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In fiber optic technology, a reference surface is that surface of an optical fiber that is used to contact the transverse-alignment elements of a component
Reference_surface
Reference surface for vertical positions
hydrography and navigation, vertical datum or altimetric datum is a reference coordinate surface used for vertical positions, such as the elevations of Earth-bound
Vertical_datum
Series of personal computers, tablets and interactive whiteboards by Microsoft
models (Surface RT and Surface 2) ran on ARM32, and a select handful of models starting with the Surface Pro X in 2019 run on ARM64. The Surface line has
Microsoft_Surface
System to specify locations on Earth
spatial reference system (SRS) or coordinate reference system (CRS) is a framework used to precisely measure locations on, or relative to, the surface of Earth
Spatial_reference_system
Geographic coordinate specifying north-south position
approximate the geoid by a mathematically simpler reference surface. The simplest choice for the reference surface is a sphere, but the geoid is more accurately
Latitude
Third planet from the Sun
being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its ocean, which covers
Earth
Amount of evaporation
evapotranspiration is calculated at a nearby climatic station on a reference surface, conventionally on land dominated by short grass (though this may
Potential_evapotranspiration
Concept in classical mechanics
of a rotating reference frame is the surface of the Earth. All non-inertial reference frames exhibit fictitious forces; rotating reference frames are characterized
Rotating_reference_frame
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
as the largest and most massive in relation to its parent planet. Its surface gravity is about one-sixth of Earth's, about half that of Mars, and the
Moon
Two-dimensional manifold
surfaces arise as graphs of functions of two variables; see the figure at right. However, surfaces can also be defined abstractly, without reference to
Surface_(topology)
dynamics, surface elevation, also called surface height or free-surface elevation, is the height of a free surface relative to a specified reference level
Surface_elevation
Altitude above geoid or mean sea level
vertical distance along the plumb line from a point of interest to a reference surface known as the geoid, the vertical datum that approximates mean sea
Orthometric_height
Body of salt water covering most of Earth
The ocean's surface is an important reference point for oceanography and geography, particularly as mean sea level. The ocean surface has globally little
Ocean
French short range air defense system
short-range air defence (SHORAD) missile system that can be used from vehicles, surface ships, and helicopters, as well as in a portable configuration. The "Mistral"
Mistral_(missile)
Freshwater rift lake in Russia
larger than Belgium—Lake Baikal is the world's seventh-largest lake by surface area, as well as the second-largest lake in Eurasia after the Caspian Sea
Lake_Baikal
Geometric figure which approximates the Earth's shape
are two types of ellipsoid: mean and reference. A data set which describes the global average of the Earth's surface curvature is called the mean Earth
Earth_ellipsoid
Shape of the ocean surface relative to the geoid
Ocean surface topography or sea surface topography, also called ocean dynamic topography, are highs and lows on the ocean surface, similar to the hills
Ocean_surface_topography
Ocean shape without winds and tides
force than the surrounding areas. The geoid in turn serves as a reference coordinate surface for various vertical coordinates, such as orthometric heights
Geoid
Software environment vulnerable to attack
The attack surface of a software environment is the sum of the different points (for attack vectors) where an unauthorized user (the "attacker") can try
Attack_surface
Reference frame for measuring location
geodetic reference datum, geodetic reference system, or geodetic reference frame, or terrestrial reference frame) is a global datum reference or reference frame
Geodetic_datum
Abstract coordinate system
observational frame of reference centered at a point on the Earth's surface. This frame of reference orbits around the center of the Earth, which introduces the
Frame_of_reference
Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area
Surface tension is the energy per unit area due to having a surface in a liquid. It has the dimension of force per unit length, or energy per unit area
Surface_tension
hyperelliptic surface, or bi-elliptic surface, is a minimal surface whose Albanese morphism is an elliptic fibration without singular fibres. Any such surface can
Hyperelliptic_surface
Position along a vertical direction above or below a given vertical datum
plumb line direction) above or below a given vertical datum (a reference level surface, such as mean sea level). Vertical distance or vertical separation
Vertical_position
Point of reference against which some others are calculated
such as a point, line, plane, hole, set of holes, or pair of surfaces. It serves as a reference in defining the geometry of the object and (often) in measuring
Datum_reference
Force resisting sliding motion
Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding or grinding against each other. Types
Friction
American football player (born 1983)
interception, Rodgers expressed frustration by throwing down a Microsoft Surface tablet. The Packers ended up losing the game 29–37. On December 3, 2015
Aaron_Rodgers
Science of measuring the shape, orientation, and gravity of Earth
("real") surface. The reference ellipsoid, however, has many possible instantiations and is not readily realizable, so it is an abstract surface. The third
Geodesy
System to specify locations on Earth
Hemispheres. The longitude λ of a point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that
Geographic_coordinate_system
Star at the centre of the Solar System
by nuclear fusion reactions in its core, radiating the energy from its surface mainly as visible light and infrared radiation, with 10% at ultraviolet
Sun
Body part
rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck. It is the surface of the body opposite from the chest and the abdomen. The vertebral column
Human_back
Red supergiant star in the constellation Orion
764 times that of the Sun, if it were at the center of the Solar System, its surface would lie beyond the asteroid belt and it would engulf the orbits of Mercury
Betelgeuse
Setting for pressure altimeters
aircraft above a known reference surface. This reference can be the mean sea level pressure (QNH), the pressure at a nearby surface airport (QFE), or the
Altimeter_setting
Largest dwarf planet in the Solar System
New Horizons, indicating that its surface is less than 10 million years old. Latest studies have shown that the surface has an age of 180000+90000 −40000
Pluto
American football player (born 1997)
Simmons was arrested and pleaded no contest to assault after a video surfaced showing him repeatedly hitting a woman while she was on the ground during
Jeffery_Simmons
Form of carbon
recently (hundreds to tens of million years ago), they were carried to the surface in volcanic eruptions and deposited in igneous rocks known as kimberlites
Diamond
Horizontal angle from north or other reference cardinal direction
the reference plane is the local area (e.g. a circular area with a 5 km radius at sea level) around an observer on Earth's surface, and the reference vector
Azimuth
Set of points equidistant from a center
A sphere (from Ancient Greek σφαῖρα (sphaîra) 'ball') is a surface analogous to the circle, a curve. In solid geometry, a sphere is the set of points
Sphere
Algebraic surface defined by a cubic polynomial
mathematics, a cubic surface is a surface in 3-dimensional space defined by one polynomial equation of degree 3. Cubic surfaces are fundamental examples
Cubic_surface
Classical statement of gravity as force
equation: ∂V 𝐠(𝐫)⋅d𝐀=−4πGMenc, where ∂V is a closed surface and Menc is the mass enclosed by the surface. Hence, for a hollow sphere of radius R and total
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's_law_of_universal_gravitation
Fundamental concept of classical mechanics
geodesic motion in spacetime. Due to Earth's rotation, its surface is not an inertial frame of reference. The Coriolis effect can deflect certain forms of motion
Inertial_frame_of_reference
Coordinates comprising a distance and two angles
distance r geographers commonly use altitude above or below some local reference surface (vertical datum), which, for example, may be the mean sea level. When
Spherical_coordinate_system
Parameter in atmospheric modeling
{\displaystyle p_{0}} is a standard reference surface pressure (usually taken as 1000 hPa, but sometimes as the surface pressure); R d {\displaystyle R_{d}}
Exner_function
Height of a geographic location above a fixed reference point
fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface (see Geodetic
Elevation
Largest of the Great Lakes of North America
Wisconsin to the south. It is the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area and the third-largest freshwater lake by volume. It drains into Lake
Lake_Superior
land surface elevation extremes by region. Elevation is the vertical distance above the reference geoid, an equipotential gravitational surface model
List of elevation extremes by region
List_of_elevation_extremes_by_region
Conceptual design studies for crewed missions to Mars
support of planning for future human exploration of the Martian surface." The design reference missions are used for technology trade studies, to analyze the
Mars_Design_Reference_Mission
Flat surface used as a reference plane
A surface plate is a solid, flat plate used as the main horizontal reference plane for precision inspection, marking out (layout), and tooling setup. The
Surface_plate
Measures to combat enemy aerial forces
nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action". It encompasses surface-based, subsurface (submarine-launched), and air-based weapon systems, in
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Mythical creature in Scottish folklore
Alexander Macdonald of Abriachan sighted "a large stubby-legged animal" surfacing from the loch and propelling itself within 50 yd (46 m) of the shore where
Loch_Ness_Monster
Static pressure exerted by the weight of Earth's atmosphere
on the atmospheric gases above the surface and is a function of the mass of the planet, the radius of the surface, and the amount and composition of the
Atmospheric_pressure
American football player (born 1989)
were viewed as sexist by Rodrigue as well as many in the media. It later surfaced that Rodrigue had previously mocked Newton using a Twitter account with
Cam_Newton
Two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein
being at rest in a gravitational field (for example, when standing on the surface of the Earth) are physically identical. The upshot of this is that free
Theory_of_relativity
Large body of salt water
water. The salinity of water bodies varies widely, being lower near the surface and the mouths of large rivers and higher in the depths of the ocean; however
Sea
Gas layer surrounding Earth
mixture (commonly referred to as air) surrounding the Earth's planetary surface, which is retained by gravity. Like the atmospheres of other planets, Earth's
Atmosphere_of_Earth
Framework of distances and directions
rope and set to spin, starts with a flat surface. After a while, as the bucket continues to spin, the surface of the water becomes concave. If the bucket's
Space
Systematic representation of the surface of a sphere or ellipsoid onto a plane
proved that a sphere's surface cannot be represented on a plane without distortion. The same applies to other reference surfaces used as models for the
Map_projection
Size and shape used to model the Earth for geodesy
the entire surface as an oblate spheroid, using spherical harmonics to approximate the geoid, or modeling a region with a best-fit reference ellipsoid
Figure_of_the_Earth
1986 studio album by Surface
Surface is the debut studio album from the band of the same name. Three years after releasing the midtempo boogie track "Falling in Love" on Salsoul,
Surface_(Surface_album)
Instrument that indicates depth below a reference surface
an instrument for measuring depth below a vertical datum or other reference surface. They include depth gauges for underwater diving and similar applications
Depth_gauge
Standard surface gravity
The surface gravity of Mars is therefore approximately 0.1070.5322=0.38 times that of Earth. Without using the Earth as a reference body, the surface gravity
Surface_gravity
South Korean anti-ship missile
(Haeseong; Korean: 해성, Sea Star) is a ship-launched sea-skimming surface-to-surface anti-ship cruise missile developed by the South Korean Agency for
SSM-700K_C-Star
Hybrid SAM-Gun based CIWS
intercept sea skimming missiles flying as low as two meters above the surface. If a target isn't sufficiently destroyed by Pantsir's missile attack it
Pantsir-M
Measure of skin area affected by an ailment
(PASI) score, the patient's palm can serve a reference point roughly equivalent to 1% of the body surface area. For children and infants, the Lund and
Total_body_surface_area
Visual art using paint
practice of applying paint, pigment, color, or other medium to a solid surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush. Other implements
Painting
3D computer-generated imagery and measurements of terrain
body has a unique reference surface. New Horizons' Long Range Reconnaissance Imager used stereo photogrammetry to produce partial surface elevation maps
Digital_elevation_model
Small, local deviations of a surface from a perfectly flat ideal
Surface finish, also known as surface texture or surface topography, is the nature of a surface as defined by the three characteristics of lay, surface
Surface_finish
Branch of mathematics
geometry. For instance, planes can be studied as a topological surface without reference to distances or angles; it can be studied as an affine space,
Geometry
Instrument to measure the weight of an object
of 10%.[citation needed] Because gravity varies by over 0.5% over the surface of the earth, the distinction between force due to gravity and mass is
Weighing_scale
Collapsed core of a massive star
surface, leaving only light nuclei like helium and hydrogen. If the surface temperature exceeds 106 K (as in the case of a young pulsar), the surface
Neutron_star
Type of warship
Surface combatants (or surface ships or surface vessels) are a subset of naval warships which are designed for warfare on the surface of the water, with
Surface_combatant
Measurement of small-scale features on surfaces
Surface metrology is the measurement and characterization of surface topography, and is a branch of metrology. Surface primary form, surface fractality
Surface_metrology
Spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus
spores which help the fungus spread across the ground or its occupant surface. Forms deviating from the standard morphology usually have more specific
Mushroom
Surveying terminololgy
survey points with reference to a common assumed vertical datum. It is a vertical distance between survey point and adopted datum surface. Thus, it is considered
Reduced_level
Software that manages separately different parts of display screens
running application is assigned a usually resizable and usually rectangular surface of the display to present its GUI to the user; these windows may overlap
Windowing_system
Type of altitude above mean sea level
Geopotential heights are referenced to Earth's mean sea level, taking its best-fitting equigeopotential as a reference surface or vertical datum. In SI
Geopotential_height
Measure of a two-dimensional surface
The surface area (symbol A) of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies. The mathematical definition of surface
Surface_area
Surface conductivity is an additional conductivity of an electrolyte in the vicinity of the charged interfaces. Surface and volume conductivity of liquids
Surface_conductivity
Area of contact between two objects
A bearing surface in mechanical engineering is the area of contact between two objects. It usually is used in reference to bolted joints and bearings
Bearing_surface
Soviet surface and submarine-launched nuclear cruise missile
cruise missile that is launched either from submarines (SLCM) or from surface ships. It can have a nuclear warhead developed in the Soviet Union. A version
RK-55
are formed by seamounts rising from the ocean floor with peaks above the surface of the ocean and are not parts of continental tectonic plates. Azores (Portugal)
List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean
List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean
called a geodynamo. The magnitude of Earth's magnetic field varies over its surface and changes with time. In a 2019 survey it ranged around 30,000 to 60,000 nT
Earth's_magnetic_field
Marine invertebrates of the subphylum Anthozoa
Broadcast-spawned planula larvae develop at the water's surface before descending to seek a hard surface on the benthos to which they can attach and begin a
Coral
Algebraic surface with special triviality properties
the standard reference book for compact complex surfaces. Bombieri, Enrico; Mumford, David (1976), "Enriques' classification of surfaces in char. p. III
Enriques_surface
Sea in northern Europe
bottom and surface salinities varies depending on location. Overall it follows the same southwest to east and north pattern as the surface. At the bottom
Baltic_Sea
2023 National Football League championship game
could be seen slipping and falling on the surface. Players from both teams criticized the playing surface, and several players changed cleats during
Super_Bowl_LVII
Natural surface created by rock erosion
for different rock types. Rate of rock surface recession can be measured by using reference points or reference planes and measure the distance among those
Erosion_surface
Measurement of physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles
description, because they vary in other physical properties such as size, shape, surface properties, crystallinity, and dispersion state. Nanoparticles are characterized
Characterization of nanoparticles
Characterization_of_nanoparticles
Range of processes that alter the surface of an item to achieve a certain property
Surface finishing is a broad range of industrial processes that alter the surface of a manufactured item to achieve a certain property. Finishing processes
Surface_finishing
Upper jaw bone
pyramid-shaped; has an orbital, a nasal, an infratemporal, and a facial surface; contains the maxillary sinus. Four processes: Tthe zygomatic process The
Maxilla
Electrode with a stable and accurate electrode potential
A reference electrode is an electrode that has a stable and well-known electrode potential. The overall chemical reaction taking place in a cell is made
Reference_electrode
Lizards belonging to the suborder Gekkota
species in the family Eublepharidae, lack eyelids; instead, the outer surface of the eyeball has a transparent membrane, the brille. They have a fixed
Gecko
Process of painting with pigments that are bound with a medium of drying oil
paint. Traditionally, paint was most often transferred to the painting surface using paintbrushes, but there are other methods, including using palette
Oil_painting
Type of tennis court surface
A hard court or hardcourt is a type of surface or floor on which a sport is played, most usually in reference to tennis courts. It is typically made of
Hard_court
Geodetic reference system
but to re-reference the elevations to an ellipsoid model rather than to the geoid. In accomplishing WGS 60, a combination of available surface gravity data
World_Geodetic_System
Type of field-effect transistor
practical field-effect transistor enabled by Atalla’s earlier work on silicon surface passivation and thermal oxidation—revolutionized electronics and paved
MOSFET
Abstract boundary in condensed matter physics
In condensed matter physics, the Fermi surface is the surface in reciprocal space which separates occupied electron states from unoccupied electron states
Fermi_surface
American football player (born 1987)
third in franchise combined touchdowns. During the 2014 offseason, a video surfaced of Rice physically attacking his fiancée. After being indicted for aggravated
Ray_Rice
Type of non-Euclidean geometry
also the geometry of pseudospherical surfaces, surfaces with a constant negative Gaussian curvature. Saddle surfaces have negative Gaussian curvature in
Hyperbolic_geometry
Missile used to attack ships
conceivably, even infantrymen firing shoulder-launched missiles. The term surface-to-surface missile (SSM) is used when appropriate. The longer-range anti-ship
Anti-ship_missile
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