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Standard surface gravity
The surface gravity, g, of an astronomical object is the gravitational acceleration experienced at its surface at the equator, including the effects of
Surface_gravity
Wave where gravity is the main restoring force
gravity. Wind waves and ocean swell are surface gravity waves, with the interface being the water surface. A gravity wave results when fluid is displaced
Gravity_wave
in newtons per kilogram (N/kg or N·kg−1). Near Earth's surface, the acceleration due to gravity, accurate to 2 significant figures, is 9.8 m/s2 (32 ft/s2)
Gravity_of_Earth
radius and mass and, for the most massive objects, volume, density, and surface gravity, if these values are available. These lists contain the Sun, the planets
List of Solar System objects by size
List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size
Dispersion of waves on a water surface
propagating on the water surface, with gravity and surface tension as the restoring forces. As a result, water with a free surface is generally considered
Dispersion_(water_waves)
Gravitational force exerted by the planet Mars
The gravity of Mars is a natural phenomenon, due to the law of gravity, or gravitation, by which all things with mass around the planet Mars are brought
Gravity_of_Mars
Map of a planet's gravity levels and anomalies
intervals. For surface mapping of gravity, placement of instruments can be randomized. Surface gravity mapping is often used to map out gravity anomalies such
Gravity_map
Type of star that is massive and luminous
spectra, with distinctive lines sensitive to high luminosity and low surface gravity. In 1897, Antonia C. Maury had divided stars based on the widths of
Supergiant
Astronomical parameters
{\displaystyle r} is its radius. For irregularly shaped bodies, the surface gravity will differ appreciably with location. The above formula then is only
Standard asteroid physical characteristics
Standard_asteroid_physical_characteristics
Attraction of masses and energy
framework (a theory of everything). On the surface of a planetary body such as on Earth, the force of gravity operates towards the center of the body and
Gravity
Theorem about gravity
Clairaut's theorem characterizes the surface gravity on a viscous rotating ellipsoid in hydrostatic equilibrium under the action of its gravitational
Clairaut's_theorem_(gravity)
Process of energy transfer to an object via force application through displacement
forces, gravity results in a constant downward acceleration of every freely moving object. Near Earth's surface the acceleration due to gravity is g =
Work_(physics)
Largest moon of Jupiter
Titan, it is larger than the planet Mercury, but has somewhat less surface gravity than Mercury, Io, or Earth's Moon due to its lower density compared
Ganymede_(moon)
Single yellow-hued star in the constellation Cetus
the surface pressure of the star, which in turn is determined by the temperature and surface gravity. This technique was used to determine the surface gravity
Tau_Ceti
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
the largest and most massive in relation to its parent planet. Its surface gravity is about one-sixth of Earth's, about half that of Mars, and the second-highest
Moon
Difference between ideal and observed gravitational acceleration at a location
The gravity anomaly at a location on the Earth's surface is the difference between the observed value of gravity and the value predicted by a theoretical
Gravity_anomaly
Process by which waves generated by a weather system lose their mechanical energy
the ocean's surface, capillary gravity waves play an essential role in this effect, "wind waves" or "swell" are also known as surface gravity waves. The
Wind-wave_dissipation
Geodetic reference system
depends on the local gravity field (see physical geodesy). As a result, the elevations in the data are referenced to the geoid, a surface that is not readily
World_Geodetic_System
Compact astronomical body
A black hole is an astronomical body so compact that its gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping. Albert Einstein's theory of general
Black_hole
Fourth planet from the Sun
ice caps (with seasonal CO2 snow), but no bodies of liquid surface water. Its surface gravity is roughly a third of Earth's or double that of the Moon.
Mars
Classification of stars based on spectral properties
letter beta (β) for intermediate surface gravity and gamma (γ) for low surface gravity. Indication for low surface gravity are weak CaH, KI and NaI lines
Stellar_classification
Second-largest moon of Jupiter
83 g/cm3, the lowest density and surface gravity of Jupiter's major moons. Compounds detected spectroscopically on the surface include water ice, carbon dioxide
Callisto_(moon)
Substellar object
letter beta (β) for intermediate surface gravity or gamma (γ) for low surface gravity. Indicators of low surface gravity include weak CaH, K I and Na I
Brown_dwarf
Model of gravity using another physical system
drawing parallels to black hole physics. Specifically, the use of surface gravity water waves has enabled the observation of logarithmic phase singularities
Analog_models_of_gravity
Super-Earth exoplanet orbiting Kepler-452
Kepler-452b has a probable mass five times that of Earth, and its surface gravity is nearly twice as much as Earth's, though calculations of mass for
Kepler-452b
Hypothetical gas giant ejected out of the Solar System
487 mi), a mass of 211.14×1024 kg, a density of 0.963 g/cm3 and a surface gravity of 10.07 m/s2. Computer simulations indicate that such a planet could
Fifth_Giant
Measurement of the strength of a gravitational field
is defined as approximately equal to the acceleration due to gravity at the Earth's surface, although the actual acceleration varies slightly by location
Gravimetry
Large self-illuminated object in space
A star is a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by self-gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many other stars are visible to the naked
Star
Concept in general relativity and quantum field theory
hole horizon area and replacing temperature with black hole horizon surface gravity. Having temperature implies that a black hole must emit radiation,
Black_hole_thermodynamics
Centimeter–gram–second unit of acceleration
Earth's gravity at its surface is 976 to 983 Gal, the variation being due mainly to differences in latitude and elevation. Standard gravity is 980.665
Gal_(unit)
Earth-size exoplanet orbiting TRAPPIST-1
692 M🜨, or about 15% less massive than Venus. TRAPPIST-1e has 82% the surface gravity of Earth, the third lowest in the system. Its radius and mass are also
TRAPPIST-1e
First planet from the Sun
rocky planet with a trace atmosphere and a surface gravity slightly lower than that of Mars. The surface of Mercury is similar to Earth's Moon, being
Mercury_(planet)
Restatement of Newton's law of universal gravitation
the flux (surface integral) of the gravitational field over any closed surface is proportional to the mass enclosed. Gauss's law for gravity is often more
Gauss's_law_for_gravity
Star in the constellation Reticulum
realistic surface gravity, age, mass and metallicity. WISE 0359−5401 according to the newer models has a solar metallicity, a surface gravity of log g
WISE_0359−5401
Difference of intensity of the stellar continuum spectrum
discontinuity and this can be used to classify stars on the basis of their surface gravity and hence luminosity. This effect is strongest in A class stars, but
Balmer_jump
Sixth planet from the Sun
effective surface gravity along the equator, 8.96 m/s2 (29.4 ft/s2), is 74% of what it is at the poles and is lower than the surface gravity of Earth.
Saturn
due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is approximately 1.625 m/s2, about 16.6% that on Earth's surface or 0.166 ɡ. Over the entire surface, the variation
Gravitation_of_the_Moon
Standard gravitational acceleration on Earth
acceleration. The acceleration of a body near the surface of the Earth is due to the combined effects of gravity and centrifugal acceleration from the rotation
Standard_gravity
Nearest star to the Solar System
measured surface gravity of Proxima Centauri, given as the base-10 logarithm of the acceleration in units of cgs, is 5.20. This is 162 times the surface gravity
Proxima_Centauri
Young sun-like star in the constellation Centaurus
of the Sun. V1400 Centauri has an estimated surface gravity of about 200 m/s2 (over 20 times the gravity of Earth), based on Gaia measurements of the
V1400_Centauri
Force on a mass due to gravity
for example, on the surface of the Moon, an object can have a significantly different weight than on Earth. The gravity on the surface of the Moon is only
Weight
Largest dwarf planet in the Solar System
Moon (0.22% that of Earth). Its surface area is 1.774443×107 km2, or slightly bigger than Russia. Its surface gravity is 0.063 g (compared to 1 g for
Pluto
Surface gravity waves with frequencies lower than the wind waves
Infragravity waves are surface gravity waves with frequencies lower than the wind waves – consisting of both wind sea and swell – thus corresponding with
Infragravity_wave
Space suit used in Apollo and Skylab missions
81.6 kg (180 lb), and under lunar surface gravity a weight equivalent to 13.6 kg (30 lb). The low surface gravity and suit pressurization put considerable
Apollo/Skylab_spacesuit
Astronomical phenomenon
higher surface gravity, and thus higher temperature and pressure is needed to maintain hydrostatic equilibrium. Thus, the poles are "gravity brightened"
Gravity_darkening
Fluid dynamics theory on gravity waves
theory) gives a linearised description of the propagation of gravity waves on the surface of a homogeneous fluid layer. The theory assumes that the fluid
Airy_wave_theory
Stars with a supergiant luminosity class with a spectral type of K or M
This system uses certain diagnostic spectral lines to estimate the surface gravity of a star, hence determining its size relative to its mass. Larger
Red_supergiant
Surface waves generated by wind on open water
Wind waves in the ocean are also called ocean surface waves and are mainly gravity waves, where gravity is the main equilibrium force. Wind waves have
Wind_wave
Brightest star in Earth's night sky
elements, with the materials segregated by mass because of the high surface gravity. The outer atmosphere of Sirius B is now almost pure hydrogen—the element
Sirius
Concept in celestial mechanics
67×10−11 m3⋅kg−1⋅s−2) g = GM/d2 is the local gravitational acceleration (or the surface gravity, when d = r). The value GM is called the standard gravitational parameter
Escape_velocity
Star system in the constellation of Indus
three-fourths the mass of the Sun and 71% of the Sun's radius. Its surface gravity is slightly higher than the Sun's. The metallicity of a star is the
Epsilon_Indi
Proposed concepts for the human colonization of Titan
growing food. Titan has a surface gravity of 0.138 g, slightly less than the Moon. Managing long-term effects of low gravity on human health would therefore
Colonization_of_Titan
Super Jupiter orbiting Beta Pictoris
L dwarf, but with a lower surface gravity. The effective temperature is constrained to 1700±100 K and the surface gravity to log g = 4.0±0.5. A second
Beta_Pictoris_b
Nonlinear and periodic surface wave on an inviscid fluid layer of constant mean depth
The examples below describe Stokes waves under the action of gravity (without surface tension effects) in case of pure wave motion, so without an ambient
Stokes_wave
Use of circular rotational force to mimic gravity
Artificial gravity is the creation of an inertial force that mimics the effects of a gravitational force, usually by rotation. Artificial gravity, or rotational
Artificial_gravity
Directional planes
surface is horizontal if its tangent planes are everywhere perpendicular to the gravity vector at the tangent point or, equivalently, if the surface normal
Vertical_and_horizontal
1980 hard science fiction novel by Robert L. Forward
Robert L. Forward. In the story, Dragon's Egg is a neutron star with a surface gravity 67 billion times that of Earth, and inhabited by cheela, intelligent
Dragon's_Egg
Surface gravity wave fixed by refraction against a rigid boundary, often a shoaling beach
In fluid dynamics, an edge wave is a surface gravity wave fixed by refraction against a rigid boundary, often a shoaling beach. Progressive edge waves
Edge_wave
Scatter plot of stars showing the relationship of luminosity to stellar classification
diagram. This presents the logarithm of the surface gravity (log g) on the y-axis, and the effective surface temperature (Teff) on the x-axis. In the spectroscopic
Hertzsprung–Russell_diagram
Innermost Galilean moon of Jupiter
satellite in the Solar System, has the highest density and strongest surface gravity of any natural satellite, and the lowest amount of water by atomic
Io_(moon)
Study of the structure and dynamics of the Sun through its oscillation
Additionally, there can be similar gravity modes confined to the convectively stable atmosphere. Surface gravity waves are analogous to waves in deep
Helioseismology
Brightest star in Taurus
size and dropped in surface temperature. The effective temperature of Aldebaran's photosphere is 3,900 K. It has a surface gravity of 1.45 cgs, typical
Aldebaran
Smallest Galilean moon of Jupiter
the surface and starts another ballistic arc. Molecular hydrogen never reaches the surface, as it is light enough to escape Europa's surface gravity. Europa
Europa_(moon)
Dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt
mass and average diameter, its average surface gravity is about 0.35 m/s2 (about 3.6% Earth gravity) and its surface escape velocity is about 0.71 km/s.
Makemake
Class of massive star with a spectral type of A to K
sensitive to surface gravity, such as Hβ line widths in hot stars or a strong Balmer discontinuity in cooler stars. Lower surface gravity often indicates
Yellow_hypergiant
Largest natural satellite of Pluto
Charon's surface. Charon's relatively low gravity, due to its low mass, causes any atmosphere that might be present to rapidly escape the surface into space
Charon_(moon)
Brown dwarf in the constellation Hydra
measurements of the surface gravity and radius of the brown dwarf. One 2024 study obtained two values of 103.93 and 104.03 cgs for the surface gravity from two different
WISE_0855−0714
Dwarf planet in the asteroid belt
2015. Dawn found Ceres's surface to be a mixture of water, ice, and hydrated minerals such as carbonates and clay. Gravity data suggest Ceres to be partially
Ceres_(dwarf_planet)
Star in the constellation Ursa Minor
interferometrically-measured radius of this star and its spectroscopically-determined surface gravity yields 2.5 ± 0.9 M☉. The star is known to undergo periodic variations
Kochab
Geometrical construct in general relativity
horizon is a geometrical quantity known as surface gravity, κ {\displaystyle \kappa } . If the surface gravity vanishes, then the Killing horizon is said
Killing_horizon
Solution of Euler equations
the Euler equations for periodic surface gravity waves. It describes a progressive wave of permanent form on the surface of an incompressible fluid of infinite
Trochoidal_wave
Proposed type of space transportation system
icarus.2016.08.011. Calculated based on known parameters: Surface area: 4πr2 Surface gravity: GM/r2 Escape velocity: √2GM/r Rotation velocity: rotation
Space_elevator
Star in the stage when it has not yet reached the main sequence
their surface gravity. A PMS object has a larger radius than a main-sequence star with the same stellar mass and thus has a lower surface gravity. Although
Pre-main-sequence_star
Layer of gases surrounding an astronomical body held by gravity
layer of gases that envelop an astronomical object, held in place by the gravity of the object. The name originates from Ancient Greek ἀτμός (atmós) 'vapour
Atmosphere
Second-largest moon of Saturn
present on Rhea, potentially another result of the moon's low surface gravity. Its surface can be divided into two geologically different areas based on
Rhea_(moon)
Region of space gravitationally dominated by a given body
calculate the sphere of influence (sometimes also called gravisphere or gravity sphere) are the Hill sphere and the Laplace sphere, but updated and other
Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)
Sphere_of_influence_(astrodynamics)
Star system in the constellation Aquila
481 nm, 752 nm, and 962 nm, respectively. Based on known mass and surface gravity of star. Based on known temperature and derived radius of star. Perpinyà-Vallès
WD_J1953−1019
Class of planets with more mass than Jupiter
means that their surface gravity and density go up proportionally to their mass. The increased mass compresses the planet due to gravity, thus keeping it
Super-Jupiter
Wave on the surface of a fluid, dominated by surface tension
in gravity–capillary waves which are influenced by both the effects of surface tension and gravity, as well as by fluid inertia. Ordinary gravity waves
Capillary_wave
Space navigation technique
A gravity assist, gravity assist maneuver, swing-by, or generally a gravitational slingshot in orbital mechanics, is a type of spaceflight flyby which
Gravity_assist
1953 novel by Hal Clement
planet named Mesklin; its "day" is just under 18 minutes long, and its surface gravity varies between 700 g at the poles and 3 g at its equator. The story
Mission_of_Gravity
Brown dwarf in the constellation Cancer
effective temperature of 350 Kelvin and a surface gravity of log g = 4.0. Alternatively, a lower surface gravity could improve the SED fit. The model parameters
WISE_0825+2805
Theory of quantum gravity merging quantum mechanics and general relativity
Loop quantum gravity (LQG) is a theory of quantum gravity that incorporates matter of the Standard Model into the framework established for the intrinsic
Loop_quantum_gravity
Theoretical means of transportation
A gravity train is a theoretical means of transportation for purposes of commuting between two points on the surface of a sphere, by following a straight
Gravity_train
Exoplanet
Uranus) indicating a composition rich in iron and an extremely high surface gravity. The planet is within K2 Campaign 2, in the constellation Scorpius
K2-38b
Physical phenomenon
a surface wave is a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media. A common example is gravity waves along the surface of
Surface_wave
Jovian planet orbiting HR 8799
temperature. The GRAVITY observations showed that the planet has a low surface gravity, which solved the discrepancy. A low surface gravity is also observed
HR_8799_e
Rate at which the phase of the wave propagates in space
The phase velocity of a wave is the speed of any wavefront, a surface of constant phase. This is the velocity at which the phase of any constant-frequency
Phase_velocity
Moon of Neptune
assuming it has a similar density to that of Galatea and Proteus. Surface gravity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant G and the radius
Despina_(moon)
Ringed dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt
value of (1.208±0.063)×1021 kg from Braga-Ribas et al. (2025). The surface gravity in meters per second squared (m/s2) is calculated according to GMr2
Quaoar
Moon of Neptune
from the mass m and the volume V: m V {\displaystyle {\frac {m}{V}}} Surface gravity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant G and the radius
Galatea_(moon)
Number used in fluid mechanics
fluid dynamics, the Ursell number indicates the nonlinearity of long surface gravity waves on a fluid layer. This dimensionless parameter is named after
Ursell_number
Small amplitude gravitational tides
occur sufficiently slowly that they do not excite surface gravity waves. The excitation of surface gravity waves is responsible for the high amplitude semi-diurnal
Long-period_tides
Star system in the constellation Carina
Apellaniz, J. Maiz; Pott, J.-U.; Schoedel, R.; van Boekel, R. (2017-08-10). "GRAVITY spectro-interferometric study of the massive multiple stellar system HD
QZ_Carinae
Ocean shape without winds and tides
the gravity of Earth, including gravitational attraction and Earth's rotation, if other influences such as winds and tides were absent. This surface is
Geoid
Illusion in which objects appear to roll uphill
A gravity hill, which can be known by many names including magnetic hill, mystery hill, mystery spot, gravity road and anti-gravity hill, is a place where
Gravity_hill
Star in the constellation Pegasus
Earth is 2.99. Thus the surface gravity on IK Pegasi is over 900,000 times the gravitational force on the Earth. The effective surface temperature of IK Pegasi
IK_Pegasi
Red giant in the constellation Volans
old, single red giant. It has an effective temperature of 4700 K, a surface gravity of 1.1 cgs, a very low metallicity of −4.53 dex, and estimates of its
SDSS_J0715-7334
Series of waves generated by distant weather systems
the predominating influence of gravity, and thus are often referred to as surface gravity waves. These surface gravity waves have their origin as wind
Swell_(wave)
White dwarf system
supernova candidates Derived from known mass and surface gravity of star Derived from known surface temperature and calculated radius of star Munday,
WDJ181058.67+311940.94
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