthesis
emulsion polymerization were compared, which found that the products were comparable. While juxtaposed against free-radical polymerization, the application
Automated_synthesis
Chemical process
reaction that generates a crosslinked network of polymers through radical polymerization or cationic polymerization. UV curing is adaptable to printing, coating
UV_curing
non-covalent polymerization in supramolecular chemistry is highly dependent on the interactions during the self-assembly process. The degree of polymerization depends
Two-dimensional_polymer
Chemical compound
polymer is linear. With a multifunctional initiator like glycerine, pentaerythritol or sorbitol the polymer branches out. Conventional polymerization
Polypropylene_glycol
Technique for creating microscopic structures
exploit cationic polymerization. One of the best known epoxy resin is SU-8, which allows thin film deposition (up to 500 μm) and polymerization of structures
Multiphoton_lithography
Method of radical polymerization
Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization is a method of radical polymerization that makes use of an nitroxide initiator to generate polymers with well controlled
Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization
Nitroxide-mediated_radical_polymerization
Material composed of at least two polymers mixed together
joint polymerization of more than one kind of polymer. A new polymers modification process, based on a simple mechanical mixture of two polymers first
Polymer_blend
advances in insertion polymerization and post-polymerization can be used to produce telechelic polyolefins. Telechelic polymers are important in the preparation
Telechelic_polymer
Materials that can retain several shapes
synthesized by either polymerization with multifunctional (3 or more) crosslinker or by subsequent crosslinking of a linear or branched polymer. They form insoluble
Shape-memory_polymer
Chemical compound
formed by ring-opening polymerization; this makes it a special case in the comparison between condensation and addition polymers. Its competition with
Nylon_6
Partial alignment of polymer molecular chains
individual monomers but not the resulting polymer. When a certain degree of polymerization is reached, the polymerized and partially crystallized product precipitates
Crystallization_of_polymers
Engineering field studying polymer materials
petrochemical industry, polymerization, structure and characterization of polymers, properties of polymers, compounding and processing of polymers and description
Polymer_engineering
reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (Cu-based RDRP) is a member of the class of reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. In this system, various
Copper-based reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
Copper-based_reversible-deactivation_radical_polymerization
Macromolecule involving monomeric sequence-control
promising biological polymerization method for synthesis of sequence-controlled polymers. Other than biological polymerization methods, scientists have
Sequence-controlled_polymer
Attachment of side chains to the backbone chain of a polymer
thermosets or interpenetrating polymer networks. A dendrimer is a repetitively branched compound. In free radical polymerization, branching occurs when a chain
Branching_(polymer_chemistry)
Alteration in the polymer properties under the influence of environmental factors
plastic polymers. The major chemical changes are oxidation and chain scission, leading to a reduction in the molecular weight and degree of polymerization of
Polymer_degradation
Polymer formation through individual independent addition reactions
and Py denote chains of degrees of polymerization x and y, respectively. 2. The earlier term 'addition polymerization' embraced both the current concepts
Polyaddition
Class of organic compounds
that the polymerization has the features of a living polymerization system. The process takes place without termination and transfer of the polymer chain
Glucan
Organic polymers that conduct electricity
voltage to electrodes, redox reaction to synthesize polymer is promoted. Electro (co)polymerization can also be divided into Cyclic voltammetry and Potentiostatic
Conductive_polymer
Substances which prevent monomers from self-polymerizing
In polymer chemistry, polymerisation inhibitors (US: polymerization inhibitors) are chemical compounds added to monomers to prevent their self-polymerisation
Polymerisation_inhibitor
Anionic polyelectrolyte polymer
Inverse emulsion polymerization requires water, monomers, and a surfactant. Also, inverse emulsion polymerization is used to polymerize hydrophilic monomers
Sodium_polyacrylate
Polymer with synthetic molecular receptor
radical or other polymerization initiator, 5) porogenic solvent and 6) extraction solvent. According to polymerization method and final polymer format one or
Molecularly_imprinted_polymer
Lattice model of polymer solutions
Flory–Huggins solution theory is a lattice model of the thermodynamics of polymer solutions which takes account of the great dissimilarity in molecular sizes
Flory–Huggins_solution_theory
Natural or synthetic substance that is significantly longer than it is wide
which the chemist synthesizes from low-molecular weight compounds by polymerization (chain-building) reactions. The earliest semi-synthetic fiber is the
Fiber
Chemical compound
obtained from N-vinylcarbazole by radical polymerization in various ways. It can be produced by suspension polymerization at 180 °C with sodium chloride and
Polyvinylcarbazole
Chemical compound
rubber the composition of each polymer can vary (depending on the concentrations of each monomer added to the polymerization tank and the conditions within
Nitrile_rubber
Chemical compound
Controlled polymerization techniques, such as RAFT and NMP can be used for the direct polymerization of MAA. In contrast, polymerization of acidic monomers
Poly(methacrylic_acid)
Synthetic rubber polymer
additives can be removed from the polymer. Solution-SBR is produced by an anionic polymerization process. Polymerization is initiated by alkyl lithium compounds
Styrene-butadiene
Atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron; typically highly reactive
hydroxyl radicals (HO•).[citation needed] Many polymerization reactions are initiated by radicals. Polymerization involves an initial radical adding to non-radical
Radical_(chemistry)
Organic polymer made of the repeating unit [C2H2]
cryogenics to produce usable polymer. Gas-phase polymerization typically produces irregular cuprene, whereas liquid-phase polymerization, conducted at −78 °C
Polyacetylene
have been developed and employed for the polymerization of o-phthalaldehyde. Most notably, living polymerization methods are among the most common and promising
Poly(phthalaldehyde)
POLYMERIZATION
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Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Attractive King
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, British, English
From the Stag's Ford
Girl/Female
Tamil
Musical instrument worn by the dancer
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vanhishka | வஹீஷà¯à®•à®¾
Boy/Male
American, British, English, Greek
Descendant of Dorus; Place Name; From Doris
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Welsh
Fair; Good; Blend of Glenda and Linda
Male
English
 Variant spelling of English Garrett, GARRET means "spear ruler."
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sound of flowing water, Gentle sound of water
Boy/Male
Australian, English
A Calm Person
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Flowing of a River; Zeal
POLYMERIZATION
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POLYMERIZATION
n.
Any one of two or more substances related to each other by polymerism; specifically, a substance produced from another substance by chemical polymerization.
v. i.
To undergo polymerization.
v. t.
To cause polymerization of; to produce polymers from; to increase the molecular weight of, without changing the atomic proportions; thus, certain acids polymerize aldehyde.
n.
A white crystalline substance isomeric with, and obtained from, acetic aldehyde by polymerization, and reconvertible into the same.
v. i.
To change into another substance having the same atomic proportions, but a higher molecular weight; to undergo polymerization; thus, aldehyde polymerizes in forming paraldehyde.
n.
The act or process of changing to a polymeric form; the condition resulting from such change.