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In fiber optic technology, a reference surface is that surface of an optical fiber that is used to contact the transverse-alignment elements of a component
Reference_surface
Reference surface for vertical positions
hydrography and navigation, vertical datum or altimetric datum is a reference coordinate surface used for vertical positions, such as the elevations of Earth-bound
Vertical_datum
Series of personal computers, tablets and interactive whiteboards by Microsoft
models (Surface RT and Surface 2) ran on ARM32, and a select handful of models starting with the Surface Pro X in 2019 run on ARM64. The Surface line has
Microsoft_Surface
Third planet from the Sun
being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its ocean, which covers
Earth
System to specify locations on Earth
spatial reference system (SRS) or coordinate reference system (CRS) is a framework used to precisely measure locations on, or relative to, the surface of Earth
Spatial_reference_system
Geographic coordinate specifying north-south position
approximate the geoid by a mathematically simpler reference surface. The simplest choice for the reference surface is a sphere, but the geoid is more accurately
Latitude
Software environment vulnerable to attack
The attack surface of a software environment is the sum of the different points (for "attack vectors") where an unauthorized user (the "attacker") can
Attack_surface
Abstract coordinate system
observational frame of reference centered at a point on the Earth's surface. This frame of reference orbits around the center of the Earth, which introduces the
Frame_of_reference
Two-dimensional manifold
surfaces arise as graphs of functions of two variables; see the figure at right. However, surfaces can also be defined abstractly, without reference to
Surface_(topology)
Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area
Surface tension is the energy per unit area due to having a surface in a liquid. It has the dimension of force per unit length, or energy per unit area
Surface_tension
Point of reference against which some others are calculated
such as a point, line, plane, hole, set of holes, or pair of surfaces. It serves as a reference in defining the geometry of the object and (often) in measuring
Datum_reference
Ocean shape without winds and tides
force than the surrounding areas. The geoid in turn serves as a reference coordinate surface for various vertical coordinates, such as orthometric heights
Geoid
Algebraic surface with special triviality properties
the standard reference book for compact complex surfaces. Bombieri, Enrico; Mumford, David (1976), "Enriques' classification of surfaces in char. p. III
Enriques_surface
Amount of evaporation
evapotranspiration is calculated at a nearby climatic station on a reference surface, conventionally on land dominated by short grass (though this may
Potential_evapotranspiration
System to specify locations on Earth
Hemispheres. The longitude λ of a point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that
Geographic_coordinate_system
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
as the largest and most massive in relation to its parent planet. Its surface gravity is about one-sixth of Earth's, about half that of Mars, and the
Moon
Body of salt water covering most of Earth
The ocean's surface is an important reference point for oceanography and geography, particularly as mean sea level. The ocean surface has globally little
Ocean
Surface conductivity is an additional conductivity of an electrolyte in the vicinity of the charged interfaces. Surface and volume conductivity of liquids
Surface_conductivity
French short range air defense system
short-range air defence (SHORAD) missile system that can be used from vehicles, surface ships, and helicopters, as well as in a portable configuration. The "Mistral"
Mistral_(missile)
Concept in classical mechanics
of a rotating reference frame is the surface of the Earth. All non-inertial reference frames exhibit fictitious forces; rotating reference frames are characterized
Rotating_reference_frame
1986 studio album by Surface
Surface is the debut studio album from the band of the same name. Three years after releasing the midtempo boogie track "Falling in Love" on Salsoul,
Surface_(Surface_album)
Reference frame for measuring location
geodetic reference datum, geodetic reference system, or geodetic reference frame, or terrestrial reference frame) is a global datum reference or reference frame
Geodetic_datum
American football player (born 1983)
interception, Rodgers expressed frustration by throwing down a Microsoft Surface tablet. The Packers ended up losing the game 29–37. On December 3, 2015
Aaron_Rodgers
Human-computer interaction paradigm
and mouse, the user interacts with a surface. Typically the surface is a touch-sensitive screen, though other surface types like non-flat three-dimensional
Surface_computing
hyperelliptic surface, or bi-elliptic surface, is a minimal surface whose Albanese morphism is an elliptic fibration without singular fibres. Any such surface can
Hyperelliptic_surface
Science of measuring the shape, orientation, and gravity of Earth
("real") surface. The reference ellipsoid, however, has many possible instantiations and is not readily realizable, so it is an abstract surface. The third
Geodesy
Ancient site in North Yorkshire, England
shows the remains of a continuous surface metalled with closely fitted slabs of sandstone[3] with flat upper surfaces.[4] The average size of a slab is
Wade's_Causeway
Mathematical idealization of the surface of a body
In mathematics, a surface is a mathematical model of the common concept of a surface. It is a generalization of a plane, but, unlike a plane, it may be
Surface_(mathematics)
Biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from its outside environment
and serve as transporters, and peripheral proteins that attach to the surface of the cell membrane, acting as enzymes to facilitate interaction with
Cell_membrane
Geometric figure which approximates the Earth's shape
are two types of ellipsoid: mean and reference. A data set which describes the global average of the Earth's surface curvature is called the mean Earth
Earth_ellipsoid
Fundamental concept of classical mechanics
geodesic motion in spacetime. Due to Earth's rotation, its surface is not an inertial frame of reference. The Coriolis effect can deflect certain forms of motion
Inertial_frame_of_reference
in the world larger than 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi). For size and location reference, the four continental landmasses are also included. All landmasses are
List_of_islands_by_area
Shape of the ocean surface relative to the geoid
Ocean surface topography or sea surface topography, also called ocean dynamic topography, are highs and lows on the ocean surface, similar to the hills
Ocean_surface_topography
Type of mining in which the soil/rock above mineral deposits is removed
Surface mining, including strip mining, open-pit mining and mountaintop removal mining, is a broad category of mining in which soil and rock overlying
Surface_mining
Measures to combat enemy aerial forces
nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action". It encompasses surface-based, subsurface (submarine-launched), and air-based weapon systems, in
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Type of non-Euclidean geometry
also the geometry of pseudospherical surfaces, surfaces with a constant negative Gaussian curvature. Saddle surfaces have negative Gaussian curvature in
Hyperbolic_geometry
Natural surface created by rock erosion
for different rock types. Rate of rock surface recession can be measured by using reference points or reference planes and measure the distance among those
Erosion_surface
Measure of skin area affected by an ailment
(PASI) score, the patient's palm can serve a reference point roughly equivalent to 1% of the body surface area. For children and infants, the Lund and
Total_body_surface_area
Abode of the dead, in various cultures
Religions typically locate Hell in another dimension or under Earth's surface. Other afterlife destinations include heaven, paradise, purgatory, limbo
Hell
Type of warship
Surface combatants (or surface ships or surface vessels) are a subset of naval warships which are designed for warfare on the surface of the water, with
Surface_combatant
One of the Great Lakes of North America
and depth (923 ft; 281 m) after Lake Superior and the third-largest by surface area (22,300 square miles; 57,757 km2), after Lake Superior and Lake Huron
Lake_Michigan
Gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction with its environment
ions are bound to the surface. Two metals in electrical contact share the same electrons, so that the "tug-of-war" at each surface is analogous to competition
Corrosion
Apparent force in a rotating reference frame
effect over Earth's surface Animation clip showing scenes as viewed from both an inertial frame and a rotating frame of reference, visualizing the Coriolis
Coriolis_force
Planetary system consisting of the Sun and objects orbiting it
that orbit within the Sun's habitable zone, in which sunlight can keep surface water liquid under atmospheric pressure. Beyond the frost line at about
Solar_System
Flat surface used as a reference plane
A surface plate is a solid, flat plate used as the main horizontal reference plane for precision inspection, marking out (layout), and tooling setup. The
Surface_plate
Position along a vertical direction above or below a given vertical datum
plumb line direction) above or below a given vertical datum (a reference level surface, such as mean sea level). Vertical distance or vertical separation
Vertical_position
Largest dwarf planet
New Horizons, indicating that its surface is less than 10 million years old. Latest studies have shown that the surface has an age of 180000+90000 −40000
Pluto
Area of contact between two objects
A bearing surface in mechanical engineering is the area of contact between two objects. It usually is used in reference to bolted joints and bearings
Bearing_surface
Visible mass of particles suspended in the atmosphere
Genus types in the troposphere, the atmospheric layer closest to Earth's surface, have Latin names because of the universal adoption of Luke Howard's nomenclature
Cloud
Horizontal angle from north or other reference cardinal direction
the reference plane is the local area (e.g. a circular area with a 5 km radius at sea level) around an observer on Earth's surface, and the reference vector
Azimuth
Air-launched cruise missile
low-altitude flight to penetrate the Soviet air defense system centered on surface to air missiles. The deployment of the airborne early warning systems,
AGM-129_ACM
Altitude above geoid or mean sea level
vertical distance along the plumb line from a point of interest to a reference surface known as the geoid, the vertical datum that approximates mean sea
Orthometric_height
First planet from the Sun
rocky planet with a trace atmosphere and a surface gravity slightly higher than that of Mars. The surface of Mercury is similar to Earth's Moon, being
Mercury_(planet)
Innermost part of Earth, a solid ball of iron-nickel alloy
The temperature at its surface is estimated to be approximately 5,700 K (5,430 °C; 9,800 °F), about the temperature at the surface of the Sun. The inner
Earth's_inner_core
Lake in Lombardy, Italy
Lombardic Basin, an area shaped by a complex history of tectonic activity and surface processes. The region experienced significant rifting during the Mesozoic
Lake_Como
International prime meridian used for GPS and other systems
0° The IERS Reference Meridian (IRM), also called the International Reference Meridian, is the prime meridian (0° longitude) maintained by the International
IERS_Reference_Meridian
American football player (born 1994)
receiver. Following his rookie year, he received the nickname "Cheetah" in reference to his speed. He was selected to the Pro Bowl in each of his first eight
Tyreek_Hill
Species of fish
English name, sunfish, refers to the animal's habit of sunbathing at the surface of the sea. Its common names in Catalan, Dutch, French, German, Greek,
Ocean_sunfish
Franco-Italian surface-to-air missile family
and Aster 30 are a Franco-Italian family of all-weather, vertical launch surface-to-air missiles. The name "Aster" stands for "Aérospatiale Terminale",
Aster_(missile_family)
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
water is often referred to as the "universal solvent". Because Earth's surface temperature and pressure is relatively close to water's triple point, water
Water
Acoustic sensing method
distances (ranging), communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. "Sonar" can refer to one of two types
Sonar
British–French supersonic airliner
short-span, thin, trapezoidal wings such as those seen on the control surfaces of many missiles, or aircraft such as the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter interceptor
Concorde
NATO global coordinate reference system
defines a square grid area on the Earth's surface. The location of a specific point is therefore referenced by the MGRS coordinate of the area that contains
Military Grid Reference System
Military_Grid_Reference_System
Surface in 3D space defined by an implicit function of three variables
implicit surface is a surface in Euclidean space defined by an equation F ( x , y , z ) = 0. {\displaystyle F(x,y,z)=0.} An implicit surface is the set
Implicit_surface
Difference of a temperature from a reference value
Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures. Using reference values computed for distinct
Temperature_anomaly
Setting for pressure altimeters
aircraft above a known reference surface. This reference can be the mean sea level pressure (QNH), the pressure at a nearby surface airport (QFE), or the
Altimeter_setting
Static pressure exerted by the weight of the Earth's atmosphere
on the atmospheric gases above the surface and is a function of the mass of the planet, the radius of the surface, and the amount and composition of the
Atmospheric_pressure
Cartesian geographic coordinate system
coordinates and height onto a flat surface of a map. The datum, along with a map projection applied to a grid of reference locations, establishes a grid system
Projected_coordinate_system
Mobile surface-to-air missile air defense
name: SA-21 Growler), previously known as the S-300 PMU-3, is a mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) system developed in the 1990s by Russia's NPO Almaz
S-400_missile_system
Synthetic polymer
reground and reused.[citation needed] Corona discharge treatment of the surface to increase the energy and improve adhesion has been reported. PTFE is
Polytetrafluoroethylene
South Korean anti-ship missile
(Haeseong; Korean: 해성, Sea Star) is a ship-launched sea-skimming surface-to-surface anti-ship cruise missile developed by the South Korean Agency for
SSM-700K_C-Star
Composite construction material
asphalt concrete with a bitumen binder, which is frequently used for road surfaces, and polymer concretes that use polymers as a binder. Concrete is distinct
Concrete
Flow of excess rainwater not infiltrating in the ground over its surface
Surface runoff (also known as overland flow or terrestrial runoff) is the unconfined flow of water over the ground surface, in contrast to channel runoff
Surface_runoff
Surface of synthetic fibers made to look like natural grass
Artificial turf is a surface of synthetic fibers made to look like natural grass, used in sports arenas, residential lawns, and commercial applications
Artificial_turf
references to Jesus of Nazareth and one reference to John the Baptist. The first and most extensive reference to Jesus in the Antiquities, found in Book
Josephus_on_Jesus
Spectroscopic technique
the sample. There are many variations of Raman spectroscopy including surface-enhanced Raman, resonance Raman, tip-enhanced Raman, polarized Raman, stimulated
Raman_spectroscopy
Average temperature of the Earth's surface
Global surface temperature (GST) is the average temperature of Earth's surface at a given time. It is a combination of sea surface temperature and the
Global_surface_temperature
American air-to-surface missile
many other countries. It has also been fielded on surface platforms in the surface-to-surface and surface-to-air roles. Most variants are laser-guided, with
AGM-114_Hellfire
Academic journal
physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity which was cited thousands of times.
Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry
Temperature below which condensation occurs
When this occurs through the air's contact with a colder surface, the precipitate on that surface is dew. The dew point is affected by the air's absolute
Dew_point
Height of a geographic location above a fixed reference point
fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface (see Geodetic
Elevation
American low observable air-launched cruise missile
The AGM-158 Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile (AGM-158 JASSM, colloquially pronounced "jass-em"[citation needed]) is a low detection standoff air-launched
AGM-158_JASSM
Solid with 2 parallel n-gonal bases connected by n parallelograms
n . {\displaystyle V={\frac {n}{4}}hs^{2}\cot {\frac {\pi }{n}}.} The surface area of a right prism is: 2 B + P h , {\displaystyle 2B+Ph,} where B is
Prism_(geometry)
Branch of mathematics
geometry. For instance, planes can be studied as a topological surface without reference to distances or angles; it can be studied as an affine space,
Geometry
Conceptual design studies for crewed missions to Mars
support of planning for future human exploration of the Martian surface." The design reference missions are used for technology trade studies, to analyze the
Mars_Design_Reference_Mission
Brightest star in Earth's night sky
Sirius A, is a main-sequence star of spectral type early A, with an estimated surface temperature of 9,940 K. Its companion, Sirius B, is a star that has already
Sirius
surface probability is the amount of reflection of an antigen's secondary or tertiary structure to the outside of the molecule. A greater surface probability
Surface_probability
Type of inertial force
of reference. For example, an analysis of the motion of an object in an airliner in flight could be made relative to the airliner, to the surface of the
Centrifugal_force
1961–1972 American crewed lunar exploration program
Urban Legends Reference Pages. Retrieved September 19, 2009. Jones, Eric. "That may have been a small one for Neil..." Apollo 12 Lunar Surface Journal. NASA
Apollo_program
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
surface that is ahead during the motion (front surface) than on the back surface. The backwardacting force of pressure exerted on the front surface is
Light
process called a geodynamo. The magnitude of Earth's magnetic field at its surface ranges from 25,000 to 65,000 nT (0.25 to 0.65 G). As an approximation,
Earth's_magnetic_field
2024 film by Adam Wingard
King and the powerful, frost-breathing Shimo from invading the Earth's surface. Following the box office and streaming success of Godzilla vs. Kong during
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire
Godzilla_x_Kong:_The_New_Empire
Process of making an object or structure waterproof or water-resistant
siding, foundations, and all of the various penetrations through these surfaces must be water-resistant and sometimes waterproof. Roofing materials are
Waterproofing
Range of processes that alter the surface of an item to achieve a certain property
Surface finishing is a broad range of industrial processes that alter the surface of a manufactured item to achieve a certain property. Finishing processes
Surface_finishing
In mathematics, a Kodaira surface is a compact complex surface of Kodaira dimension 0 and odd first Betti number. The concept is named after Kunihiko Kodaira
Kodaira_surface
Annual tennis tournament held in Paris
currently held on this surface. Until 1975, the French Open was the only major tournament not played on grass. Due to the clay surface characteristics favoring
French_Open
Paste to assist accurate mating of surfaces
The coloured oil is rubbed onto a reference surface, and the workpiece is then rubbed against the coloured reference; the transfer (by contact) of the
Engineer's_blue
Primary organ of the respiratory system
lungs face the ribs, which make light indentations on their surfaces. The medial surfaces of the lungs face towards the centre of the chest, and lie against
Lung
Small benign skin tumor
of a grain of rice. The surface of an acrochordon may be smooth or irregular in appearance and is often raised from the surface of the skin on a fleshy
Skin_tag
Visual art using paint
practice of applying paint, pigment, color, or other medium to a solid surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush. Other implements
Painting
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