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Point of reference against which some others are calculated
A datum reference or just datum (plural: datums) is some geometrically important part of an object, such as a point, line, plane, hole, set of holes,
Datum_reference
Reference frame for measuring location
geodetic datum or geodetic system (also: geodetic reference datum, geodetic reference system, or geodetic reference frame, or terrestrial reference frame)
Geodetic_datum
Reference surface for vertical positions
geodesy, surveying, hydrography and navigation, vertical datum or altimetric datum is a reference coordinate surface used for vertical positions, such as
Vertical_datum
Vertical datum for orthometric heights
American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83, a horizontal datum), is set to be replaced in 2025 with a new geometric reference frame and geopotential datum, based on
North American Vertical Datum of 1988
North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988
In aviation, reference datum height (RDH) is the height of a point, located above the intersection of the runway centre line and the threshold, through
Reference_datum_height
System for defining and representing engineering tolerances
or more 'datum references' which indicate measurements that should be made with respect to the corresponding datum feature. The datum reference frame can
Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing
Geometric_dimensioning_and_tolerancing
Reference frame for geodesy on the continent
American Datums are in use: the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27) and the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). Both are geodetic reference systems
North_American_Datum
Vertical datum in the United States
National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD29), originally known as the Sea Level Datum of 1929, is the vertical datum established for vertical control
National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929
National_Geodetic_Vertical_Datum_of_1929
Level of water from which depths displayed on a nautical chart are measured
heights. A chart datum is generally derived from some tidal phase, in which case it is also known as a tidal datum. Common chart datums are lowest astronomical
Chart_datum
Data type which allows a program to indirectly access a particular value in memory
The reference is said to refer to the datum, and accessing the datum is called dereferencing the reference. A reference is distinct from the datum itself
Reference_(computer_science)
Vertical datum used as the basis for deriving altitudes on maps
An ordnance datum (OD) is a vertical datum used by an Ordnance Survey as the basis for deriving altitudes on maps. A spot height may be expressed as above
Ordnance_datum
Abstract coordinate system
Centripetal force Classical mechanics Coriolis force Curvilinear coordinates Datum reference Dynamics (physics) Frenet–Serret formulas Galilean invariance General
Frame_of_reference
NATO global coordinate reference system
position reported in a modern datum usually cannot be misunderstood as using an old datum, and vice versa – provided the datums use different MGRS lettering
Military Grid Reference System
Military_Grid_Reference_System
NAD 83 & NAVD 88 based National Geodetic Coordinate System
National Spatial Reference System (NSRS). It will replace the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) and the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88)
National Spatial Reference System
National_Spatial_Reference_System
Geodetic reference system
the large geodetic systems, such as European Datum (ED50), North American Datum (NAD), and Tokyo Datum (TD), to provide a worldwide geo-data basis, Need
World_Geodetic_System
System to specify locations on Earth
altitude. Both types of datum bind a mathematical model of the shape of the earth (usually a reference ellipsoid for a horizontal datum, and a more precise
Geographic_coordinate_system
Geodetic reference frame fixed to the Eurasian Plate
Collilieux ETRS89 is the EU-recommended frame of reference for geodata for Europe. It is the only geodetic datum to be used for mapping and surveying purposes
European Terrestrial Reference System 1989
European_Terrestrial_Reference_System_1989
Vertical datum
NAP markers in Amsterdam Amsterdam Ordnance Datum or Normaal Amsterdams Peil (NAP) is a vertical datum in use in large parts of Western Europe. Originally
Amsterdam_Ordnance_Datum
System to specify locations on Earth
Vertical reference frame A standard reference system for measuring elevation using vertical datums, based on levelling, a geoid model, or a chart datum (considering
Spatial_reference_system
Topics referred to by the same term
item of data. Datum reference, in carpentry, metalworking, needlework, geometric dimensioning and tolerancing Vertical datum, reference surface for vertical
Datum_(disambiguation)
Geometric figure which approximates the Earth's shape
applications, a geodesic reference ellipsoid is the mathematical model used as foundation by spatial reference system or geodetic datum definitions. In geophysics
Earth_ellipsoid
System of geographic grid references used in Great Britain
maps. A datum transformation exists between GRS36 and more recent geocentric frames (see below). OSGB36 is based on the Airy ellipsoid, a reference ellipsoid
Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid
Height of a geographic location above a fixed reference point
sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface (see Geodetic datum § Vertical datum). The term elevation is mainly used when referring to points on
Elevation
3-D coordinate system centered on the Earth
2010. ECEF datum transformation Archived March 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Notes on converting ECEF coordinates to WGS-84 datum Datum Transformations
Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system
Earth-centered,_Earth-fixed_coordinate_system
Science of measuring the shape, orientation, and gravity of Earth
geodetic datum, ISO speaks of a "coordinate reference system", whereas IERS uses a "reference frame" for the same. The ISO term for a datum transformation
Geodesy
Soviet geodetic datum
The SK-42 reference system is a geodetic datum established in the Soviet Union in 1942 as Systema koordinat (Russian: Система координат 1942 года). It
SK-42_reference_system
Cartesian geographic coordinate system
the datum ellipsoidal coordinates and height onto a flat surface of a map. The datum, along with a map projection applied to a grid of reference locations
Projected_coordinate_system
Overview of GPS conversion formulas
projections all referenced to the same geodetic datum. A geographic coordinate transformation is a translation among different geodetic datums. Both geographic
Geographic coordinate conversion
Geographic_coordinate_conversion
Height in relation to a specified reference point
vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum and a point or object. The exact definition and reference datum varies according to the context (e
Altitude
Elevation of a location above a standardized sea level
location's vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) in reference to a vertical datum based on a historic mean sea level. In geodesy, it is formalized
Height_above_mean_sea_level
The South American Datum (SAD) is a regional historical geodetic datum for South America. The most common version was established in 1969 (SAD69), as
South_American_Datum
Pistol cartridge designed by J.M. Browning
pistol. The cartridge headspaces on the mouth of the case at the L3 datum reference. According to Commission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des
.45_ACP
Ocean shape without winds and tides
better data. Deflection of the vertical Geodetic datum Geopotential International Terrestrial Reference Frame Physical geodesy Planetary geoid Areoid (Mars's
Geoid
Markup language for representing coordinate reference systems
coordinate system is related to Earth by the WGS84 geodetic datum: GEODCRS["WGS 84", DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984", ELLIPSOID["WGS 84", 6378137, 298
Well-known text representation of coordinate reference systems
Well-known_text_representation_of_coordinate_reference_systems
Surveying terminololgy
survey points with reference to a common assumed vertical datum. It is a vertical distance between survey point and adopted datum surface. Thus, it is
Reduced_level
Weighted line used as a vertical reference
vertical direction as a reference line, or plumb-line. It is a precursor to the spirit level and used to establish a vertical datum. It is typically made
Plumb_bob
Geodetic center monument of the Philippines
The Luzon Datum of 1911 was the base for the first modern survey of the Philippine Islands. The execution of the triangulation of the Philippine Islands
Luzon_Datum_of_1911
Chinese global navigation satellite system
reached millimeter-level accuracy with post-processing from a nationwide reference station network. Predecessors included BeiDou-1 (first-generation BeiDou)
BeiDou
United States historic place
was the reference location for establishing a system of horizontal measurement in the United States, known as geodetic datum. In 1913, the datum was adopted
Meades Ranch Triangulation Station
Meades_Ranch_Triangulation_Station
Australian geodetic reference system
The Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94) is a geodetic datum covering the Australian continent. Details of this datum are provided by the GDA94 Technical
Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994
Geocentric_Datum_of_Australia_1994
Vertical datum of Australia
The Australian Height Datum was introduced in 1971 as the official vertical datum for Australia, and thereby serves as the benchmark to which all height
Australian_Height_Datum
Coordinate system for planets
datum is a generalization of geodetic datums for other planetary bodies, such as the Mars datum; it requires the specification of physical reference points
Planetary_coordinate_system
Reference frame for European geodesy
ED50 ("European Datum 1950", EPSG:4230) is a geodetic datum which was defined after World War II for the international connection of geodetic networks
ED50
Collection of data on Earth's gravity and shape
The Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) consists of a global reference ellipsoid and a normal gravity model. The GRS80 gravity model has been followed
Geodetic Reference System 1980
Geodetic_Reference_System_1980
International prime meridian used for GPS and other systems
include the North American Datum 1983 (NAD83), the European Terrestrial Reference Frame 1989 (ETRF89), and the Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94)
IERS_Reference_Meridian
Vertical datum used in Germany
"standard elevation zero") or NHN is a vertical datum used in Germany. In geographical terms, NHN is the reference plane for the normal height of a topographical
Normalhöhennull
Registry of geographic reference systems
Dataset (also EPSG registry) is a public registry of geodetic datums, coordinate reference systems, Earth ellipsoids, coordinate transformations and related
EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset
EPSG_Geodetic_Parameter_Dataset
Geodetic Reference Frame. The goal of EUREF is to establish a unified geodetic datum for Europe (ETRS89) and a consistent network of reference stations
Regional Reference Frame Sub-Commission for Europe
Regional_Reference_Frame_Sub-Commission_for_Europe
Distance from the Earth surface to a point near its center
The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) provides three reference values: the mean radius (R1) of three radii measured at two equator points
Earth_radius
datum and a projection system. In some documents it is called Greek Geodetic Reference System 1987 or GGRS87. HGRS87 specifies a non-geocentric datum
Hellenic Geodetic Reference System 1987
Hellenic_Geodetic_Reference_System_1987
Map projection system
longitude and latitude. The WGS84 datum has therefore become the implicit default for UTM coordinates as well, if no alternate datum is specified. In North America
Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system
Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system
Systematic representation of the surface of a sphere or ellipsoid onto a plane
projection (including Mercator and Gall–Peters) for reference maps of the world. Geodetic datum – Reference frame for measuring location Geographic information
Map_projection
House in Stewart Township, Pennsylvania
and Wright directed Mosher to use one of the boulders on site as a datum reference. By June 1936, workers had completed the access bridge and the footers
Fallingwater
Geographical reference point from which various heights are measured
global MSL is a type of vertical datum – a standardised geodetic datum – that is used, for example, as a chart datum in cartography and marine navigation
Sea_level
Satellite navigation system
experiments for NavIC ground reference station in Japan. ISRO is also under discussion with CNES for a NavIC ground reference station in France. ISRO is
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System
Theory in the philosophy of perception
existence of his red, round and 'somewhat bulgy' sense-datum and his consciousness of this sense-datum. When we twist a coin it 'appears' to us as elliptical
Sense_data
Geographic coordinate specifying north-south position
latitude. The importance of specifying the reference datum may be illustrated by a simple example. On the reference ellipsoid for WGS84, the centre of the
Latitude
Standardized geospatial reference system
WGS 1984 Datum and is based on lines of longitude (LONG) and latitude (LAT). It is intended to provide an integrated common frame of reference for joint
Global_Area_Reference_System
Geographic notion
Geodetic datum Geodesic Horizontal position representation Latitude / Longitude Map projection Reference ellipsoid Satellite geodesy Spatial reference system
Circle_of_latitude
Size and shape used to model the Earth for geodesy
the figure of the Earth or other celestial body is called a reference ellipsoid. The reference ellipsoid for Earth is called an Earth ellipsoid. An ellipsoid
Figure_of_the_Earth
East-West geographic coordinate
prime meridian defines 0° longitude; by convention the International Reference Meridian for the Earth passes near the Royal Observatory in Greenwich
Longitude
Analysis of variation in mechanical parts and assemblies
It must: Enter through a joint Follow the datum path to the datum reference frame (DRF) Follow a second datum path leading to another joint Exit to the
Tolerance_analysis
British tidal observatory
observatory between 1915 and 1921 were used to define the reference level, Ordnance Datum Newlyn, for height measurement on the British mainland. The
Newlyn_Tidal_Observatory
UK and Irish hydrographic vertical datum
(HAT) Land datums including Ordnance Datums Newlyn, Belfast and Poolbeg The surfaces are modelled with respect to the terrestrial reference frame used
Vertical Offshore Reference Frames
Vertical_Offshore_Reference_Frames
System that enhances the accuracy of GPS receivers
system (GBAS) in critical areas. WAAS uses a network of ground-based reference stations, in North America and Hawaii, to measure small variations in
Wide_Area_Augmentation_System
Eratosthenes' ratio". Posidonius calculated the Earth's circumference by reference to the position of the star Canopus. As explained by Cleomedes, Posidonius
Earth's_circumference
Topographic map of a maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
horizontal wire. All depths on charts is measured with respect to a datum/reference level. This ensures that difficult to find projections, such as masts
Nautical_chart
Signals broadcast by GPS satellites
called chipping codes (in reference to CDMA/DSSS), pseudorandom noise (PRN) and pseudorandom binary sequences (in reference to the fact that the sequences
GPS_signals
Term to designate the first appearance of a species in the geologic record
First appearance datum (FAD) is a term used by geologists and paleontologists to designate the first appearance of a species in the geologic record. FADs
First_appearance_datum
System of geographic grid references used for mapping in Ireland
example, 31590, 23467 is also a valid location. Spheroid: Airy modified, Datum: 1965, Map projection: Transverse Mercator Latitude of origin: 53°30'00
Irish_grid_reference_system
River navigation parameters
nominal fairway depth (ideal minimum channel depth, TuGlW). Chart datum Vertical datum Muilerman et al. 2018, p. 63. Wang, Lu; Xie, Ping; Xu, Chong-Yu;
Reference_water_levels
part of the chamber that stops forward motion of the cartridge (the datum reference) to the face of the bolt. Used as a verb, headspace refers to the interference
Glossary_of_firearms_terms
Problem in firearms manufacturing
situations. The length specification "S" is a basic dimension (or a datum reference) for the computation of the dimensions of firearms cartridges and chambers
Delta_L_problem
Bull issued by Pope Innocent II on 29 March 1139
Omne datum optimum (Latin for "Every perfect gift", a quotation from the Epistle of James 1:17) was a papal bull issued by Pope Innocent II on 29 March
Omne_datum_optimum
Symbolic depiction of spatial relationships
used by NATO is the Military Grid Reference System (MGRS), which extends UTM to include the polar regions. Local datums are usually established by national
Map
Outdated official vertical datum used in Germany
(short N. N. or NN) is an outdated official vertical datum used in Germany. Elevations using this reference system were to be marked Meter über Normal-Null
Normalnull
Algorithmically generated data that have a similar distribution as sampled data
(e.g., digital twins), where innovative approaches have already been referenced. Synthetic data is increasingly being used for machine learning applications:
Synthetic_data
Surveying technique
points relative to a datum. It is widely used in geodesy and cartography to measure vertical position with respect to a vertical datum, and in construction
Levelling
Delineation and characterization of Martian regions
an arbitrary zero-elevation level or "vertical datum" for mapping the surface, called areoid. The datum for Mars was defined initially in terms of a constant
Areography
World spatial reference system co-rotating with the Earth in its diurnal motion in space
orientation parameters Geodetic datum International Celestial Reference System and its realizations Terrestrial reference frame World Geodetic System Clynch
International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame
International_Terrestrial_Reference_System_and_Frame
International standard for representation of geographic location
immediately after the digits. Elevation below zero-level reference or depth above reference level should be indicated by a minus sign − (U+2212). Examples:
ISO_6709
1:210. This approximation to the true shape of the Earth became the new reference ellipsoid. In 1787 the first precise trigonometric survey to be undertaken
History_of_geodesy
Theory in philosophy of language
maintains that when one is acquainted with something, say, a present sense datum or oneself, one can refer to it without the mediation of anything like a
Direct_reference_theory
Point over which the aircraft would balance
by passengers moving forward or aft in the cabin. Reference Datum The reference datum is a reference plane that allows accurate, and uniform, measurements
Center of gravity of an aircraft
Center_of_gravity_of_an_aircraft
System of geographic location identifiers
identifies a physical location in a two- or three-dimensional coordinate reference system in a compact, simple, human-readable, and protocol-independent
Geo_URI_scheme
Restrictions on using GPS in China
'Topographic map non-linear confidentiality algorithm') is a geodetic datum used by the Chinese State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, and based on
Restrictions on geographic data in China
Restrictions_on_geographic_data_in_China
Concept in oil and gas exploration
unit (e.g. m for metre), a path (e.g. MD for measured depth) and the reference or datum they refer to (e.g. RT for rotary table), and none of these three
Depth_in_a_well
Measure of how closely the shape of an object approaches that of a circle
contact is taken as the datum point. Again a dial gauge is placed over the round object and the object is rotated keeping the datum at constant position
Roundness
Clinical application of cephalometry (measurement of parts of the head)
important cephalometric landmarks, which are points of reference serving as datum references in measurement and analysis. (Sources: Proffit; others.)
Cephalometric_analysis
American satellite-based radio navigation service
coordinate system, such as latitude and longitude using the WGS 84 geodetic datum or a country-specific system. The GPS equations can be solved by numerical
Global_Positioning_System
Visual landing system used on US Navy aircraft carriers
regardless of the actual technology: Datum lights – a horizontal row of green lamps used to give the pilot a reference against which he may judge his position
Optical_landing_system
European global navigation satellite system
for three weeks in the year you will not have satellite navigation" in reference to the proposed 18-vehicle constellation. In July 2010, the European Commission
Galileo (satellite navigation system)
Galileo_(satellite_navigation_system)
Partition of Earth's surface into subdivided cells
in geodesy a so-called "grid reference system" is a grid that divides space with precise positions relative to a datum, that is an approximated "standard
Discrete_global_grid
Angle between the chord of a wing and the undisturbed airflow
incidence meaning the angle between the chord of an airfoil and some fixed datum in the airplane. The lift coefficient of a fixed-wing aircraft varies with
Angle_of_attack
Dimension and shape of land surfaces
Terrain (from Latin terra 'earth'), alternatively relief or topographical relief, is the dimension and shape of a given surface of a land. In physical
Terrain
maintains that when one is acquainted with something, say, a present sense datum or oneself, one can refer to it without the mediation of anything like a
Mediated_reference_theory
Vertical datum used in parts of Europe
Meter über Adria, Serbo-Croatian: Metara iznad Jadrana) is the vertical datum used in Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North
Metres_above_the_Adriatic
English word
now-rarely-used datum. In one sense, data is the plural form of datum. Datum actually can also be a count noun with the plural datums (see usage in datum article)
Data_(word)
Line of longitude, at which longitude is defined to be 0°
51°28′38″N whereas its latitude on the European Terrestrial Reference Frame (1989) datum is 51°28′40.1247″N. When Tolhopff handed over his book, titled
Prime_meridian
City in Macedonia, Greece
Kavala (Greek: Καβάλα, Kavála [kaˈvala]) is a city in northern Greece, the principal seaport of eastern Macedonia and the capital of Kavala regional unit
Kavala
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