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Evolutionary process
Frequency-dependent selection is an evolutionary process by which the fitness of a phenotype or genotype depends on the phenotype or genotype composition
Frequency-dependent_selection
Species of bacteria
unexpectedly high frequencies. Two major models that control the selection balance of B.burgdorferi is negative frequency-dependent selection and multiple-niche
Borrelia_burgdorferi
Mutually beneficial mimicry of strongly defended species
in 1878, supporting his theory with a mathematical model of frequency-dependent selection, one of the first such models to be deployed in biology. Müllerian
Müllerian_mimicry
Mutually adaptive genetic change of a host and a parasite
dynamics: negative frequency-dependent selection when a rare allele has a selective advantage; heterozygote advantage; and directional selection near an advantageous
Host–parasite_coevolution
Mechanism of evolution by differential reproduction
balancing selection acts to maintain genetic variation in a population, even in the absence of de novo mutation, by negative frequency-dependent selection. One
Natural_selection
Type of biological selective process
balancing selection works to maintain polymorphism. The two major and most studied are heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent selection. In heterozygote
Balancing_selection
Species having two or more distinct forms
than either homozygote". Frequency dependent selection: The fitness of a particular phenotype is dependent on its frequency relative to other phenotypes
Polymorphism_(biology)
Bluffing imitation of a species with strong defenses
generally less numerous than models. This is an instance of frequency-dependent selection. Some mimetic populations have evolved multiple forms (polymorphism)
Batesian_mimicry
Animal behavior
Frequency-dependent foraging is defined as the tendency of an individual to selectively forage on a certain species or morph based on its relative frequency
Frequency-dependent foraging by pollinators
Frequency-dependent_foraging_by_pollinators
Total number of genetic characteristics in a species
large range relative to the mobility of individuals within it. Frequency-dependent selection is the hypothesis that as alleles become more common, they become
Genetic_diversity
Evolutionary model that explains the sex ratio
concept of frequency-dependent selection, though Fisher's principle is not frequency-dependent selection per se. Frequency-dependent selection, in this
Fisher's_principle
Species of fish
abundance of the two morphs in populations is regulated by frequency-dependent selection. Dorsal view of right-bending (left) and left-bending (right)
Perissodus_microlepis
Concept in population ecology
reduced parasite burden with a more overdispersed distribution. Frequency-dependent selection Plant density Janzen–Connell hypothesis Hixon, M (2009), "Density
Density_dependence
British evolutionary biologist
book The Colours of Animals (1890) was the first to recognise frequency-dependent selection. He is remembered for his pioneering work on animal coloration
Edward_Bagnall_Poulton
through frequency-dependent selection because of their equal fitness benefits and functional equivalence. Under frequency-dependent selection, the fitness
Alternative_mating_strategy
Type of animal feeding strategy
justified by the food that might be stolen from them, resulting in frequency-dependent selection. There are many lineages of cuckoo bees, all of which lay their
Kleptoparasitism
Change in the heritable traits of populations
Sarah P.; Servedio, Maria R.; Nuismer, Scott L. (August 2008). "Frequency-Dependent Selection and the Evolution of Assortative Mating". Genetics. 179 (4):
Evolution
Process in evolutionary theory
Apostatic selection is a form of negative frequency-dependent selection. It describes the survival of individual prey animals that are different (through
Apostatic_selection
Gradual variation of the characteristics of a species along its territory
generate clines is through frequency-dependent selection. Characters that could be maintained by such frequency-dependent selective pressures include warning
Cline_(biology)
Dynamical system
endogenous component of the system. This allows it to model frequency-dependent selection, where the success of a strategy depends on its prevalence relative
Replicator_equation
American geneticist
Busch, Jeremiah W. (2015-05-06). "A General Model of Negative Frequency Dependent Selection Explains Global Patterns of Human ABO Polymorphism". PLOS ONE
Keolu_Fox
General appearance of an animal
species "which court by day". The book introduced the concept of frequency-dependent selection, as when edible mimics are less frequent than the distasteful
Animal_coloration
Species of bird
existence of the two plumage morphs in females may be due to frequency-dependent selection if this learning applies only to the morph that hosts see neighbors
Common_cuckoo
Butterflies of family Papilionidae
the morph with orange patches. The scientists concluded that frequency-dependent selection did lead to equal success for all three alternative strategies:
Swallowtail_butterfly
Adaptive immune gene selection
heterozygote advantage. The second is that there is selection that undergoes a frequency-dependent cycle—this is called the Red Queen hypothesis. There
Major histocompatibility complex and sexual selection
Major_histocompatibility_complex_and_sexual_selection
Evolutionary effects of sexual selection on humans
the gene pool via negative frequency-dependent selection. Many combat sports such as boxing have higher-than-chance frequencies of left-handed individuals
Sexual_selection_in_humans
Biological evolution of Homo sapiens from 50,000 years ago until present
brown eyes. They also seem to have undergone both sexual and frequency-dependent selection. A research program by geneticist Hans Eiberg and his team at
Recent_human_evolution
Classification of blood types
force driving evolution of allele diversity is simply negative frequency-dependent selection; cells with rare variants of membrane antigens are more easily
ABO_blood_group_system
Species of beetle
is able to spread to multiple hosts rapidly using positive frequency-dependent selection. Female beetles infected with Wolbachia have abnormally high
Confused_flour_beetle
Theory of normative philosophical ethics and meta-ethics
environments, which makes moral diversity a natural consequence of frequency-dependent selection. Applied ethics Good reasons approach Moral constructivism LaFollette
Pragmatic_ethics
Expected reproductive success
w_{n}} and the genotype frequencies p 1 … p n {\displaystyle p_{1}\dots p_{n}} respectively. Ignoring frequency-dependent selection, then genetic load (
Fitness_(biology)
Study of genetics in natural populations
maintained by selection (e.g. heterozygote advantage or frequency-dependent selection), their frequency might remain stable over time, making selection hard to
Ecological_genetics
Ecological concept
of this they have been used to describe different aspects of frequency-dependent selection. One of the ways prey switching has been identified and defined
Prey_switching
Modelling evolution using differential equations
between ecology and evolution by showing the importance of frequency-dependent selection, but it did not initially provide a flexible link to population
Evolutionary_dynamics
Exploitive behavior in behavioral ecology
cheating are often frequency-dependent. Frequency-dependent selection occurs when the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency relative to other
Cheating_(biology)
abundance of the two morphs in populations is regulated by frequency-dependent selection. The narwhal has a helical tusk on its upper left jaw. Odobenocetops
List of animals featuring external asymmetry
List_of_animals_featuring_external_asymmetry
1890 book by Edward Bagnall Poulton
for Darwinian selection applying to all aspects of animal coloration. The book also pioneered the concept of frequency-dependent selection and introduced
The_Colours_of_Animals
Genus of flowering plants
Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-02-19. Eckert, C. G.; et al. (1996). "Frequency-dependent selection on morph ratios in tristylous Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae)"
Lythrum
landscape – fixation index (FST) – fluctuating selection – E.B. Ford – fossil – frequency-dependent selection Galápagos Islands – gene – gene-centric view
Index of evolutionary biology articles
Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles
of the various genotypes to different ecological niches and frequency-dependent selection are at least as important, and probably more important in many
List_of_polymorphisms
British professor of genetics (1932-2014)
noted for his work on apostatic selection (which is a term he coined in 1962) and other forms of frequency-dependent selection, and work on polymorphism in
Bryan_Clarke
Learned society for the study and dissemination of taxonomy and natural history
great defender of natural selection, and was the first biologist to recognise the importance of frequency-dependent selection. In 1904, the society elected
Linnean_Society_of_London
Evolutionary strategy
predators) when in low proportion to their model. Such negative frequency-dependent selection applies in most forms of mimicry. Specifically, Batesian mimicry
Mimicry
Species of bird native to South and Southeast Asia
individuals are free to choose between producer and scrounger, frequency dependent selection results in a stable mixture of both behaviour where each receives
Scaly-breasted_munia
American geneticist
contributor to Science Year, the World Book annual supplement. Frequency-dependent selection "News and Events". Archived from the original on 2014-12-02
Robert_H._Tamarin
Virus mutation
more resistant to treatment in common host genotypes through frequency-dependent selection. Further, strict adherence to a retroviral regimen correlates
Resistance mutation (virology)
Resistance_mutation_(virology)
Measure in population genetics
\dots ,w_{n}} and frequencies p 1 , … , p n {\displaystyle p_{1},\dots ,p_{n}} , respectively. Ignoring frequency-dependent selection, the genetic load
Genetic_load
Type of genetic selection favoring one extreme phenotype
Balancing selection Disruptive selection Frequency-dependent foraging by pollinators Negative selection (natural selection) Stabilizing selection Peppered
Directional_selection
Preferential transmission of alleles over others during meiosis
reductions in male fecundity and mating success, leading to frequency dependent selection maintaining both the driving alleles and wild-type alleles.
Meiotic_drive
Species of spider in the family Theridiidae
from predators – an example of apostatic selection, which is a type of negative frequency-dependent selection. The advantage will be eliminated when predators
Theridion_grallator
Method of representing systems
patterning of ecological and evolutionary processes, such as frequency-dependent selection and disease and information transmission. For instance, a study
Biological_network
Cell surface proteins, part of the acquired immune system
balancing selection (see polymorphism (biology)), which is any natural selection process whereby no single allele is absolutely most fit, such as frequency-dependent
Major histocompatibility complex
Major_histocompatibility_complex
Biological concept
including sexual selection theory, coevolution, habitat selection, and frequency-dependent selection. In these examples, the source of selection on a trait
Reciprocal_causation
Branch of psychology
as arising from normal variation around an optimum, due to frequency-dependent selection (behavioral polymorphisms), or as facultative adaptations. Like
Evolutionary_psychology
Ecological theory concerning the selection of life history traits
r/K selection theory and concluded that: The distinguishing feature of the r- and K-selection paradigm was the focus on density-dependent selection as
R/K_selection_theory
American biologist
an honors thesis advised by Glenys Thomson on the theory of frequency-dependent selection. He received his Ph.D. in biological sciences in 1985 at Stanford
Lee_Altenberg
Mating incompatibility in arthropods caused by parasites
population (positive frequency-dependent selection). Unimpeded, the bacteria can therefore quickly reach infection frequencies of 100%. However, a number
Cytoplasmic_incompatibility
existing sexual selection framework through frequency-dependent selection and costly signalling, suggesting that emotional selection as a separate category
Emotional selection (evolution)
Emotional_selection_(evolution)
Japanese-American geneticist
There, he and his colleagues conducted extensive research on frequency-dependent selection of enzyme loci, as well as the evolutionary fitness of the esterase-6
Ken-Ichi_Kojima
Subfamily of termites
strain. A monoculture likely arises in a colony through positive-frequency dependent selection, in which a genotype outcompetes others via preference by the
Macrotermitinae
Solution concept in game theory
terms of frequency-dependent selection which he sources to Madhav Gadgil's 1972 work on Male dimorphism as a consequence of sexual selection, and Geoff
Evolutionarily stable strategy
Evolutionarily_stable_strategy
Correlation between human biology and political tendencies
polymorphism, like those of gender and blood type, resulting from frequency-dependent selection. Tim Dean has suggested that we live in such a moral ecosystem
Biology and political orientation
Biology_and_political_orientation
21st-century American microbiologist
Genetics Society of America for a paper on clonal interference and frequency-dependent selection in the LTEE. In 2024, Barrick and collaborators discovered possible
Jeffrey_Barrick
Species of bacterium
of coevolution in this system fits the model with negative frequency-dependent selection where the rare genotype is favored since the more common host
Pasteuria_ramosa
Defensive feature of prey for selective advantage
desired prey. This creates a mechanism for negative frequency-dependent selection, apostatic selection. Many species make use of behavioral strategies to
Anti-predator_adaptation
Speciation within a population where subpopulations are reproductively isolated
along environmental gradients can facilitate speciation through frequency-dependent selection and result in patterns of geographical segregation between the
Parapatric_speciation
Accumulation of mutations
constructed assuming that both density and frequency-dependent selection is involved (selection is frequency-dependant when the fitness of a species depends
Somatic_evolution_in_cancer
fluctuating selection, as fluctuating selection dynamics make adaptive previously maladaptive variants due to ecological shifts. Frequency-dependent selection Directional
Fluctuating_selection
Reluctance to eat novel foods
the dietary conservatism of predators compensate for positive frequency dependent selection against rare, conspicuous prey?". Evolutionary Ecology. 25 (4):
Dietary_conservatism
Interdisciplinary field of study
more general claim that moral diversity would evolve through frequency-dependent selection because each moral approach is vulnerable to a different set
Moral_psychology
US academic evolutionary biologist
selection on microbiota of a long-lived host. Curr Biol 23 1256–1260. B. Koskella, and C.M. Lively. (2009) Evidence for negative frequency-dependent selection
Britt_Koskella
Subfield of evolutionary medicine
populations secondary relies on the assumption that there is a both frequency-dependent selection, and an associated fitness cost to that resistance. Proof of
Evolutionary_therapy
Element of fish anatomy
abundance of the two morphs in populations is regulated by frequency-dependent selection. In cichlids generally, the oral and pharyngeal teeth differ
Fish_jaw
New Zealand evolutionary biologist
organisms, particularly New Zealand biota. He has worked on frequency-dependent selection and evolutionary developmental biology, and is an expert on
Hamish_Spencer
Mathematical modelling of phenotypic evolution
evolutionary change and incorporating the fundamental idea of frequency-dependent selection from evolutionary game theory provided the basis for evolutionary
Evolutionary invasion analysis
Evolutionary_invasion_analysis
Trait that determines an organism's sexually reproductive function
system in some insects. Various environmental systems include temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles and crustaceans. The male and female of
Biological_sex
Genus of flowering plants
1717-29. Joly, S. and D. J. Schoen. (2011). Migration rates, frequency-dependent selection and the self-incompatibility locus in Leavenworthia (Brassicaceae)
Leavenworthia
Bias in a statistical analysis due to non-random selection
Selection bias is the bias introduced by the selection of individuals, groups, or data for analysis in such a way that the association between exposure
Selection_bias
Species of butterfly
various morphs or different types of females may be explained by frequency-dependent selection. Cook et al. suggest that Batesian mimics gain a fitness advantage
Papilio_dardanus
Overview article
coil in Partula suturalis: Behavioral isolation and positive frequency dependent selection", Heredity, 49 (2): 145–151, doi:10.1038/hdy.1982.80 J. Murray
Evidence for speciation by reinforcement
Evidence_for_speciation_by_reinforcement
Phenomenon in biology
hitchhiking effect, is when an allele changes frequency not because it itself is under natural selection, but because it is near another gene that is undergoing
Genetic_hitchhiking
Type of selection in evolution where a trait stabilizes around the average value
mating Balancing selection Directional selection Disruptive selection Frequency-dependent foraging by pollinators Fluctuating selection Hypergamy Koinophilia
Stabilizing_selection
Evolutionary biologist and ecologist
Solving the freeloaders paradox: Genetic associations and frequency dependent selection in the evolution of cooperation among nonrelatives. Proceedings
Leticia_Avilés
Species of moth
color morphs and are under frequency dependent selection. In outdoor cage experiments of populations with various frequencies of yellow and white male morphs
Arctia_plantaginis
American geneticist (1919–2003)
"Population studies in predominantly self-pollinated species. IX. Frequency dependent selection in Phaseolus lunatus". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 56 (1):
Robert_W._Allard
Mating with individuals with dissimilar phenotypes
01370.x. PMC 2121153. PMID 17714311. Hori, Michio (1993). "Frequency-Dependent Natural Selection in the Handedness of Scale-Eating Cichlid Fish". Science
Disassortative_mating
with an electron bound in an atom or molecule can be described by time-dependent perturbation theory. Magnetic dipole transitions describe the dominant
Magnetic_dipole_transition
Condition-dependent signaling is a component of sexual selection. Its exact definition remains elusive due to the vagueness of the terms "condition" and
Condition-dependent_signaling
Formal constraint in quantum mechanics
at the vibration frequency, is absent. Symmetric top molecules display the Q branch. This follows from the application of selection rules. Resonance Raman
Selection_rule
Camouflage book by Peter Forbes
coloration would be shown to be caused by a combination of selection by bird predators and sexual selection by male butterflies, working on preadaptations involving
Dazzled_and_Deceived
Principle in genetics
for the heterozygotes. In the absence of selection, mutation, genetic drift, or other forces, allele frequencies p and q are constant between generations
Hardy–Weinberg_principle
Change in a gene pool
permanently established at 100% frequency in the population. Whether a gene will ultimately be lost or fixed is dependent on selection coefficients and chance
Fixation (population genetics)
Fixation_(population_genetics)
Subfield of genetics
only on the change in frequency of alleles within populations. The main processes influencing allele frequencies are natural selection, genetic drift, gene
Population_genetics
Proposed mechanism of evolution
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection acts at the level of the group, instead of at the level of the individual
Group_selection
Statistical technique correcting sampling bias
of each observation (the so-called selection equation) together with the conditional expectation of the dependent variable (the so-called outcome equation)
Heckman_correction
Oscillator with frequency controlled by a voltage input
semiconductor diode displays a measure of voltage-dependent capacitance and can be used to change the frequency of an oscillator by varying a control voltage
Voltage-controlled_oscillator
Spectroscopic technique
method. and Heller's time-dependent approach. The goal of both approaches is to take into consideration the frequency-dependent Raman cross-section σR(ω0)
Raman_spectroscopy
Scientific study of sound perception
can be heard is frequency dependent. By measuring this minimum intensity for test tones of various frequencies, a frequency-dependent absolute threshold
Psychoacoustics
Species of lizard
environment. The frequency of multiple morphs occurring in a population varies with the level of population density and frequency-dependent environments.
Viviparous_lizard
Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from an RNA template
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) or RNA replicase is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template. Specifically, it catalyzes
RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase
FREQUENCY DEPENDENT-SELECTION
FREQUENCY DEPENDENT-SELECTION
Girl/Female
Tamil
Swayambhi | ஸà¯à®µà®¯à®¾à®®à¯à®ªà¯€
Independent
Swayambhi | ஸà¯à®µà®¯à®¾à®®à¯à®ªà¯€
Girl/Female
Hindu
Independent, Submissive, Willing, Dependent
Boy/Male
Tamil
Visravas | விஸராவாஸ
Dependence
Visravas | விஸராவாஸ
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ashrita | ஆஷà¯à®°à®¿à®¤à®¾
Dependant
Ashrita | ஆஷà¯à®°à®¿à®¤à®¾
Boy/Male
Muslim
Independent
Girl/Female
Hindu
Independent, Submissive, Willing, Dependent
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Parsi, Tamil
Self Dependent; Royal Face
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu
Helpfully; Dependant
Girl/Female
Tamil
Independent, Submissive, Willing, Dependent
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Self Dependant
Girl/Female
Tamil
Independent
Girl/Female
Tamil
Independent, Submissive, Willing, Dependent
Boy/Male
English American
A name beginning with D, also frequently used as an independent name.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Asritha | அஸà¯à®°à¯€à®¤à®¾
Dependent
Asritha | அஸà¯à®°à¯€à®¤à®¾
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ashritha | ஆஷà¯à®°à®¿à®¤à®¾
Dependant
Ashritha | ஆஷà¯à®°à®¿à®¤à®¾
Girl/Female
Indian
Dependent
Girl/Female
Indian
Self Dependent
Girl/Female
Indian
Dependant
Surname or Lastname
English (also frequent in Wales)
English (also frequent in Wales) : patronymic from the personal name Watkin.
Girl/Female
Indian
Dependant
FREQUENCY DEPENDENT-SELECTION
FREQUENCY DEPENDENT-SELECTION
Girl/Female
Indian
Wind and Light
Girl/Female
Tamil
Good words
Boy/Male
Italian Spanish Latin
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Queen; Lord of the Earth
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Lorena, LAURENA means "of Laurentum."Â
Boy/Male
Indian, Kannada
Voluminous
Girl/Female
Tamil
Who wants good for every one, Lovable
Girl/Female
Tamil
Death-bed
Boy/Male
German
Hunter
Boy/Male
Greek
Mechanical man made by Hephaestus.
FREQUENCY DEPENDENT-SELECTION
FREQUENCY DEPENDENT-SELECTION
FREQUENCY DEPENDENT-SELECTION
FREQUENCY DEPENDENT-SELECTION
FREQUENCY DEPENDENT-SELECTION
a.
Hanging down; as, a dependent bough or leaf.
n.
One who depends; a dependent.
n.
The condition of returning frequently; occurrence often repeated; common occurence; as, the frequency of crimes; the frequency of miracles.
n.
A thing hanging down; a dependence.
adv.
In a dependent manner.
v. t.
A deponent verb.
a.
Relying on, or subject to, something else for support; not able to exist, or sustain itself, or to perform anything, without the will, power, or aid of something else; not self-sustaining; contingent or conditioned; subordinate; -- often with on or upon; as, dependent on God; dependent upon friends.
a.
Marked by despondence; given to despondence; low-spirited; as, a despondent manner; a despondent prisoner.
n.
See Dependent, Dependence, Dependency.
n.
A dependency; a dependent territory.
a.
Depending on itself; independent.
a.
Not dependent; free; not subject to control by others; not relying on others; not subordinate; as, few men are wholly independent.
n.
Frequency; abundance.
a.
Dependent on one's self; self-depending; self-reliant.
n.
The act or state of depending; state of being dependent; a hanging down or from; suspension from a support.
n.
State of being dependent; dependence; state of being subordinate; subordination; concatenation; connection; reliance; trust.
a.
Affording a comfortable livelihood; as, an independent property.
a.
Depending; pendent loosely; hanging; swinging.
n.
Infrequency.
a.
Supported from above; suspended; depending; pendulous; hanging; as, a pendent leaf.