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Polymer produced via a condensation reaction
In polymer chemistry, condensation polymers are any kind of polymers whose process of polymerization involves a condensation reaction (i.e. a small molecule
Condensation_polymer
Chemical reaction to form polymer chains
Most step-growth polymers are also classified as condensation polymers, since a small molecule such as water is lost when the polymer chain is lengthened
Polymerization
Type of polymerization reaction mechanism
(when the propagation steps are condensation reactions and molecules are evolved during these steps). Most natural polymers employed at early stages of human
Step-growth_polymerization
Longest chain of covalently-bonded atoms in a polymer
backbone reconstruction. Carbohydrates arise by condensation of monosaccharides such as glucose. The polymers can be classified into oligosaccharides (up
Polymer_backbone
Chemical reaction where molecules are combined and a small molecule is lost
Fakirov, S. (2019-02-01). "Condensation Polymers: Their Chemical Peculiarities Offer Great Opportunities". Progress in Polymer Science. 89: 1–18. doi:10
Condensation_reaction
Section of a polymer whose repetition would reproduce the polymer chain
-[CH2-CH(C6H5)]-. In many condensation polymers, the repeat unit contains two structural units related to the comonomers which have been polymerized. For example,
Repeat_unit
Molecule which reacts with other monomers to form a polymer
respectively By type of polymer they form: those that participate in condensation polymerization those that participate in addition polymerization Differing stoichiometry
Monomer
Chemical compound
polycaprolactam is a polymer, in particular semicrystalline polyamide. Unlike most other nylons, nylon 6 is not a condensation polymer, but instead is formed
Nylon_6
Polymerization mechanism
introduced the terms addition polymer and condensation polymer to describe polymers made by addition reactions and condensation reactions respectively. However
Chain-growth_polymerization
Polymer formed from a chemical reaction with no by-products
products. Addition polymerization differs from condensation polymerization, which does co-generate a product, usually water. Addition polymers can be formed
Addition_polymer
Functional group at the extremity of an oligomer or other macromolecule
macromolecule or oligomer (IUPAC). In polymer synthesis, like condensation polymerization and free-radical types of polymerization, end-groups are commonly used
End_group
Substance composed of macromolecules with repeating structural units
IUPAC definition A polymer is a substance composed of macromolecules. A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of
Polymer
Early synthetic polymer developed as a textile fiber
the polymer chain is composed of a combination of terephthalic acid (TPA) and isophthalic acid (IPA). Nylon 66 and related polyamides are condensation polymers
Nylon
Alteration in the polymer properties under the influence of environmental factors
are addition polymers with all-carbon backbones that are more resistant to most types of degradation. PET and PC are condensation polymers which contain
Polymer_degradation
Biodegradable polymer
obtained by condensation of lactic acid C(CH 3)(OH)HCOOH with loss of water (hence its name). It can also be prepared by ring-opening polymerization of lactide
Polylactic_acid
Explosive materials where powder is bound together in a matrix with synthetic polymer
Polymer-bonded explosives, also called PBX or plastic-bonded explosives, are explosive materials in which explosive powder is bound together in a matrix
Polymer-bonded_explosive
State of matter
wavefunction interference, become apparent macroscopically. More generally, condensation refers to the appearance of macroscopic occupation of one or several
Bose–Einstein_condensate
Attachment of side chains to the backbone chain of a polymer
amide bonds is typically by a condensation reaction, producing one molecule of water (or HCl) for each bond formed. Polymers which are branched but not crosslinked
Branching_(polymer_chemistry)
Material of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids
wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic materials composed primarily of polymers. Their defining characteristic, plasticity, allows them to be molded, extruded
Plastic
Gaseous phase of water
water vapor is continuously generated by evaporation and removed by condensation. It is less dense than most of the other constituents of air and triggers
Water_vapor
Processes which convert waste plastic into new items
affects condensation polymers such as PET. Many of these problems have technological solutions, though they bear a financial cost. Advanced polymer stabilisers
Plastic_recycling
Subfield of materials science concerned with polymers
Polymer science or macromolecular science is a subfield of materials science concerned with polymers, primarily synthetic polymers such as plastics and
Polymer_science
Organic molecule with two different functional groups
species are used to produce complex materials. They participate in condensation polymerization like polyester and polyamide. Polyfunctional species have more
Bifunctionality
Plastic that softens with heat and hardens on cooling
temperature. Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) is obtained by the condensation polymerization of p-dichlorobenzene and sodium sulfide. PPS has desirable chemical
Thermoplastic
Chemical compounds used in adhesives and sealants
Silyl-modified polymers (SMP; also silane-modified polymers, modified-silane polymers, MS polymers, silane-terminated polymers, etc.) are polymers terminating
Silyl_modified_polymers
Chemical compound
produced by a method called condensation polymerization or transesterification. The two monomer units used in producing this polymer are: 1,3-propanediol and
Polytrimethylene terephthalate
Polytrimethylene_terephthalate
Critical temperature of miscibility in a mixture
lower temperatures. The UCST and LCST of polymer mixtures generally depend on polymer degree of polymerization and polydispersity. The seminal statistical
Upper critical solution temperature
Upper_critical_solution_temperature
Chemical compound
Polyaspartic acid (PASA) is a biodegradable, water-soluble condensation polymer based on the amino acid aspartic acid. It is a biodegradable replacement
Polyaspartic_acid
Chemical reaction that produces polymers
addition−fragmentation chain transfer or RAFT polymerization is one of several kinds of reversible deactivation radical polymerization. It makes use of a chain transfer
Reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization
Reversible_addition−fragmentation_chain-transfer_polymerization
Polymer derived from more than one species of monomer
In polymer chemistry, a copolymer is a polymer derived from more than one species of monomer. The polymerization of monomers into copolymers is called
Copolymer
Various fibre-based materials
cotton and wool, have a condensation polymer type, whereas synthetic fibres can have either an additive or a condensation polymer type. For example, acrylic
Textile
Lattice model of polymer solutions
Flory–Huggins solution theory is a lattice model of the thermodynamics of polymer solutions which takes account of the great dissimilarity in molecular sizes
Flory–Huggins_solution_theory
Polymer produced by a living organism
(journal) Condensation polymers Condensed tannins DNA sequence Food microbiology § Microbial biopolymers Melanin Non food crops Phosphoramidite Polymer chemistry
Biopolymer
Highly viscous liquid exhibiting a kind of semi-solid behavior
network structure may result from physical bonds such as polymer chain entanglements (see polymers) (physical gels) or chemical bonds such as disulfide bonds
Gel
Method of radical polymerization
Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization is a method of radical polymerization that makes use of an alkoxyamine initiator to generate polymers with well controlled
Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization
Nitroxide-mediated_radical_polymerization
Polymerization process involving free radicals as repeating units
In polymer chemistry, radical polymerization (RP) is a method of polymerization by which a polymer forms by the successive addition of a radical to building
Radical_polymerization
Molecules derived from sulfur chains
number of sulfur atoms (or "rank"). Polysulfide polymers can be synthesized by condensation polymerization reactions between organic dihalides and alkali
Polysulfide
Chemical compound
key to the industrialization of nylon 46. It's a condensation polymer. In condensation polymerization reactions, when monomer molecules are joined together
Nylon_46
Macromolecule with repeating units linked by amide bonds
carboxylic acid or acid chloride groups. The condensation reaction is used to synthetically produce nylon polymers in industry. Nylons must specifically include
Polyamide
Aromatic polyamide synthetic fibre
landed on Mars on February 18, 2021. Technora is produced by condensation polymerization of terephthaloyl chloride (TCl) with a mixture of p-phenylenediamine
Technora
Scientific experiment
Stephanie L. (April 1959). "The nylon rope trick: Demonstration of condensation polymerization". J. Chem. Educ. 36 (4): 182. Bibcode:1959JChEd..36..182M. doi:10
Nylon_rope_trick
Category of polymers, in which the monomers are joined together by ester links
the condensation product continuously and efficiently from the reaction medium in order to drive the equilibrium towards polymer. The condensation product
Polyester
Polymer architecture in polymer science relates to the way branching leads to a deviation from a strictly linear polymer chain. Branching may occur randomly
Polymer_architecture
Polymer
PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P) is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibres for clothing, containers
Polyethylene_terephthalate
Process of compacting DNA molecules
DNA condensation refers to the process of compacting DNA molecules in vitro or in vivo. Mechanistic details of DNA packing are essential for its functioning
DNA_condensation
Conspiracy theory about contrails
conspiracy theory /ˈkɛmtreɪl/ is the erroneous belief that long-lasting condensation trails left in the sky by high-flying aircraft are actually "chemtrails"
Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory
American chemist who invented Kevlar (1923–2014)
new polymers as well as a new condensation process that takes place at lower temperatures around 0 to 40 °C (32 to 104 °F). The melt condensation polymerization
Stephanie_Kwolek
Class of chemical compounds
Zaneveld, L. J. D.; Klotman, M. E. (2002-11-15). "Mandelic Acid Condensation Polymer: Novel Candidate Microbicide for Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency
Alpha_hydroxycarboxylic_acid
Type of polyamide
polyamide or nylon. Unlike most other nylons, nylon 1,6 is not a condensation polymer, but instead is formed by an acid-catalyzed synthesis from adiponitrile
Nylon_1,6
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is an example of a reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. Like its counterpart, ATRA, or atom transfer
Atom transfer radical polymerization
Atom_transfer_radical_polymerization
Possible alternative polymerization process
industrial applications. Enzymatic polymerization can happen in a variety of ways, including: Condensation Polymerization: Enzymes such as lipases and proteases
Enzymatic_polymerization
Soft water-rich polymer gel
fluid. The solid phase is a water insoluble three dimensional network of polymers, having absorbed a large amount of water or biological fluids. Hydrogels
Hydrogel
Synthetic materials with properties similar to natural resins
vinyl toluene and various acrylates. Unsaturated polyesters are condensation polymers formed from polyols (also known as polyhydric alcohols), which have
Synthetic_resin
Equation in polymer science
particular polymer-solvent system as well as temperature. a {\textstyle a} is related to the polymer's hydrodynamic volume, and thus the solvated polymer's typical
Mark–Houwink_equation
Semi-crystalline high-temperature plastic in the Nylon family
thermoplastic, are theoretically fully recyclable by remelting, and as a condensation polymer by depolymerization. Commercial recycling requires the cost of logistics
Polyphthalamide
Relative conformational uniformity of repeating units in a macromolecule
diads, and longer sequences such as triads, tetrads, and pentads. In vinyl polymers, an isotactic macromolecule predominantly has the same stereochemical relationship
Tacticity
Temperature below which components of a mixture are miscible
of polymer solutions is an important property involved in the development and design of most polymer-related processes. Partially miscible polymer solutions
Lower critical solution temperature
Lower_critical_solution_temperature
is a type of step-growth, condensation polymerization. It should be distinguished from ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), which is a chain-growth
Acyclic_diene_metathesis
Chemical compound
Stephanie L. (April 1959). "The nylon rope trick: Demonstration of condensation polymerization". Journal of Chemical Education. 36 (4): 182. Bibcode:1959JChEd
Sebacoyl_chloride
Type of bicyclic heterocyclic monomer
are products of condensation between an amine, a phenol and formaldehyde, used to produce thermoset resins or thermosetting polymer. Because of the wide
Polybenzoxazine
Chemical compound
concentrated on aromatic condensation polymers but the amide linkage proved to be weak link for the aim of maximal thermal stability of the polymer, whereas Marvel's
Polybenzimidazole
Biodegradable polymer
tradename Bionolle, these polyesters are synthesized via melt condensation polymerization followed by a chain-extension with a diisocyanate. Much later
Polybutylene_succinate
Type of double stranded polymer which resembles a ladder in structure
chemistry, a ladder polymer is a type of double stranded polymer with the connectivity of a ladder. In a typical one-dimensional polymer, e.g. polyethylene
Ladder_polymer
Polymer characterization is the analytical branch of polymer science. The discipline is concerned with the characterization of polymeric materials on a
Polymer_characterization
Polymerization reaction among insoluble monomers in a solution
used for condensation, ionic, or Ziegler-Natta polymerization, although some exceptions are known. The early history of emulsion polymerization is connected
Emulsion_polymerization
Field of physics that studies polymers
Polymer physics is the field of physics that studies polymers, their fluctuations, mechanical properties, as well as the kinetics of reactions involving
Polymer_physics
Phenomenon of attracting and holding water molecules
Hygroscopy is "exhibited in the most comprehensive sense, as displayed in the condensation of the water-vapour of the air on the cold surface of a glass; in the
Hygroscopy
Substances that can repair themselves
properties. Although the most common types of self-healing materials are polymers or elastomers, self-healing covers all classes of materials, including
Self-healing_material
Process in mitosis and meiosis
Chromosome condensation refers to the process by which dispersed interphase chromatin is transformed into a set of compact, rod-shaped structures during
Chromosome_condensation
Chemical compound
coumarin and a variety of chelating agents. Salicylaldehyde is produced by condensation of phenol with formaldehyde to give hydroxybenzyl alcohol, which is oxidized
Salicylaldehyde
molecular weight polymers provides enhanced mechanical and flammability performance compared to epoxy and phenolic resins. Formed by the condensation reaction
Thermoset_polymer_matrix
Water distillation and purification system using solar energy
sunlight. Still types include large scale concentrated solar stills and condensation traps. In a solar still, impure water is contained outside the collector
Solar_still
Type of chemical synthesis
involves the formation of polymers through condensation reactions between different species, creating condensation polymers. With automated synthesis
Automated_synthesis
Formula for the degree of polymerization
case refers to the formation of a strictly linear polymer by the reaction (usually by condensation) of two monomers in equimolar quantities. An example
Carothers_equation
Chemical compound
risk associated with their digestion. Anoxomer is prepared by condensation polymerization of divinylbenzene and a mixture of antioxidant monomers including
Anoxomer
which became a division of DuPont. M5 fiber is prepared by a condensation polymerization between tetraaminopyridine and dihydroxyterephthalic acid using
M5_fiber
American chemist and inventor (1896–1937)
are examples of condensation polymers formed by step-growth polymerization. Carothers worked out the theory of step-growth polymerization and derived the
Wallace_Carothers
Chemical compound
Stephanie L. (April 1959). "The nylon rope trick: Demonstration of condensation polymerization". J. Chem. Educ. 36 (4): 182. Bibcode:1959JChEd..36..182M. doi:10
Adipoyl_chloride
Synthetic fibre known for its elasticity
the polymer degrades upon melting. Spandex fibers are produced by several spinning technologies. Typically, a concentrated solution of the polymer is drawn
Spandex
Elastomer composed of silicone
alkaline. Two-part condensation systems package the cross-linker and condensation catalyst together in one part while the polymer and any fillers or pigments
Silicone_rubber
Type of hydrogel
specialized type of polymer hydrogel. A hydrogel is a macromolecular polymer gel constructed of a network of crosslinked polymer chains. Hydrogels are
Self-healing_hydrogels
been prepared by melt condensation polymerization, which results in high molecular weight polymers. Melt condensation polymerization involves reacting dicarboxylic
Polyanhydride
Hard, thermosetting plastic material often used in dinnerware
surface modifier for this resin. Melamine-formaldehyde resin forms via the condensation of formaldehyde with melamine to give, under idealized conditions, the
Melamine_resin
Device which reduces humidity
condenser (F) where it is heated by the latent energy removed during the condensation process as well as the energy input to the compressor. The warm dry air
Dehumidifier
Method for producing solid materials from small molecules
oxides as the result of differing hydrolysis and condensation rates, the entrapment of cations in a polymer network is an effective approach, generally termed
Sol–gel_process
reversible-deactivation polymerization RDP. Living free radical polymerization is a type of living polymerization where the active polymer chain end is a free
Living free-radical polymerization
Living_free-radical_polymerization
Collapse of a macromolecule from an expanded coil state to a collapsed globule state
In polymer physics, the coil–globule transition is the collapse of a macromolecule from an expanded coil state through an ideal coil state to a collapsed
Coil–globule_transition
Occurrence in collective excitations
Bose–Einstein condensation can occur in quasiparticles, particles that are effective descriptions of collective excitations in materials. Some have integer
Bose–Einstein condensation of quasiparticles
Bose–Einstein_condensation_of_quasiparticles
Probability distribution in chemistry
Paul J. (October 1936). "Molecular Size Distribution in Linear Condensation Polymers". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 58 (10): 1877–1885.
Flory–Schulz_distribution
Instrument for measuring humidity
indicate the humidity. Modern electronic devices use the temperature of condensation (called the dew point), or they sense changes in electrical capacitance
Hygrometer
Device that extracts drinkable water from humid air
producing potable water. Water vapor in the air can be extracted either by condensation — cooling the air below its dew point, exposing the air to desiccants
Atmospheric_water_generator
Chain-growth polymerization without the ability to terminate
In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been
Living_polymerization
Class of polymers
Polyimide (sometimes abbreviated PI) is a polymer containing imide groups belonging to the class of high-performance plastics. With their high heat-resistance
Polyimide
Type of size-exclusion chromatography
crystalline polyalkynes and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) for crystalline condensation polymers such as polyamides and polyesters. There are two types of pumps
Gel_permeation_chromatography
Process for breaking-down polymers
process followed by an anhydrous cracking / distillation process. Condensation polymers bearing cleavable groups such as esters and amides can also be completely
Thermal_depolymerization
Family of polymers
perfluorinated group such as trifluoromethyl (CF3)). The properties of these polymers are similar to those of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Compared to PTFE
Perfluoroalkoxy_alkane
American chemist (1902–1994)
Extending the work of Carothers at Du Pont, he investigated the condensation polymers polyester and polyamide. Bell was seeking an ideal insulator to
Calvin_Souther_Fuller
Chemical compound
building block in the polymer industry. TMP is produced industrially via a two step process, starting with the aldol condensation of butyraldehyde with
Trimethylolpropane
Industrial and food chemical
linear or branched structure. In either case, amodimethicone polymers will undergo a condensation cure reaction during drying to form a somewhat durable elastomeric
Polydimethylsiloxane
Measure of heterogeneity of particle or molecular sizes
droplets in a cloud, crystals in a rock, or polymer macromolecules in a solution or a solid polymer mass. Polymers can be described by molecular mass distribution;
Dispersity
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