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Process during the early universe
In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (also known as primordial nucleosynthesis, and abbreviated as BBN) is a model for the production of light
Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis
Process of creating new atomic nuclei from existing nucleons
were formed a few minutes after the Big Bang through nuclear reactions in a process called Big Bang nucleosynthesis. After about 20 minutes, the universe
Nucleosynthesis
History and future of the universe
to enable stable nuclei to start forming in a process known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis, resulting in hydrogen, helium, and a small amount of lithium.
Chronology_of_the_universe
Branch of physics that studies mathematical models of the universe
helium, were created during the Big Bang through the process of nucleosynthesis. In a sequence of stellar nucleosynthesis reactions, smaller atomic nuclei
Physical_cosmology
American theoretical physicist (1904–1968)
worked on radioactive decay, star formation, stellar nucleosynthesis, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (which he collectively called nucleocosmogenesis), and
George_Gamow
Universe's background particle radiation composed of neutrinos
Due to its effect on the expansion rate of the universe during Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), the theoretical expectations for the primordial abundances
Cosmic_neutrino_background
Isotope of hydrogen with one neutron
forming deuterium. Through much of the few minutes after the Big Bang during which nucleosynthesis could have occurred, the temperature was high enough that
Deuterium
American cosmologist (1921–2007)
carried out pioneering work in the early 1950s on the Big Bang model, including Big Bang nucleosynthesis and predictions of the cosmic microwave background
Ralph_Alpher
Scientific theory of the origin of chemical elements
formation of heavy elements, subsequent developments showed that Big Bang nucleosynthesis is consistent with the observed constraints on all primordial elements
Alpher–Bethe–Gamow_paper
Physical theory of the cosmos
The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an early state of high density and temperature. Various cosmological models
Big_Bang
Hypothetical dark matter made of baryons
amount of baryonic dark matter can be inferred from models of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and observations of the cosmic microwave background. Both indicate
Baryonic_dark_matter
Hypothesized early universe process
predictions of Big Bang nucleosynthesis depend upon the value of the baryon asymmetry factor (see § Relation to Big Bang nucleosynthesis). The match between
Baryogenesis
Problem in astronomy
amount that should theoretically exist due to Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). The Big Bang nucleosynthesis and WMAP constitute cosmic baryon density predictions
Cosmological_lithium_problem
during Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Remaining elements, making up only about 2% of the universe, were largely produced by supernova nucleosynthesis. Elements
Abundance of the chemical elements
Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
or dust would be visible when backlit by stars. The theory of Big Bang nucleosynthesis predicts the observed abundance of the chemical elements. If there
Dark_matter
than neutrons. Produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis; one of the few stable odd–odd nuclei. Produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, but its short life ensures
Isotopes_of_hydrogen
Unresolved discrepancy in cosmology
shortly after the Big Bang and from more recent epochs. Observations of the cosmic microwave background and Big Bang nucleosynthesis studies have set constraints
Missing_baryon_problem
Relative abundance of chemical elements
carbon produced by stellar nucleosynthesis but not true for the lightest elements below carbon produced by big bang nucleosynthesis and cosmic ray spallation
Oddo–Harkins_rule
nuclides (TNN). Intermediate in the proton–proton chain Produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis This and 1H are the only stable nuclei with more protons than neutrons
Isotopes_of_helium
Nuclides predating the Earth's formation (found on Earth)
from which the Solar System was formed, and were formed in the Big Bang, by nucleosynthesis in stars and supernovae followed by mass ejection, by cosmic
Primordial_nuclide
Topics referred to by the same term
Big Bang may also refer to: Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the production of certain hydrogen isotopes early in the universe's existence Cold Big Bang, an
Big_Bang_(disambiguation)
Chemical element with atomic number 2 (He)
The vast majority of helium was formed by Big Bang nucleosynthesis one to three minutes after the Big Bang. As such, measurements of its abundance contribute
Helium
Hypothetical original substance or state of matter
the primordial plasma, formed in baryogenesis, which underwent Big Bang nucleosynthesis and was opaque to radiation. Recombination of the charged plasma
Ylem
Group of low-reactive, gaseous chemical elements
formed during Big Bang nucleosynthesis, but the amount of helium is steadily increasing due to the fusion of hydrogen in stellar nucleosynthesis (and, to a
Noble_gas
Chemical substance not composed of simpler ones
The lightest elements are hydrogen and helium, both created by Big Bang nucleosynthesis in the first 20 minutes of the universe in a ratio of around 3:1
Chemical_element
Smallest unit of a chemical element
early stages of the Big Bang. Atomic nuclei forms in nucleosynthesis reactions. In about three minutes Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced most of the
Atom
Everything in space and time
in a process known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis, nuclei formed from the primordial protons and neutrons. This nucleosynthesis formed lighter elements
Universe
Equation of statistical mechanics
physical cosmology, including the formation of the light elements in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the production of dark matter and baryogenesis. It is not a priori
Boltzmann_equation
Production of the elements in a supernova explosion
Supernova nucleosynthesis is the nucleosynthesis of chemical elements in supernova explosions. In sufficiently massive stars, the nucleosynthesis by fusion
Supernova_nucleosynthesis
Elementary particle with negative charge
(1999). "Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis: Linking Inner Space and Outer Space". arXiv:astro-ph/9903300. Boesgaard, A.M.; Steigman, G. (1985). "Big bang nucleosynthesis –
Electron
Chemical element with atomic number 3 (Li)
very early in the history of the universe, in a process called Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The relative amount was small compared to isotopes of hydrogen
Lithium
1957 paper on stellar origins of elements
nuclei, were synthesized during the Big Bang. Gamow's theory (which differs from present-day Big Bang nucleosynthesis theory) would imply that the abundance
B2FH_paper
Topics referred to by the same term
Charlotte, North Carolina Big Bang nucleosynthesis Big Blue Nation, the fan base of the University of Kentucky athletics programs Big Brother Naija, a Nigerian
BBN
Processes that could produce lepton-antilepton asymmetry
lepton and baryon asymmetries affect the much better understood Big Bang nucleosynthesis at later times, during which light atomic nuclei began to form
Leptogenesis
Scientific field of study
Big Bang. The Big Bang was confirmed by the success of Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1964. The Big
Physics
Cosmological epoch c. 370,000 years after the Big Bang
available fast recombination codes. Helium nuclei are produced during Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and make up about 24% of the total mass of baryonic matter. The
Recombination_(cosmology)
Isotope of beryllium
in Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the triple-alpha process, as well as alter the abundances of heavier chemical elements. As Big Bang nucleosynthesis only
Beryllium-8
Reaction that combines atomic nuclei
elements lighter than iron. This includes most types of Big Bang nucleosynthesis and stellar nucleosynthesis. Non-fusion processes that contribute include the
Nuclear_fusion
Period in the evolution of the early universe
lepton epoch, about 10 seconds after the Big Bang. Atomic nuclei were created in the process of nucleosynthesis, which occurred during the first few minutes
Photon_epoch
Chemical element with atomic number 4 (Be)
About one billionth (10−9) of the primordial atoms created in the Big Bang nucleosynthesis were 7Be. This is a consequence of the low density of matter when
Beryllium
Meeting or surpassing an intended goal or objective
the Big Bang predicted the cosmic microwave background and the relative abundances of chemical elements in deep space (see Big Bang nucleosynthesis), and
Success
Natural reactions causing nucleosynthesis
This process (cosmogenic nucleosynthesis) was discovered somewhat by accident during the 1970s: models of Big Bang nucleosynthesis suggested that the amount
Cosmic_ray_spallation
Subatomic particle having no substructure
arbitrarily added but unexplained. According to the current models of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the primordial composition of visible matter of the universe should
Elementary_particle
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
Riverside, April 22, 2011 MacDonald, J.; Mullan, D. J. (2009-08-12). "Big bang nucleosynthesis: The strong nuclear force meets the weak anthropic principle".
Anthropic_principle
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
Pierre; Adahchour, Abderrahim; Angulo, Carmen (2004), "Updated Big Bang Nucleosynthesis confronted to WMAP observations and to the Abundance of Light Elements"
General_relativity
Grouping of stars by similar metallicity
stars by the process of stellar nucleosynthesis. Under current cosmological models, all matter created in the Big Bang was mostly hydrogen (75%) and helium
Stellar_population
Australian physicist
PhD supervisor. They received the award for work improving the Big Bang nucleosynthesis model through precise measurements of the deuterium-to-hydrogen
Ryan_Cooke
Isotope of helium
matter—nearly all the ordinary matter that is not hydrogen (1H). Big Bang nucleosynthesis Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights. "Atomic Weight
Helium-4
Emissions from unstable atomic nuclei
shortly after the emergence of the universe, in a process called Big Bang nucleosynthesis. These lightest stable nuclides (including deuterium) survive to
Radioactive_decay
American astrophysicist (1945–1997)
research field. He was particularly well known for the study of Big Bang nucleosynthesis and its use as a probe of dark matter (both baryonic and non-baryonic)
David Schramm (astrophysicist)
David_Schramm_(astrophysicist)
Scientific study of celestial objects
were studied leading to the development of a successful model of big bang nucleosynthesis in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Then in 1965 cosmic microwave
Astronomy
Change in universe after the Big Bang
decoupling. This ratio is critical to the synthesis of atoms during Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the process which formed the majority of helium atoms in the universe
Neutrino_decoupling
Energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe
proposed alternative to dark energy, it would need to explain big bang nucleosynthesis, the quantitative details of the microwave background anisotropies
Dark_energy
Period in the evolution of the early universe
The Big Bang nucleosynthesis epoch follows, overlapping with the photon epoch. Timeline of the early universe Chronology of the universe Cosmology Big Bang
Lepton_epoch
Rest mass of an atom in its ground state
with tritium (3H) or with 3He; these processes occurred during Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The formation of elements with more than seven nucleons requires
Atomic_mass
Hypothetical substance in nuclear physics
031301. S2CID 119293335. MacDonald, J.; Mullan, D. J. (2009). "Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: The Strong Nuclear Force meets the Weak Anthropic Principle".
Neutronium
Theory of rapid universe expansion
particles and that the final temperature be above 1 MeV, necessary for Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Many reheating scenarios first begin with a period of preheating
Cosmic_inflation
discrepancy between the amount of lithium-7 predicted to be produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the amount observed in very old stars? Ultraluminous X-ray
List of unsolved problems in physics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
Hypothetical particle that interacts only via gravity
enough such that they do not interfere with the current theory of Big Bang nucleosynthesis are often called neutral heavy leptons (NHLs) or heavy neutral
Sterile_neutrino
Baseline of stellar lithium abundance
are in tension with the predictions of the standard model of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, a discrepancy known as the cosmological lithium problem. Coc,
Spite_plateau
Chemical element with atomic number 1 (H)
deuterium nuclei in the universe are thought to have been produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and have endured since then. Deuterium is not radioactive, and
Hydrogen
Models of the universe which deviate from then-current scientific consensus
time existed as we know it, the temperatures were high enough for Big Bang nucleosynthesis to occur, and a cosmic microwave background pervading the entire
Non-standard_cosmology
American theoretical physicist (born 1956)
are: big bang nucleosynthesis, which is an explanation of the origin of the light element isotopes through 7Li; particle dark matter; big bang baryogenesis
Keith_Olive
Hypothetical black hole formed soon after the Big Bang
black holes (PBHs) are hypothetical black holes that formed soon after the Big Bang. In the inflationary era and early radiation-dominated universe, extremely
Primordial_black_hole
quantum tunneling and Gamow factor in stellar nucleosynthesis, introduced the Big Bang nucleosynthesis theory, predicted cosmic microwave background Matvey
List_of_Russian_scientists
Fluctuations in the energy spectrum of the microwave background
when energy release occurs in a narrow window after the era of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis but before the μ {\displaystyle \mu } -era. In this case one can
Cosmic microwave background spectral distortions
Cosmic_microwave_background_spectral_distortions
Hypothesis about life in the universe
University Press, pp. 70–71 MacDonald, J.; Mullan, D. J. (2009). "Big Bang nucleosynthesis: The strong nuclear force meets the weak anthropic principle".
Fine-tuned_universe
Nuclear physics classification method
platforms for the buildup of heavier elements via nuclear fusion in Big Bang nucleosynthesis; only in stars is there enough time for this (see triple-alpha
Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei
Book by Fred Adams
< 5". In this era, the Big Bang, the subsequent inflation, and Big Bang nucleosynthesis are thought to have taken place. Toward the end of this age, the
The_Five_Ages_of_the_Universe
Non-standard model of the universe; emphasizes the role of ionized gases
need for their models to have light element production without Big Bang nucleosynthesis, which, in the context of Alfvén–Klein cosmology, has been shown
Plasma_cosmology
Hypothetical universe without weak interactions
chemistry. The dynamics of a weakless universe includes a period of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, star formation, stars with sufficient fuel to burn for billions
Weakless_universe
thought to be formed by cosmic ray nucleosynthesis from cosmic ray spallation in the period between the Big Bang and the formation of the Solar System
Isotopes_of_beryllium
American plasma researcher and popular science writer
He wrote the 1991 book The Big Bang Never Happened, which advocates Hannes Alfvén's plasma cosmology instead of the Big Bang theory. He is founder, president
Eric_Lerner
English astronomer (1915–2001)
nucleosynthesis in the influential B2FH paper. He held controversial views on some scientific matters — in particular, in his rejection of the "Big Bang"
Fred_Hoyle
Field of physics that studies atomic interactions
helium accounts for most of the helium in the universe today (see Big Bang nucleosynthesis). Some relatively small quantities of elements beyond helium (lithium
Nuclear_physics
Cosmological phenomenon
proposed alternative to dark energy, it would need to explain big bang nucleosynthesis, the quantitative details of the microwave background anisotropies
Accelerating expansion of the universe
Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe
Decay of a neutron when outside a nucleus
proton-proton chain reaction. The decay lifetime influences models of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and in particular the proton-neutron ratio in the early universe
Free_neutron_decay
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
implies that more than 5–15% of the baryonic mass density implied by Big Bang nucleosynthesis analysis has been processed in stars to helium and heavier elements
Cosmic_Background_Explorer
The history of the Big Bang theory began with the Big Bang's development from observations and theoretical considerations. Much of the theoretical work
History of the Big Bang theory
History_of_the_Big_Bang_theory
Mathematical model of the Big Bang
deuterium as a result of Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The observed abundance matches the one derived from the nucleosynthesis model with the value for baryon
Lambda-CDM_model
hydrogen, along with helium and trace amounts of lithium produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis, forming about 98% of its mass. The remaining 2% of the mass consisted
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System
Fundamental concept of classical mechanics
like the anisotropy of the microwave background radiation or Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The flatness of the Milky Way depends on its rate of rotation
Inertial_frame_of_reference
Variation in the Hubble constant
supernova data but also at the cosmic microwave background spectrum, Big Bang nucleosynthesis and other factors, they concluded that "voids are in severe tension
Hubble_bubble_(astronomy)
Creation of chemical elements within stars
astrophysics, stellar nucleosynthesis is the creation of chemical elements by nuclear fusion reactions within stars. Stellar nucleosynthesis has occurred since
Stellar_nucleosynthesis
Intersection of nuclear physics and astrophysics
(and traces of lithium) can be formed in a homogeneous Big Bang (see Big Bang nucleosynthesis), while all other elements and their isotopes are formed
Nuclear_astrophysics
Cosmological process in the early universe
which had no elements more massive than hydrogen or helium. During Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the only elements that formed aside from hydrogen and helium were
Reionization
Japanese astrophysicist (1920–2010)
Hayashi's college classmate at UTokyo. He made additions to the Big Bang nucleosynthesis model that built upon the work of the classic Alpher–Bethe–Gamow
Chushiro_Hayashi
nuclides (TNN). One of the few stable odd-odd nuclei Produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis and by cosmic ray spallation Immediately decays into two α-particles
Isotopes_of_lithium
gravity, and the variation of the gravitational constant since Big Bang nucleosynthesis (it varied by no more than 40% since then).[citation needed] In
Tests_of_general_relativity
Non-standard model of the universe
proposed alternative to dark energy, it would need to explain big bang nucleosynthesis, the quantitative details of the microwave background anisotropies
Shockwave_cosmology
Chemical compound
hydrogen and helium were almost the only types of atoms formed in Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The primordial gas is expected to contain HeH+, which could influence
Helium_hydride_ion
American theoretical cosmologist
cosmology, particle dark matter and structure formation, the theory of big bang nucleosynthesis, and the nature of dark energy. His work in precision cosmology
Michael_S._Turner
Since the emergence of the Big Bang theory as the dominant physical cosmological paradigm, there have been a variety of reactions by religious groups regarding
Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory
Religious_interpretations_of_the_Big_Bang_theory
very long lifetimes up to the ~0.1 second upper limit imposed by Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The project is supported by an international collaboration and
MATHUSLA
Theories about the end of the universe
appeared to be moving away from each other, leading to the currently accepted Big Bang theory. This suggests that the universe began very dense about 13.787 billion
Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe
Indian physicist
663A. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(95)00483-9. Sarkar, Subir (1996). "Big bang nucleosynthesis and physics beyond the standard model". Reports on Progress in
Subir_Sarkar
Alpher: American cosmologist. He is famous for the seminal paper on Big Bang nucleosynthesis called the Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper. Philip Warren Anderson: American
List_of_secular_humanists
Hypothetical form of dark matter in galactic halos
matter, Astrophys. J. 534:265-276, 2000. Arnon Dar, Dark Matter and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. Astrophys. J., 449 (1995) 550 Wayne Hu (2001). "Intermediate Guide
Massive_compact_halo_object
Model for the origin of the universe
phase of the cyclic model or oscillatory universe interpretation of the Big Bang, where the first cosmological event was the result of the collapse of a
Big_Bounce
Swedish astronomer
atmospheres. Her work has in particular clarified the roles of Big Bang nucleosynthesis and supernovas in producing the quantities of lithium observed
Karin_Lind
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