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Cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water
molecules by hydrolysis (e.g., sucrose being broken down into glucose and fructose), this is recognized as saccharification. Hydrolysis reactions can
Hydrolysis
Organic reaction
solvents, with dissolved hydroxide ion performing hydrolysis. In this example of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl propionate, the asterisk indicates an oxygen-18
Ester_hydrolysis
Catabolism of ATP into ADP
phosphate, the hydrolysis of ATP has the effect of lowering the pH of the reaction medium. Under certain conditions, high levels of ATP hydrolysis can contribute
ATP_hydrolysis
Reaction that cleaves the RNA molecule
this 2’ -OH group and thus is not susceptible to base-catalyzed hydrolysis. RNA hydrolysis occurs when the deprotonated 2’ OH of the ribose, acting as a
RNA_hydrolysis
Mp(OH)pz–q q + (pz–px–q) H2O Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K: Hydrolysis constants (log values)
Hydrolysis_constant
"Thermal Hydrolysis System Helps Increase Biogas Production". Water World. PennWell Publishing. Retrieved 24 May 2014. Media related to Thermal hydrolysis at
Thermal_hydrolysis
Enzyme-facilitated splitting of molecular bonds with water
enzymatic hydrolysis is a process in which enzymes facilitate the cleavage of bonds in molecules with the addition of the elements of water (i.e. hydrolysis).
Enzymatic_hydrolysis
Body decomposition process
alkaline hydrolysis was proposed in New York state in 2012, the New York State Catholic Conference condemned the practice, stating that hydrolysis does not
Water_cremation
Capacity of a substance to dissolve in a homogeneous way
In chemistry, solubility is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent. Insolubility is the opposite
Solubility
Syrup made from the hydrolysis of starch
form. This prepares the starch for hydrolysis. Glucose syrup can be produced by acid hydrolysis, enzyme hydrolysis, or a combination of the two. Currently
Glucose_syrup
Foodstuffs obtained by protein hydrolysis
subjected to hydrolysis (hydrolyzed), the protein is broken down into its component amino acids. In aHVP, hydrochloric acid is used for hydrolysis. The remaining
Hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein
Organic compound (CH3CO2CH2CH3)
acetate is rarely selected as a reaction solvent because it is prone to hydrolysis, transesterification, and condensations. Ethyl acetate is the most common
Ethyl_acetate
Ethanol produced from cellulose
technologies in the last two decades, the acid hydrolysis process has gradually been replaced by enzymatic hydrolysis. Chemical pretreatment of the feedstock
Cellulosic_ethanol
Chemical reaction
widely used enzyme for asymmetric ester hydrolysis. Although it was originally used for the desymmetrizing hydrolysis of glutarate esters, PLE also hydrolyzes
Asymmetric ester hydrolysis with pig-liver esterase
Asymmetric_ester_hydrolysis_with_pig-liver_esterase
Geminal halide hydrolysis is an organic reaction. The reactants are geminal dihalides with a water molecule or a hydroxide ion. The reaction yields ketones
Geminal_halide_hydrolysis
Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis assays can be used to measure the enzyme activity of microbes in a sample. A bright yellow-green glow is produced
Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis
Fluorescein_diacetate_hydrolysis
Solution of component parts of a protein
process. Protein hydrolysis is a useful route to the isolation of individual amino acids. Examples include cystine from hydrolysis of hair, tryptophan
Hydrolyzed_protein
Chemical compound (OH–)
fluoride ion F−, and the amide ion NH− 2. Ester hydrolysis under alkaline conditions (also known as base hydrolysis) R1C(O)OR2 + OH− ⇌ R1CO(O)H + −OR2 ⇌ R1CO2−
Hydroxide
Organic compounds with the structure R–S(=O)2–OH
are prepared by hydrolysis of sulfonyl halides and related precursors. Thus, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid is prepared by hydrolysis of the sulfonyl fluoride
Sulfonic_acid
Chemical compound
the hydrolysis of dichlorosilane by putting the solution of H2SiCl2 in benzene in brief contact with a large excess of water. A large-scale hydrolysis was
Dichlorosilane
Enzyme that cleaves other proteins into smaller peptides
products. They do this by cleaving the peptide bonds within proteins by hydrolysis, a reaction where water breaks bonds. Proteases are involved in numerous
Protease
Organic compounds of the form RC(=O)NR′R″
resistant enough to hydrolysis to maintain protein structure in aqueous environments but are susceptible to catalyzed hydrolysis.[citation needed] Primary
Amide
Energy-carrying molecule in living cells
coenzyme. Daily, an average adult human recycles through synthesis and hydrolysis around 50 kilograms of ATP (about 100 moles). From the perspective of
Adenosine_triphosphate
Chemical compound
incorporated into agar with ferric citrate and bile salts (bile aesculin agar). Hydrolysis of aesculin forms aesculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin) and glucose. Aesculetin
Aesculin
Compound derived from an acid
nitriles with an alcohol Nucleophilic abstraction of a metal–acyl complex Hydrolysis of orthoesters in aqueous acid Cellulolysis via esterification Ozonolysis
Ester
Mixture of peptides and proteins derived from animals
gelatin through hydrolysis. Collagen hydrolysis is performed by one of three different methods: acid-, alkali-, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Acid treatment
Gelatin
Breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids
contributes substantially to shaping mammalian proteomes. Uncatalysed, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds is extremely slow, taking hundreds of years. Proteolysis
Proteolysis
Species of bacterium
differentiated from other Gram-negative bacteria by its ability to perform casein hydrolysis, which allows it to produce extracellular metalloproteinases which are
Serratia_marcescens
Waxy substance formed by anaerobic hydrolysis of fat
wax, is a wax-like organic substance formed by the anaerobic bacterial hydrolysis of fat in tissue, such as body fat in corpses. In its formation, putrefaction
Adipocere
Process that converts fat, oil, or lipid into soap and alcohol
sodium hydroxide solutions are used. It is an important type of alkaline hydrolysis. When the carboxylate is a long chain, its salt is called a soap. The
Saponification
Autoxidation or hydrolysis of fats and oils
Rancidification is the process of complete or incomplete autoxidation or hydrolysis of fats and oils when exposed to air, light, moisture, or bacterial action
Rancidification
Substitution or elimination reaction where the nucleophile is a solvent
pH. In organic chemistry, hydrolysis reactions often give two fragments from an initial substrate. For example, the hydrolysis of amides give carboxylic
Solvolysis
Organism not requiring oxygen for its growth
An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is an organism that does not require molecular oxygen for growth or energy metabolism. Anaerobes produce adenosine triphosphate
Anaerobic_organism
Edible mixture of glucose and fructose, obtained from sucrose hydrolysis
dubbel and tripel. Table sugar (sucrose) is converted to invert sugar by hydrolysis. Heating a mixture or solution of table sugar and water breaks the chemical
Inverted_sugar_syrup
Urinary antiseptic drug
In terms of pH, there is minimal hydrolysis at a pH of 7.4, 6% at a pH of 6, and 20% at a pH of 5. The hydrolysis of methenamine occurs slowly and gradually
Methenamine
Chemical compound
phosphorus oxides. The first hydrolysis product is phosphorus oxychloride: PCl5 + H2O → POCl3 + 2 HCl In hot water, hydrolysis proceeds completely to orthophosphoric
Phosphorus_pentachloride
Class of enzymes
thio-linked glucose. Its known biological function is to catalyze the hydrolysis of a class of compounds called glucosinolates. Myrosinase is regarded
Myrosinase
Nucleotide
not involve hydrolysis. In some cases, the presence of an NTP may be required for association of one protein with another, while hydrolysis is necessary
NDPCP
Signaling molecule
from studies showing hormone and neurotransmitter-induced hydrolysis of PI. The hydrolysis starts with the enzyme PI 4-kinase alpha (PI4Kα) converting
Phosphatidylinositol
Cyclic carboxylic ester
the hydrolysis-condensation reaction of lactones is a reversible reaction, with an equilibrium. However, the equilibrium constant of the hydrolysis reaction
Lactone
Group of enzymes
acid (see 3AMR). In a hydrolysis mechanism suggested in 2001 by Shin et al. the Ca2+ ions bound to the BPP are divided to hydrolysis and affinity site ions
Beta-propeller_phytase
Type of molecule
synthetic method Markovnikov addition of trifluoroacetic acid followed by hydrolysis of the acetate gives terpineol. The most widely practiced conversion of
Limonene
Special type of hyperconjugation
conditions, the rate of hydrolysis is mainly controlled by the electrophilicity of the silicon center and the rate of the hydrolysis of the γ-silanes is less
Negative hyperconjugation in silicon
Negative_hyperconjugation_in_silicon
–O– linkage between phosphoric acid and two other compounds
acids. Hydrolysis (breaking) of phosphodiester bonds can be promoted in several ways. Phosphodiesterases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the
Phosphodiester_bond
Chemical compound
Diosgenin, a phytosteroid spirostanol sapogenin, is the product of hydrolysis by acids, strong bases, or enzymes of saponins, extracted from the tubers
Diosgenin
Free-energy relationship in organic chemistry
wide range of organic reactions. The archetypal reaction is the alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl benzoate (R=R'=H) in a water/ethanol mixture at 30 °C. Measurement
Hammett_equation
Recycling of bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate
MEG and PTA or DMT. The main processes are glycolysis, methanolysis or hydrolysis. After purification, the oligomers or monomers can be used to prepare
PET_bottle_recycling
Shortest peptide molecule, containing two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond
respect to hydrolysis. Gln does not withstand sterilization procedures, whereas this dipeptide does. Because dipeptides are prone to hydrolysis, the high
Dipeptide
Boron compound
Borazine, also known as borazole, inorganic benzene, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula B3H6N3. In this cyclic compound, the three BH units
Borazine
Chemical compound
bifunctional and cheaply available. Hydrolysis by hot water forms ortho-phthalic acid: C6H4(CO)2O + H2O → C6H4(CO2H)2 Hydrolysis of anhydrides is not typically
Phthalic_anhydride
Precursor for a range of ergoline alkaloids produced by the ergot fungus
from the fact that it is a carboxylic acid, and it was first made by hydrolysis of various ergot alkaloids. Lysergic acid failed to produce LSD-like
Lysergic_acid
Organic compound containing the functional group R–CH=O
Nitriles Hydrolysis of an iminium salt generated by tin(II) chloride and HCl to form an aldehyde. Geminal halide hydrolysis Geminal dihalides Hydrolysis of
Aldehyde
Group of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates
Dextrins are a group of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates produced by the hydrolysis of starch and glycogen. Dextrins are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose
Dextrin
Organic compound of the form R–B(OH)2
(dihydroxyborane), also known as boronic acid, is an intermediate in the hydrolysis of diborane. It disproportionates to boric acid and diborane, with a gas-phase
Boronic_acid
Anion with the chemical formula PF6–
spectrophotometrically with ferroin. Hydrolysis is extremely slow under basic conditions. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to the phosphate ion is also slow. Nonetheless
Hexafluorophosphate
Chemical compound with an oxygen atom
An oxide (/ˈɒksaɪd/) is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula. "Oxide" itself is the dianion
Oxide
Complex sugar
apart a double sugar into its two monosaccharides is accomplished by hydrolysis with the help of a type of enzyme called a disaccharidase. As building
Disaccharide
Class of enzymes which break glycosidic bonds via hydrolysis
catalyzing the hydrolysis of O- or S-glycosides. Glycoside hydrolases can also be classified according to the stereochemical outcome of the hydrolysis reaction:
Glycoside_hydrolase
Class of enzymes
effectors. Hydrolysis of GTP bound to an (active) G domain-GTPase leads to deactivation of the signaling/timer function of the enzyme. The hydrolysis of the
GTPase
Class of enzymes
breaks down pectin, a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, through hydrolysis, transelimination and deesterification reactions. Commonly referred to
Pectinase
Covalent bond between amino acids in a protein chain
a peptide bond). A peptide bond can be broken by hydrolysis (the addition of water). The hydrolysis of peptide bonds in water releases 8–16 kJ/mol (2–4 kcal/mol)
Peptide_bond
Chemical compound
Furthermore, it promotes the hydrolysis of some carbonyl sulfide, a common component of sour gas: COS + H2O → CO2 + H2S This hydrolysis step further enriches
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone
Chemical compound
copper(II) hydroxide occurs: CuCl2 + 2 NaOH → Cu(OH)2 + 2 NaCl Partial hydrolysis gives dicopper chloride trihydroxide, Cu2(OH)3Cl, a popular fungicide
Copper(II)_chloride
Gene family
to catalyze the rate of ATP hydrolysis by promoting the attacking H2O. The precise molecular mechanism of ATP hydrolysis is still controversial. ABC transporters
ABC_transporter
Molecule that delivers the amino acid to the ribosome during translation
Amino acids that are misacylated with the proper tRNA substrate undergo hydrolysis through the deacylation mechanisms possessed by aa-tRNA synthetases. Due
Aminoacyl-tRNA
Chemical compound
colourless liquid with the formula PBr3. The liquid fumes in moist air due to hydrolysis and has a penetrating odour. It is used in the laboratory for the conversion
Phosphorus_tribromide
Chemical compound
used as an organophosphorus insecticide. It is stable, but undergoes hydrolysis when subjected to moisture. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate is a parasympathomimetic
Diisopropyl_fluorophosphate
Psychoactive substance found in plants in the family Apocynaceae
a phosphoinositol (PI) hydrolysis assay.5,9 [...] At this time, it is not known if the actions of 1 and 4 in the PI hydrolysis assay reflect their low
Ibogaine
Organic chemical compound
the most abundant monosaccharides. It is produced commercially by the hydrolysis of shellfish exoskeletons or, less commonly, by fermentation of a grain
Glucosamine
Chemical compound
569. ISBN 978-0-12-356786-4. Appelman, E. H.; J. G. Malm (June 1964). "Hydrolysis of Xenon Hexafluoride and the Aqueous Solution Chemistry of Xenon". Journal
Xenon_hexafluoride
Properties and behavior of hydrated cations in aqueous solution
ionic radius, r, increases. Aqua ions are subject to hydrolysis. The logarithm of the first hydrolysis constant is proportional to z2/r for most aqua ions
Metal ions in aqueous solution
Metal_ions_in_aqueous_solution
Multiprotein Nickel-containing complex which hydrolyses urea
These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia: (NH2)2CO + H2O urease→ CO2 + 2NH3 The hydrolysis of urea occurs in two stages
Urease
Chemical compound
phosphorus pentoxide (Woodstock's method). Alternatively, controlled hydrolysis of diethyl phosphorochloridate delivers the compound: 2(EtO)2P(O)Cl +
Tetraethyl_pyrophosphate
Deterioration of rocks and minerals through exposure to the elements
forsterite + water ⇌ brucite + silicic acid Most hydrolysis during weathering of minerals is acid hydrolysis, in which protons (hydrogen ions), which are
Weathering
Chemical compound
form melem and ammonia. Ammeline is the first step in melamine hydrolysis. Further hydrolysis (e.g. boiling ammeline with dilute alkali) yields ammelide.
Ammeline
Molecule containing main group elements with more than eight valence electrons
during hydrolysis and from this a binucleophilic reaction mechanism was proposed. Corriu and coworkers then measured the rates of hydrolysis in the presence
Hypervalent_molecule
Class of enzymes which split esters into an acid and alcohol via hydrolysis
into an acid and an alcohol in a chemical reaction with water called hydrolysis (and as such, it is a type of hydrolase). A wide range of different esterases
Esterase
Enzyme Commission numbers
This list contains a list of sub-classes for the seventh group of Enzyme Commission numbers, EC 7, translocases, placed in numerical order as determined
List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_7)
Chemical compound
Trimethylaluminium or TMA is one of the simplest examples of an organoaluminium compound. Despite its name it has the formula Al2(CH3)6 (abbreviated as
Trimethylaluminium
Chemical compound
Early methods relied on extraction of phenol from coal derivatives or the hydrolysis of benzene derivatives. The original commercial route was developed by
Phenol
Assortment of peptides
hydrolysis and typically only have free amino acids and few peptide chains; tryptone by contrast is the product of an incomplete enzymatic hydrolysis
Tryptone
Part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells
component 3 (C3) hydrolysis, foreign material, pathogens, or damaged cells. The mannose-binding lectin pathway can be activated by C3 hydrolysis or antigens
Complement_system
Oxygen-free break down of material
comprises four stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. The digestion process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the input materials
Anaerobic_digestion
Chemical compound
simple hydrolysis of the borohydride. However, such a usage would need a cheap, relatively simple, and energy-efficient process to recycle the hydrolysis product
Sodium_borohydride
Class of organosilicon compounds of the form R3Si–O–CR=CR2
released from the PhSCl upon attack of its electrophilic sulfur atom. Hydrolysis of a silyl enol ether results in the formation of a carbonyl compound
Silyl_enol_ether
Chemical compound
into GTP with the help of pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate. The hydrolysis of GTP to GDP is facilitated by GTPase enzymes, which utilize a conserved
Guanosine_diphosphate
Class of enzymes
very quick hydrolysis of the acyl-enzyme intermediate. The MBLs use the Zn2+ ions to activate a binding site water molecule for the hydrolysis of the β-lactam
Beta-lactamase
Chemical compound
hydrolyzed. One solid product of hydrolysis is bismuthyl perchlorate, BiOClO4, which can be obtained by hydrolysis of bismuth perchlorate in moderately
Bismuth_perchlorate
Study of vegetable oils and animal oils and fats
oleochemical manufacturing include hydrolysis and transesterification, among others. The splitting (or hydrolysis) of the triglycerides produces fatty
Oleochemistry
Antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals
system. It is a glycoside hydrolase that catalyzes the following process: Hydrolysis of (1→4)-β-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
Lysozyme
Method of phenol production
The Dow process process is a method of phenol production through the hydrolysis of chlorobenzene. Benzene can be readily converted to chlorobenzene by
Dow_process_(phenol)
Wastewater treatment plant in Washington, D.C.
operating its thermal hydrolysis system, for improved treatment of sewage sludge, in 2015. This is the largest thermal hydrolysis facility in the world
Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant
Blue_Plains_Advanced_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant
Chemical compound
grey-green-yellow powder or pellet due to the presence of impurities arising from hydrolysis and oxidation. It is used by farmers, pest controllers, gamekeepers and
Aluminium_phosphide
Class of chemical compounds
necessary because the formation of ATP is energetically unfavourable. The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi proceeds as follows: ATP + H 2 O ⟶ ADP + P i {\displaystyle
Nucleoside_triphosphate
Chemical compound
Vanadium oxytrichloride is the inorganic compound with the formula VOCl3. This yellow distillable liquid hydrolyzes readily in air. It is an oxidizing
Vanadium_oxytrichloride
Class of enzymes which cleave fats via hydrolysis
catalysts for hydrolysis of esters and are useful outside of the cell, a testament to their wide substrate scope and ruggedness. The ester hydrolysis activity
Lipase
Class of aromatic organic chemicals found in plants
functional group, often arise by hydrolysis of carbocationic intermediates produced from geranyl pyrophosphate. Analogously hydrolysis of intermediates from farnesyl
Terpenoid
Non-living factors that affect organisms and ecosystems
degradation of a substance occurs by chemical or physical processes, e.g. hydrolysis. All non-living components of an ecosystem, such as atmospheric conditions
Abiotic_component
Broad-spectrum antibiotic
β-lactam ring, which is less susceptible to hydrolysis by these enzymes. However, meropenem can undergo hydrolysis in aqueous solutions, which can reduce its
Meropenem
Eukaryotic motor protein
Kinesins move along microtubule (MT) filaments and are powered by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (thus kinesins are ATPases, a type of
Kinesin
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