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Chance of overcoming the Coulomb barrier
The Gamow factor, Sommerfeld factor or Gamow–Sommerfeld factor, named after physicists George Gamow and Arnold Sommerfeld, is a probability factor for
Gamow_factor
American theoretical physicist (1904–1968)
George Gamow (sometimes Gammoff; born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov; Russian: Гео́ргий Анто́нович Га́мов; March 4 [O.S. February 20] 1904 – August 19, 1968)
George_Gamow
Creation of chemical elements within stars
the idea of stellar nucleosynthesis. In 1928 George Gamow derived what is now called the Gamow factor, a quantum-mechanical formula yielding the probability
Stellar_nucleosynthesis
Reaction that combines atomic nuclei
compared to the variation from the Gamow factor and so is approximated by a function called the astrophysical S-factor, S ( ϵ ) {\displaystyle S(\epsilon
Nuclear_fusion
Bohr–Sommerfeld model Sommerfeld–Wilson quantization Drude–Sommerfeld model Gamow–Sommerfeld factor Grimm–Sommerfeld rule Orr–Sommerfeld equation Rayleigh–Sommerfeld
List of things named after Arnold Sommerfeld
List_of_things_named_after_Arnold_Sommerfeld
'Gaunt factor' in 1939. It is sometimes named the Kramers-Gaunt factor as Gaunt incorporated the work of Hendrik Anthony Kramers. Gamow_factor#History
Gaunt_factor
Physical phenomenon
respectively. The factor of ℏ {\displaystyle \hbar } in the spins and angular momentum is omitted. Parity is conserved in both Fermi and Gamow-Teller transitions
Beta_decay_transition
Equation in stellar astrophysics
E_{0}=\left({\sqrt {E_{G}}}\,kT/2\right)^{2/3}} is the Gamow peak energy, dependent on EG, the Gamow factor. Additionally, S(E)/E is the reaction cross section
Mass–luminosity_relation
metric of Universe George Gamow, theoretical physicist and cosmologist, discovered alpha decay via quantum tunneling and Gamow factor in stellar nucleosynthesis
List_of_Russian_scientists
author of the FLRW metric of Universe George Gamow, discovered alpha decay via quantum tunneling and Gamow factor in stellar nucleosynthesis, introduced the
List_of_Russian_people
around Uranus George Gamow, theoretical physicist and cosmologist, discovered alpha decay via quantum tunneling and Gamow factor in stellar nucleosynthesis
List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists
List_of_Russian_astronomers_and_astrophysicists
Gamma counter Gamma matrices Gamma ray Gamma spectroscopy Gamow-Teller Transition Gamow factor Ganapathy Baskaran Gans theory Gareth Roberts (physicist)
Index_of_physics_articles_(G)
British theoretical physicist (1898–1953)
Solution, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1953. Mott–Gurney law Gurney equations Gamow factor Bristol Physics in the 1930s, Sir Nevill Mott, Melville Wills Chair of
Ronald_Wilfrid_Gurney
Science lectures
George Gamow, author of One Two Three... Infinity and the Mr Tompkins series. The lectures were established by Gamow's widow, Barbara Perkins Gamow, and
George Gamow Memorial Lectures
George_Gamow_Memorial_Lectures
Increase in distance between parts of the universe
earliest expansion, called inflation, saw the universe suddenly expand by a factor of at least 1026 in every direction about 10−32 of a second after the Big
Expansion_of_the_universe
Attempts to unify relativity, gravitation, and quantum mechanics
particular following the ideas of Matvei Petrovich Bronstein and George Gamow. The letters are the standard symbols for the speed of light (c), the gravitational
CGh_physics
Statistical paradox
noted by Marvin Stern and George Gamow, physicists who had offices on different floors of a multi-story building. Gamow, who had an office near the bottom
Elevator_paradox
Value representing energy density of space
the cosmological redshift—as his "biggest blunder" (according to George Gamow). It transpired that adding the cosmological constant to Einstein's equations
Cosmological_constant
Process during the early universe
stars. The history of Big Bang nucleosynthesis research began with George Gamow, a nuclear physicist who thought that Victor Goldschmidt's data on the abundance
Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis
1957 paper on stellar origins of elements
and nuclear physics. Prior to the publication of the B2FH paper, George Gamow advocated a theory of the Universe in which almost all chemical elements
B2FH_paper
Trace radiation from the early universe
1103/PhysRev.70.340. George Gamow, The Creation Of The Universe p.50 (Dover reprint of revised 1961 edition) ISBN 0-486-43868-6 Gamow, G. (2004) [1961]. Cosmology
Cosmic_microwave_background
Equations in physical cosmology
Here the radial position has been decomposed into a time-dependent scale factor, R ( t ) {\displaystyle R(t)} , and a comoving coordinate, r {\displaystyle
Friedmann_equations
Formula to approximate nuclear mass based on nucleon counts
measurements. The formula represents the liquid-drop model proposed by George Gamow, which can account for most of the terms in the formula and gives rough
Semi-empirical_mass_formula
Observation in physical cosmology
equations. The parameter used by Friedmann is known today as the scale factor and can be considered as a scale invariant form of the proportionality constant
Hubble's_law
Medical condition
clinics/environments. In addition to oxygen therapy, a portable hyperbaric chamber (Gamow bag) can by used as a temporary measure in the treatment of HACE. These
High-altitude_cerebral_edema
Cosmological time duration
the universe is the cosmological time back to the point when the scale factor of the universe extrapolates to zero. Using the latest models and the data
Age_of_the_universe
Hypothesis relating age of the universe to physical constants
G} varies with time as G ≈ 1 / t {\displaystyle G\approx 1/t} . George Gamow noted that such a temporal variation does not necessarily follow from Dirac's
Dirac large numbers hypothesis
Dirac_large_numbers_hypothesis
Emission of electrons induced by an electrostatic field
Nordheim were also an important stimulus to the development, by George Gamow, and Ronald W. Gurney and Edward Condon, later in 1928, of the theory of
Field_electron_emission
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
universe, as seen by living observers, cannot be random. Instead, biological factors constrain the universe to be more or less in a "golden age", neither too
Anthropic_principle
Theories about the end of the universe
lines stay parallel), and the universe will continue to expand forever. Factors that need to be considered in determining the universe's origin and ultimate
Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe
Software design rule
(FWIW, the name "Zero-One-Infinity Principle" was inspired by George Gamow's book "One Two Three... Infinity", which I read in grade school.) Magic
Zero-one-infinity_rule
Country in Eastern Europe and North Asia
evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis. George Gamow was one of the foremost advocates of the Big Bang theory. Roscosmos is Russia's
Russia
Concept of uniform or non-uniform in an object's composition or attributes
PMID 25099766. S2CID 593580. "Lessons". cecs.wright.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-09. Gamow, George (April 1967). "Chapter VI, "Descending Staircase"". One Two Three
Homogeneity_and_heterogeneity
All of space observable from the Earth at the present
infinite future is only larger than the number currently observable by a factor of 2.36 (ignoring redshift effects). In principle, more galaxies will become
Observable_universe
Measurement of distance
Comoving distance factors out the expansion of the universe, giving a distance that does not change in time except due to local factors, such as the motion
Comoving_and_proper_distances
Cosmological solution to the Einstein field equations of general relativity
this solution as an expanding universe of the FLRW form where the scale factor is given by a ( t ) = e H t , {\displaystyle a(t)=e^{Ht},} where the constant
De_Sitter_universe
Energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe
Archived from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2022. Gamow, George (1970) My World Line: An Informal Autobiography. p. 44: "Much later
Dark_energy
Electricity generation by nuclear fusion
States is the only laboratory to have demonstrated a fusion energy gain factor above one, but efficiencies orders of magnitude higher are required to reach
Fusion_power
Controversies around the Nobel Prize in Physics
to incorporate Niels Bohr's liquid drop model (first suggested by George Gamow) into fission's theoretical foundation. In an earlier collaboration with
Nobel Prize in Physics controversies
Nobel_Prize_in_Physics_controversies
Cosmological model
infinitely increase. According to the standard model of cosmology, the scale factor of the universe is accelerating, and, in the future era of cosmological
Big_Rip
American theoretical physicist (1904–1967)
deuterons they found the results agreed closely with the predictions of George Gamow, but when higher energies and heavier nuclei were involved, the results
J._Robert_Oppenheimer
radius-to-mass relationship has its origin in the liquid drop model as proposed by Gamow in 1930. The graph on the right shows experimental charge radius as a function
Shape_of_the_atomic_nucleus
Quantum mechanical phenomenon
mathematical explanation for alpha decay, which was developed in 1928 by George Gamow and independently by Ronald Gurney and Edward Condon. The latter researchers
Quantum_tunnelling
Cosmological model in which the observable universe is the interior of a black hole
non-singular Big Bounce, at which the Universe had a non-zero, minimum scale factor. In some such models, all universes created by black holes form a multiverse
Black_hole_cosmology
Theory of rapid universe expansion
that the Universe (observable and unobservable) expands by an enormous factor during inflation. In an expanding universe, energy densities generally fall
Cosmic_inflation
Jungian concept of the meaningfulness of acausal coincidences
(1966), George Gamow writes about Wolfgang Pauli, who was apparently considered a person particularly associated with synchronicity events. Gamow whimsically
Synchronicity
Quantity standard
same type; however units can always be multiplied or divided, as George Gamow used to explain. Let Z {\displaystyle Z} be "2 metres" and W {\displaystyle
Unit_of_measurement
Field-equations in general relativity
Einstein then abandoned Λ {\displaystyle \Lambda } , remarking to George Gamow "that the introduction of the cosmological term was the biggest blunder
Einstein_field_equations
German-American physicist (1906–2005)
most famous papers is one he never wrote: the 1948 Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper. George Gamow added Bethe's name (in absentia) without consulting him, knowing
Hans_Bethe
Mechanism of beta decay proposed in 1933
violation in Fermi's interaction was done by George Gamow and Edward Teller in the so-called Gamow–Teller transitions which described Fermi's interaction
Fermi's_interaction
Model for the origin of the universe
Willem de Sitter, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, George McVittie, and George Gamow (who stressed that "from the physical point of view we must forget entirely
Big_Bounce
Physical theory of the cosmos
Lemaître's expanding universe theory, advocated and developed by George Gamow, who used it to develop a theory for the abundance of chemical elements
Big_Bang
Equation describing the universe's density contrast
{k} )} Where D + ( t ) {\displaystyle D_{+}(t)} is the linear growth factor in the density, that is to first order δ ( r , t ) = D + ( t ) δ 0 ( r )
Matter_power_spectrum
Hypothetical scenario for the ultimate fate of the universe
reverses and the universe recollapses, ultimately causing the cosmic scale factor to reach absolute zero, an event potentially followed by a reformation of
Big_Crunch
Mathematician, natural philosopher and astronomer (1664–1753)
between particles immersed in a rare medium at a higher temperature. George Gamow proposed in 1949 that such a "mock gravity" could have played a role in
Nicolas_Fatio_de_Duillier
Cosmological phenomenon
}c^{2}}{a^{2}}}} where κ represents the curvature of the universe, a(t) is the scale factor, ρ is the total energy density of the universe, and H is the Hubble parameter
Accelerating expansion of the universe
Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe
Quantum transitions that are not allowed in the most direct mechanism
spinning in the same direction), and is allowed. This type of emission (Gamow-Teller transition) changes nuclear spin by 1 to compensate. States involving
Forbidden_mechanism
Fluctuations in the density of the normal matter of the universe
general relativity, the expansion of the universe is parametrized by a scale factor a ( t ) {\displaystyle a(t)} which is related to redshift: a ( t ) ≡ ( 1
Baryon_acoustic_oscillations
Medical condition due to rapid exposure to low oxygen at high altitude
For more serious cases of AMS, or where rapid descent is impractical, a Gamow bag, a portable plastic hyperbaric chamber inflated with a foot pump, can
Altitude_sickness
American astronomer and ufologist (1910–1986)
and Astronomy at The Ohio State University in 1936. He wrote with George Gamow on the origin of the Solar System in 1945. He specialized in the study of
J._Allen_Hynek
Environmental effects on physiology and mental health
adaptation to chronic hypoxia Altitude sickness Altitude tent Aviation medicine Gamow bag Helios Airways Flight 522 High-altitude adaptation Hypoxemia Hypoxia
Effects of high altitude on humans
Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans
English mathematician, mathematical physicist (born 1931)
mathematician and computer scientist Max Newman. He found inspiration in George Gamow's Mr. Tompkins books: "I remember reading (or being read) the Tompkins stories
Roger_Penrose
Rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins
there is a link between DNA and proteins. Soviet-American physicist George Gamow was the first to give a workable scheme for protein synthesis from DNA.
Genetic_code
Flow of electric charge
move in both directions across the surface at an equal rate. As George Gamow wrote in his popular science book, One, Two, Three...Infinity (1947), "The
Electric_current
History and future of the universe
early universe, the universe is thought to have expanded by at least a factor of 1026 in time on the order of 10−36 seconds. All of the mass-energy in
Chronology_of_the_universe
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
cube of the scale factor, i.e., ρ ∝ a−3 . This is in contrast to "radiation", which scales as the inverse fourth power of the scale factor ρ ∝ a−4 , and a
Dark_matter
Dimensionless number that quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction
323. Bibcode:1937Natur.139..323D. doi:10.1038/139323a0. S2CID 4106534. Gamow, G. (1967). "Electricity, gravity, and cosmology". Physical Review Letters
Fine-structure_constant
Type of event in the early universe
H\approx H_{0}a^{-{3/2}}} where a {\displaystyle a} is the cosmic scale factor and H0 is the Hubble constant. Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } also decreases
Decoupling_(cosmology)
Contraction of length in the direction of propagation in Minkowski space
Lorentz erroneously claimed in 1922 that they could be photographed. George Gamow showed bicycles as only foreshortened in his illustrations for Mr Tompkins
Length_contraction
American physicist, writer, and Nobel Laureate (born 1940)
in the United Kingdom.[citation needed] In 2017, Thorne gave the George Gamow Memorial Lecture at the University of Colorado Boulder, on “Probing the
Kip_Thorne
Italian physicist and astronomer (1564–1642)
secondary causes, including the shape of the sea, its depth, and other factors. However, tides occur twice-daily in the Atlantic and most seas. Upon learning
Galileo_Galilei
American scientist and science communicator (1934–1996)
working with Kuiper, as well as chemist Melvin Calvin and physicist George Gamow. He credited Kuiper with teaching him back-of-the-envelope calculations:
Carl_Sagan
Cosmological epoch c. 370,000 years after the Big Bang
with energy E sufficient to ionize hydrogen is the total density times a factor from the equilibrium Boltzmann distribution: n γ ( E > Q H ) = n γ exp
Recombination_(cosmology)
American physicist (1892–1962)
(5): 483–502. Bibcode:1923PhRv...21..483C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.21.483. Gamow 1966, pp. 17–23. "The Compton wavelength of the electron". University of
Arthur_Compton
Mathematical model of the Big Bang
Friedmann equations. These equations specify the evolution of the scale factor of the universe in terms of the pressure and density of a perfect fluid
Lambda-CDM_model
Cosmological formulas for expanding universe
is always the observable. They can also be written as functions of scale factor a = 1 / ( 1 + z ) . {\displaystyle a=1/(1+z).} In the remainder of this
Distance_measure
Atomic model introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913
General Chemistry. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-65622-5. George Gamow (1985). "Chapter 2". Thirty Years That Shook Physics. Dover Publications
Bohr_model
Type of particle accelerator
Vitaly Khlopin [ru]. This instrument was first proposed in 1932 by George Gamow and Lev Mysovskii [ru] and was installed and became operative in March 1937
Cyclotron
Process for fairly dividing resources
of envy-freeness was introduced into the cake-cutting problem by George Gamow and Marvin Stern in 1950s. A procedure for three partners and general pieces
Envy-free_cake-cutting
Fundamental quantity in physics
have been much smaller and therefore hotter and denser in the past. George Gamow (1904–1968) hypothesized that the abundance of the elements in the Periodic
Time_in_physics
Soviet physicist, physical chemist and cosmologist (1914–1987)
Alpher Copernicus de Sitter Dicke Ehlers Einstein Ellis Friedmann Galileo Gamow Guth Hawking Hubble Huygens Kepler Lemaître Mather Newton Penrose Penzias
Yakov_Zeldovich
Hypothesized early universe process
Big Bang nucleosynthesis depend upon the value of the baryon asymmetry factor (see § Relation to Big Bang nucleosynthesis). The match between the predictions
Baryogenesis
Astrophysical models for the formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies
fluctuations larger than the cosmic horizon grow proportional to the scale factor, as the gravitational potential fluctuations remain constant. Structures
Structure_formation
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
1929; an accessible overview is given in Singh 2004, ch. 2–4 As reported in Gamow 1970. Einstein's condemnation would prove to be premature, cf. section § Cosmology
General_relativity
American astronomer and physicist (1916–1997)
background (having allegedly forgotten the earlier prediction of George Gamow and co-workers). Dicke, with David Todd Wilkinson and Peter G. Roll, immediately
Robert_H._Dicke
City and administrative center of Odesa Oblast, Ukraine
Haffkine, Valentin Glushko, Israel Dostrovsky, Catherine Chamié, and George Gamow. Odesa is a major maritime-transport hub that includes several ports including
Odesa
Kinetic theory of gravity
especially Lorentz's considerations on radiation pressure and gravity). George Gamow, who called this effect "mock gravity", proposed in 1949 that after the
Le Sage's theory of gravitation
Le_Sage's_theory_of_gravitation
analysis shows that besides the cooling effect, the latter reaction, with a Gamow energy of 16.46 GeV, was unlikely to have occurred in even a single instance
Effects_of_nuclear_explosions
Equation of state in cosmology
universe filled with a perfect fluid. If a {\displaystyle a} is the scale factor then ε ∝ a − 3 ( 1 + w ) . {\displaystyle \varepsilon \propto a^{-3(1+w)}
Equation_of_state_(cosmology)
Function describing the distribution of galaxies in the universe
independently and with uniform probability). It can be thought of as a "clumpiness" factor - the higher the value for some distance scale, the more "clumpy" the universe
Correlation function (astronomy)
Correlation_function_(astronomy)
Everything in space and time
which technically implies that the second derivative of the cosmic scale factor a ¨ {\displaystyle {\ddot {a}}} has been positive in the last 5–6 billion
Universe
Metric based on the exact solution of Einstein's field equations of general relativity
dimensionless scale factor a ( t ) = R ( t ) R 0 {\displaystyle a(t)={\frac {R(t)}{R_{0}}}} where time zero is now. The time-dependent scale factor R ( t ) {\displaystyle
Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric
Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker_metric
Dr. Marvin and Dr. Gamow, as far as, just before he left and went to Colorado?" NAESER: "Ah, no, I don't know of any. I know Gamow made no, never did
List of atheists in science and technology
List_of_atheists_in_science_and_technology
Units that are not part of a coherent system
Sun and Earth the numbers reduce to Mtotal ~ 1, a ~ 1 and T ~ 1. George Gamow discussed measurements of time such as the "light-mile" and "light-foot"
List of non-coherent units of measurement
List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement
American biologist (1928–2025)
2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024. Watson, J. D. (2003). Genes, Girls, and Gamow: After the Double Helix. New York: Vintage. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-375-72715-3
James_Watson
Measure of a substance's ability to resist or conduct electric current
resistivity (high conductivity) of silver is characteristic of metals. George Gamow tidily summed up the nature of the metals' dealings with electrons in his
Electrical resistivity and conductivity
Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity
Reaction that splits an atomic nucleus
reconciling the quantum behavior of electrons (the Bohr model). In 1928, George Gamow proposed the liquid-drop model, which became essential to understanding
Nuclear_fission
Foundational principle in quantum physics
2020-08-19. Retrieved 2018-02-10. Feynman lectures on Physics, vol 3, 2–2 Gamow, G., The great physicists from Galileo to Einstein, Courier Dover, 1988
Uncertainty_principle
Type of nuclear fusion that occurs at high densities & low temperatures
crystal lattice with energy at the energy E 0 {\displaystyle E_{0}} at Gamow's peak equal to E 0 ∼ ℏ w {\displaystyle E_{0}\thicksim \hbar w} can overcome
Pycnonuclear_fusion
East Slavic ethnic group
evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis. George Gamow was one of the foremost advocates of the Big Bang theory. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Russians
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