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Chemical process in which a methyl (CH3) group is covalently attached to a molecule
Methylation, in the chemical sciences, is the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group.
Methylation
Chemical reaction
Mercury methylation is the process of forming methylmercury (MeHg). The methylation of mercury can occur abiotically or biotically. Biotically, the primary
Mercury_methylation
Biological process
DNA methylation is a biological process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule. Methylation can change the activity of a DNA segment without
DNA_methylation
Study of DNA modifications that do not change its sequence
nucleotide sequence. Examples of mechanisms that produce such changes are DNA methylation and histone modification, each of which alters how genes are expressed
Epigenetics
Modification of histones by addition of methyl groups
Histone methylation is a process by which methyl groups are transferred to amino acids of histone proteins that make up nucleosomes, which the DNA double
Histone_methylation
Lab procedure detecting 5-methylcytosines in DNA
of DNA before routine sequencing to determine the pattern of methylation. DNA methylation was the first discovered epigenetic mark, and remains the most
Bisulfite_sequencing
Region of often-methylated DNA with a cytosine followed by a guanine
common unit of methylation because their information is double stranded (the GpC complement is also methylated). This allows methylation information to
CpG_site
RNA-based gene silencing process
RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) is a biological process in which non-coding RNA molecules direct the addition of DNA methylation to specific DNA sequences
RNA-directed_DNA_methylation
Biochemical test for age
are expressed. Many epigenetic clocks are based on the analysis of DNA methylation, measuring the accumulation of methyl groups to CpG regions of DNA molecules
Epigenetic_clock
DNA analysis method
The Illumina Methylation Assay using the Infinium I platform uses 'BeadChip' technology[clarification needed] to generate a comprehensive genome-wide
Illumina_Methylation_Assay
DNA methylation in cancer plays a variety of roles, helping to change the healthy cells by regulation of gene expression to a cancer cells or a diseased
DNA_methylation_in_cancer
Type of post-translational modification
Protein methylation is a type of post-translational modification featuring the addition of methyl groups to proteins. It can occur on the nitrogen-containing
Protein_methylation
Biological molecule
2'-O-methylation (2'-O-Me) is a nucleotide epitranscriptomics modification commonly found in ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and small nuclear
2'-O-methylation
Protein family around which DNA winds to form nucleosomes
most common modifications are the methylation of arginine or lysine residues or the acetylation of lysine. Methylation can affect how other proteins such
Histone
Plant gene
Decreased DNA Methylation I (DDM1), is a plant gene that encodes a nucleosome remodeler which facilitates DNA methylation. The DDM1 gene has been described
Decrease_in_DNA_Methylation_I
Field of study
function, and metabolism. Heritable epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation of the promoter regions of genes that affect sensitivity to stress. Epigenetic
Epigenetics of anxiety and stress–related disorders
Epigenetics_of_anxiety_and_stress–related_disorders
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
process called DNA methylation. The enzyme is encoded in humans by the DNMT3A gene. This enzyme is responsible for de novo DNA methylation. Such function
DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A
DNA_(cytosine-5)-methyltransferase_3A
Proposed biochemical transcription of genetic information
their unstructured ends. Together with similar modifications such as DNA methylation it is part of the epigenetic code. Histones associate with DNA to form
Histone_code
Biological term
changes to the function of the genome. The human epigenome, including DNA methylation and histone modification, is maintained through cell division (both mitosis
Epigenome
Chemical compound
(CH3O)2SO2 →(CH3)3COCH3 + (CH3O)SO3H The methylation of sugars is called Haworth methylation. The methylation of ketones is called the Lavergne reaction
Dimethyl_sulfate
Transformation of a stem cell to a more specialized cell
dinucleotide methylation between at least one ES or iPS cell line. By comparing these regions of differential methylation with regions of cytosine methylation in
Cellular_differentiation
Bayesian tool for methylation analysis, also known as BATMAN, is a statistical tool for analysing methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) profiles
Bayesian tool for methylation analysis
Bayesian_tool_for_methylation_analysis
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
of methyl groups to specific CpG sites in DNA, a process called DNA methylation. In humans, it is encoded by the DNMT1 gene. Dnmt1 forms part of the
DNMT1
Technology for examining cells
Spatial DNA methylation profiling refers to technologies that combine the measurements of DNA methylation and the spatial information of cells. These
Spatial DNA methylation profiling
Spatial_DNA_methylation_profiling
Epigenetic modification
mono-methylation at the 36th lysine residue of the histone H3 protein. There are diverse modifications at H3K36, such as phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation
H3K36me
Epigenetic phenomenon
refers to the erasure and remodeling of epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, during mammalian development or in cell culture. Such control is also
Epigenetic_reprogramming
examination of a genome-wide set of quantifiable epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, in different individuals to derive associations between epigenetic variation
Epigenome-wide association study
Epigenome-wide_association_study
Field of study
in the cytosine methylation levels of the BDNF gene promoter regions 3 and 5. The type of methylation at these regions is methylation of cytosine nucleotides
Epigenetics of bipolar disorder
Epigenetics_of_bipolar_disorder
Methylation process
efficient and high-throughput technique for analyzing the genome-wide methylation profiles on a single nucleotide level. It combines restriction enzymes
Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing
Reduced_representation_bisulfite_sequencing
German–American aging researcher, geneticist and biostatistician
UCLA Fielding School of Public Health. Horvath's development of the DNA methylation based age estimation method known as epigenetic clock was featured in
Steve_Horvath
Use of DNA methylation patterns to predict phenotypes
between DNA methylation patterns and phenotypic traits in individuals and populations to be able to predict a phenotype from a DNA methylation profile. In
Epiphenotyping
Technique used to map epigenetic methylations in cancer DNA
Methylation specific oligonucleotide microarray, also known as MSO microarray, was developed as a technique to map epigenetic methylation changes in DNA
Methylation specific oligonucleotide microarray
Methylation_specific_oligonucleotide_microarray
Ability of an organism to exert itself and remain active for a long period of time
training also alters muscle gene expression through epigenetic DNA methylation or de-methylation of CpG sites within enhancers. In a study by Lindholm et al
Endurance
Cells of a multicellular organism that pass on genetic material to progeny
levels of methylation. Then primordial germ cells of the mouse undergo genome-wide DNA demethylation, followed by subsequent new methylation to reset the
Germline
Class of enzymes
family of enzymes catalyze the transfer of a methyl group to DNA. DNA methylation serves a wide variety of biological functions. All the known DNA methyltransferases
DNA_methyltransferase
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
Transcription regulation at about 60% of promoters is also controlled by methylation of cytosines within CpG dinucleotides (where 5' cytosine is followed
Transcription_(biology)
Type of biomarkers
a person. DNA methylation uses the structure of DNA at different stages of life to determine an age. DNA methylation is the methylation of the cysteine
Biomarkers_of_aging
Histone methylation on tail of histone H3 associated with gene bodies
This diagram shows the progressive methylation of a lysine residue. The tri-methylation (right) denotes the methylation present in H3K9me3 . The genomic
H3K9me3
Chinese-American chemical biologist
best known for his work in discovering and deciphering reversible RNA methylation in post-transcriptional gene expression regulation. He was awarded the
Chuan_He
Process in molecular biology
In molecular biology, methylation induced premeiotically (MIP) is a process by which cytosines within repeated DNA sequences are de novo methylated prior
Methylation induced premeiotically
Methylation_induced_premeiotically
Conversion of a gene's sequence into a mature gene product or products
contains one or more rRNAs. The pre-rRNA is cleaved and modified (2′-O-methylation and pseudouridine formation) at specific sites by approximately 150 different
Gene_expression
Disorder of amino acid metabolism
factors, only one of which is CBS deficiency. Others include the re-methylation defects (cobalamin defects, methionine synthase deficiency, MTHFR) and
Homocystinuria
Set of computational techniques
gene expression (or DNA methylation) for a group of genes (or CpG sites) known to have a differential expression (or methylation) across the cell types
Cellular_deconvolution
Field of study
especially by influencing methylation patterns in the DNA. Physical exercise is one such factor that also has been shown to affect methylation and chromatin modifications
Epigenetics of physical exercise
Epigenetics_of_physical_exercise
Study of how diet changes gene expression
supplementation. Using genomic sequencing and methylation assays, Jirtle and Waterland revealed increased methylation around the Avy locus, which mechanistically
Nutritional_epigenetics
DNA methylation status of single cytosines by treating the DNA with sodium bisulfite before high-throughput DNA sequencing. The DNA methylation status
Whole genome bisulfite sequencing
Whole_genome_bisulfite_sequencing
Molecular biology sequencing technique
endogenous DNA methylation states, and a protein occupancy map. While both major components of this method, exogenous DNA methylation to tag accessible
Fiber-Seq
Drug type for epigenetic therapy
drug that inhibits DNA methylation: the modification of DNA nucleotides by addition of a methyl group. Because DNA methylation affects cellular function
Hypomethylating_agent
Expression of genes depending on parentage
inheritance. It is an epigenetic process that involves DNA methylation and histone methylation without altering the genetic sequence. These epigenetic marks
Genomic_imprinting
Overview article
commitment of stem cells is controlled by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and regulation of ATP-dependent remolding of chromatin
Epigenetics in stem-cell differentiation
Epigenetics_in_stem-cell_differentiation
Epigenetic modification to the DNA packaging protein Histone H33
that indicates the mono-methylation at the 42nd arginine residue of the histone H3 protein. In epigenetics, arginine methylation of histones H3 and H4 is
H3R42me
Influence the environment on gene expression
developmental disorders or disease. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modification, alter how genes are expressed through turning
Environmental_epigenetics
Family of translocation methylcytosine dioxygenases
direction (at CpG sites). This forms a 5mCpG site. More than 98% of DNA methylation occurs at CpG sites in mammalian somatic cells. Thus TET enzymes largely
TET_enzymes
Heritable characteristics affecting learning
gene activity. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications (methylation, acetylation, and deacetylation) have been shown to
Epigenetics in learning and memory
Epigenetics_in_learning_and_memory
Loose connective tissue composed mostly by adipocytes
mutations. Different cell types within adipose tissue exhibit distinct DNA methylation patterns. Mature adipocytes and adipose progenitor cells (ASPCs) show
Adipose_tissue
Laboratory technique for DNA methylation profiling
laboratory technique in epigenetics for high-throughput profiling of DNA methylation at a single base-pair resolution. It uses a two-step enzymatic conversion
TET-assisted pyridine borane sequencing
TET-assisted_pyridine_borane_sequencing
Biological cell regulation mechanisms
such as methylation. Such modifications are considered to be responsible for more or less permanent changes in gene expression levels. Methylation of DNA
Regulation_of_gene_expression
Overview article
sequence that develops methylation, and because of this most studies on try and find unique methylation sites. There are a few methylation sites that have been
Epigenetics in forensic science
Epigenetics_in_forensic_science
Study of health and disease within a population
PMID 24189835. Curtin K, Slattery ML, Samowitz WS (2011). "CpG island methylation in colorectal cancer: past, present and future". Pathology Research International
Epidemiology
Type of an amino acid chain end
The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal tail, carboxy tail, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus) is the end of an
C-terminus
British geneticist
Trust Centre for Cell Biology. His research focuses on understanding DNA methylation and CpG islands, and their role in diseases such as Rett syndrome. Bird
Adrian_Bird
Histone methylation on tail of histone H3 associated with gene bodies
This diagram shows the progressive methylation of a lysine residue. The tri-methylation (right) denotes the methylation present in H3K36me3. The genomic
H3K36me3
Flavonoid with a methylated hydroxy group
flavonoids or methoxyflavonoids are flavonoids with methylations on hydroxyl groups (methoxy bonds). O-methylation has an effect on the solubility of flavonoids
O-methylated_flavonoid
of changes in gene expression that occur via mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and microRNA modification. When these epigenetic
Contribution of epigenetic modifications to evolution
Contribution_of_epigenetic_modifications_to_evolution
Chemical reaction in organic chemistry
salt by treatment of the amine with excess methyl iodide (exhaustive methylation), followed by treatment with silver oxide and water to form a quaternary
Hofmann_elimination
Single stranded RNA
DNA methylation can result in long term downregulation of specific genes. Repression of functional proteins via asRNA induced DNA methylation has been
Antisense_RNA
Chemical compound
effects of gene silencing mechanisms that occur prior to methylation. Certain methylations are believed to secure DNA in a silenced state, and therefore
Azacitidine
Method for analyzing DNA methylation using enzymes
EM-Seq is a laboratory technique for high-throughput profiling of DNA methylation at a single-nucleotide resolution across the genome. EM-Seq is a C-to-T
Enzymatic_methyl-seq
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
temozolomide is more effective in those with a methylation of the gene's promoter. Overall, MGMT methylation is associated with prolonged patient survival
Methylated-DNA–protein-cysteine methyltransferase
Methylated-DNA–protein-cysteine_methyltransferase
Epigenitic modification to the protein histone H3
H3. It is a mark that indicates the tri-methylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 protein. This tri-methylation is associated with the downregulation of
H3K27me3
Region of DNA encouraging transcription
carcinogenic gene silencing is a result of altered DNA methylation (see DNA methylation in cancer). DNA methylation causing silencing in cancer typically occurs
Promoter_(genetics)
Chemical reaction
The Eschweiler–Clarke reaction (also called the Eschweiler–Clarke methylation) is a chemical reaction whereby a primary (or secondary) amine is methylated
Eschweiler–Clarke_reaction
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
enzyme (EC 2.1.1.43) encoded by EZH2 gene, that participates in histone methylation and, ultimately, transcriptional repression. EZH2 catalyzes the addition
EZH2
Histone methylation on tail of histone H3
modification to the DNA packaging protein Histone H3 that indicates tri-methylation at the 4th lysine residue of the histone H3 protein and is often involved
H3K4me3
Field of study
mechanisms are involved in the regulation and expression of genes such as DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling. These epigenetic mechanisms are believed to
Epigenetics of diabetes type 2
Epigenetics_of_diabetes_type_2
Molecule that carries genetic information
between DNA methylation and histone modification, so they can coordinately affect chromatin and gene expression. For one example, cytosine methylation produces
DNA
Chemical group (–CH3) derived from methane
phosphorylation, methylation is a major biochemical process for modifying protein function. The field of epigenetics focuses on the influence of methylation on gene
Methyl_group
Field of study
cancers. Two of the most characterized epigenetic modifications are DNA methylation and histone modification. Epigenetic modifications play an important
Epigenomics
cells during brain development and adulthood. Processes such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA expression regulate neural stem-cell
Epigenetic regulation of neurogenesis
Epigenetic_regulation_of_neurogenesis
Addition of a sulfate group to a compound
terrestrial ancestors of seagrasses to a new marine habitat. Glucuronidation Methylation Hydrogenation Rosemary Waring Acetylation Anthony, E.J.; Granatstein
Sulfation
Phenomenon
The list for hypermethylated genes is growing. The first discovery of methylation in a CpG island of a tumor suppressor gene in humans was that of the
CpG_island_hypermethylation
Chemical compound which is a modified DNA base
facilitating the methylation. Changes in the expression of DNMT results in aberrant methylation. Overexpression produces increased methylation, whereas disruption
5-Methylcytosine
Field of study in cancer research
cells, patterns of DNA methylation are in general transmitted to daughter cells with high fidelity. Typically, this methylation only occurs at cytosines
Cancer_epigenetics
Cellular mechanism
interruptions from reactive oxygen species, alkylation of bases (usually methylation), such as formation of 7-methylguanosine, 1-methyladenine, 6-O-Methylguanine
DNA_repair
Overview article
types. Studies have shown differences in epigenetic markers such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNA expression between smokers and non-smokers
Epigenetic_effects_of_smoking
Chemical compound found in all domains of life with largely unexplored effects
a regulator of a variety of processes including DNA, tRNA, and rRNA methylation; immune response; amino acid metabolism; transsulfuration; and more.
S-Adenosyl_methionine
Chemical compound
Indatraline (Lu 19-005) is an antidepressive agent and non-selective monoamine transporter inhibitor that blocks the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine
Indatraline
Field of study
that risk loci are commonly found near DNA methylation quantitative trait loci (which affect CpG methylation), which have post-transcriptional modifications
Epigenetics_of_schizophrenia
Aspect of cancer
carcinogenic gene silencing is a result of altered DNA methylation (see DNA methylation in cancer). DNA methylation causing silencing in cancer typically occurs
Regulation of transcription in cancer
Regulation_of_transcription_in_cancer
Use of epigenome-influencing techniques to treat medical conditions
potentially treating diseases by targeting epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene
Epigenetic_therapy
Chemical compound
microbial methylation of iodide. Oceans are the major source, but rice paddies are also significant. Iodomethane is useful as a reagent for methylation because
Iodomethane
known for work on epigenetic regulation, particularly histone and RNA methylation. He is a Member of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and a professor
Yang_Shi
Type of enzymes
histones, the four most common histone modifications include acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Histone-modifying enzymes that induce
Histone-modifying_enzymes
Israeli American biochemist (born 1943)
January 12, 1943) is an Israeli American biochemist who works on DNA methylation, a mechanism that turns genes on and off. Howard Chaim Cedar was born
Howard_Cedar
Any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small-cell lung carcinoma
level due to hypo-, rather than hyper-, methylation of its promoter region (deficiency of promoter methylation) in non-small-cell lung cancer.[citation
Non-small-cell_lung_cancer
Examines sequence information from individual cells
detect DNA methylation include methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes. Restriction enzymes also enable the detection of other types of methylation, such
Single-cell_sequencing
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
31531. PMID 10531356. Kwak YT, Guo J, Prajapati S, et al. (Apr 2003). "Methylation of SPT5 regulates its interaction with RNA polymerase II and transcriptional
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5
Protein_arginine_methyltransferase_5
Secretion from the glands of nurse bees
individuals with reduced DNA methylation levels emerged as queens with fully developed ovaries. This finding suggests that DNA methylation in honey bees allows
Royal_jelly
Epigenetic transmission without DNA primary structure alteration
and early embryogenesis in mice, methylation marks are removed to allow for development to commence, but the methylation mark is converted into hydroxymethyl-cytosine
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance
Toxic mercury cation
2013/39/EU). The process which creates methylmercury is called mercury methylation. "Methylmercury" is a shorthand for the hypothetical "methylmercury cation"
Methylmercury
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