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Mathematical model of the Big Bang
The Lambda-CDM, Lambda cold dark matter, or ΛCDM model is the standard form of the Big Bang theory of cosmology governing the chronology of the universe
Lambda-CDM_model
Energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe
It also slows the rate of structure formation. Assuming that the lambda-CDM model of cosmology is correct, dark energy dominates the universe, contributing
Dark_energy
Hypothetical type of dark matter in physics
cold dark matter (CDM) is a hypothetical type of dark matter. According to the current standard model of cosmology, the Lambda-CDM model, approximately 27%
Cold_dark_matter
Equations in physical cosmology
description is also associated with the further developed Lambda-CDM model. The FLRW model was developed independently by the named authors in the 1920s
Friedmann_equations
Cosmological formulas for expanding universe
values as of 2015: H0=67.74 and OmegaM=0.3089 (see Table/Planck2015 at "Lambda-CDM model#Parameters" ) Staff (2018). "UCLA Cosmological Calculator". UCLA. Retrieved
Distance_measure
Topics referred to by the same term
CDM Lambda-CDM model or ΛCDM model, standard cosmological model of the universe This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CDM
CDM
Models of the universe which deviate from then-current scientific consensus
dark energy. Lambda-CDM has been a successful model, but recent observational evidence seem to indicate significant tensions in Lambda-CDM, such as the
Non-standard_cosmology
Physical theory of the cosmos
(WMAP), show that the data is well-fit by a Lambda-CDM model in which dark matter is assumed to be cold. This CDM is estimated to make up about 23% of the
Big_Bang
Increase in distance between parts of the universe
is modeled mathematically with the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) metric. The consensus or "standard" model of cosmology, the Lambda-CDM model
Expansion_of_the_universe
Principle that humans are not privileged observers of the universe
superclusters, filaments and great voids. In the current Lambda-CDM model, the predominant model of cosmology in the modern era, the universe is predicted
Copernican_principle
Metric based on the exact solution of Einstein's field equations of general relativity
have been developed into the Standard Model of modern cosmology and further developed into the Lambda-CDM model. The metric is a consequence of assuming
Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric
Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker_metric
Cosmological models involving indefinite, self-sustaining cycles
models regained attention by the mid 2020s, when tensions between the Lambda-CDM model predictions and DESI mapping observations regarding dynamic dark energy
Cyclic_model
Study of the universe
parameterization of the Big Bang with dark matter and dark energy, known as the Lambda-CDM model. Theoretical astrophysicist David N. Spergel has described cosmology
Cosmology
Topics referred to by the same term
physics The Standard Solar Model of solar astrophysics The Lambda-CDM model, the standard model of big bang cosmology Standard model (cryptography) Intended
Standard model (disambiguation)
Standard_model_(disambiguation)
of the universe, have led to the development of the Lambda-CDM model of the universe. This model suggests that the universe is composed of approximately
Golden_age_of_cosmology
Cosmological phenomenon
is used in the standard model of cosmology, which also includes cold dark matter (CDM) and is known as the Lambda-CDM model. In the decades since the
Accelerating expansion of the universe
Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe
is 13.7 billion years old (within one percent error) and that the Lambda-CDM model and the inflationary theory are correct. No other cosmological theory
History of the Big Bang theory
History_of_the_Big_Bang_theory
Everything in space and time
version of the model with a cosmological constant (Lambda) and cold dark matter, known as the Lambda-CDM model, provides an excellent account of most observations
Universe
Trace radiation from the early universe
Astronomy textbook Lambda-CDM model – Mathematical model of the Big Bang List of cosmological computation software Non-standard cosmology – Models of the universe
Cosmic_microwave_background
Vast empty spaces between filaments with few or no galaxies
the context of the standard general-relativistic cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, in which the Universe is on average expanding, the spatial curvature
Void_(astronomy)
NASA satellite of the Explorer program (2001-2010)
played a key role in establishing the current Standard Model of Cosmology: the Lambda-CDM model. The WMAP data are very well fit by a universe that is
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe
Subfield of cosmology
aftermath of the Big Bang. The simplest model in general agreement with observed phenomena is the Lambda-CDM model—that is, clustering and merging allows
Galaxy formation and evolution
Galaxy_formation_and_evolution
Cosmological solution to the Einstein field equations of general relativity
for more mathematical properties Deceleration parameter Causal patch Lambda-CDM model Adler, Ronald; Bazin, Maurice; Schiffer, Menahem (1965). Introduction
De_Sitter_universe
Theories about the end of the universe
{\displaystyle \Omega >1} . This is the case in the currently accepted Lambda-CDM model, where dark energy is found through observations to account for roughly
Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe
Lyman-break galaxy in the constellation Aquarius
fourth most distant galaxy known to date. According to the modern Lambda-CDM model, this redshift corresponds to a time approximately 310 million years
PAN-z14-1
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
which entire galaxies appear like tiny particles. In the standard Lambda-CDM model of cosmology, the mass–energy content of the universe is 5% ordinary
Dark_matter
Cosmological model
of concentric circles compared to simulations based on the standard Lambda-CDM model of cosmology, quoting a 6-sigma significance of the result. However
Conformal_cyclic_cosmology
Theory of forces and subatomic particles
The model is inconsistent with the emerging Lambda-CDM model of cosmology. Contentions include the absence of an explanation in the Standard Model of particle
Standard_Model
Process during the early universe
measurement of the baryon-to-photon ratio, one of the six parameters in the Lambda-CDM model of cosmology. Deuterium in particular is extraordinarily sensitive
Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis
History and future of the universe
day. A high-precision version of the hot Big Bang model using conventional physics, known as Lambda-CDM, agrees with a wide array of astrophysical observations
Chronology_of_the_universe
Cosmological model in which the observable universe is the interior of a black hole
A black hole cosmology, or Schwarzschild cosmology, is a cosmological model in which the observable universe is the interior of a black hole. During gravitational
Black_hole_cosmology
Italian physicist and astronomer (1564–1642)
of the various geo-heliocentric planetary models, such as the Tychonic, Capellan and Extended Capellan models, each either with or without a daily rotating
Galileo_Galilei
Branch of physics that studies mathematical models of the universe
species of neutrino. The ΛCDM (Lambda cold dark matter) or Lambda-CDM model is a parametrization of the Big Bang cosmological model in which the universe contains
Physical_cosmology
Deliberately simplistic scientific model
metric in general relativity, which allows closed timelike curves; the Lambda-CDM model of cosmology, in which general relativistic effects of structure formation
Toy_model
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
Boltzmann universes. While most of the universe is featureless in this model, to Boltzmann, it is unremarkable that humanity happens to inhabit a Boltzmann
Anthropic_principle
Local and global geometry of the universe
shape of the universe Classification of possible universes in the Lambda-CDM model. Fagundes, Helio V. (December 2002). "Exploring the global topology
Shape_of_the_universe
Anglo-Australian Telescope survey, 1997–2002
largest structures in the universe known to date (see also Huge-LQG). Lambda-CDM model Dark matter Final Status of Survey Observations Archived March 4, 2007
2dF_Galaxy_Redshift_Survey
Method of statistical inference
parameters in Lambda-CDM model are not predicted by a theory, but rather fitted from Cosmic microwave background (CMB) data to a chosen model of cosmology
Bayesian_inference
Value representing energy density of space
is in most respects the simplest solution. Thus, the Lambda-CDM model, the current standard model of cosmology which uses the FLRW metric, includes the
Cosmological_constant
Cosmological time duration
of the universe. One is based on a particle physics model of the early universe called Lambda-CDM, matched to measurements of features from very early
Age_of_the_universe
Model of the Universe proposed 1932
matter contributes around 25 percent, as in the modern Lambda-CDM model. The Einstein–de Sitter model remains a good approximation to our universe in the
Einstein–de_Sitter_universe
Observation in physical cosmology
somewhat improbable. However, in the standard Lambda cold dark matter model (Lambda-CDM or ΛCDM model), q will tend to −1 from above in the distant future
Hubble's_law
Astrophysical models for the formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies
formation applies models of gravitational instability to small ripples in mass density to predict these shapes. The modern Lambda-CDM model is successful
Structure_formation
Computer simulation of the universe
the universe. The Bolshoi simulation used the now-standard ΛCDM (Lambda-CDM) model of the universe and the WMAP five-year and seven-year cosmological
Bolshoi cosmological simulation
Bolshoi_cosmological_simulation
years old (within one percent error), and are very consistent with the Lambda-CDM model and the density fluctuations predicted by inflation. 2003 – The Sloan
Timeline of cosmological theories
Timeline_of_cosmological_theories
Hypothetical group of multiple universes
of multiple universes. Some other multiverse concepts include twin-world models, cyclic theories, M-theory, and black-hole cosmology. The anthropic principle
Multiverse
Equation of state in cosmology
{\displaystyle 3{\frac {\ddot {a}}{a}}=\Lambda -4\pi G\left(\varepsilon +3p\right)} where Λ {\displaystyle \Lambda } is the cosmological constant and G {\displaystyle
Equation_of_state_(cosmology)
Change in wavelength of light
parameter values as of 2018, H0=67.4 and OmegaM=0.315; see the table at Lambda-CDM model § Parameters. "ICRAR Cosmology Calculator". International Centre for
Redshift
Mathematician and astronomer (1473–1543)
polymath who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center. The publication of Copernicus's model in his book De revolutionibus
Nicolaus_Copernicus
Model of the universe – alternative to the Big Bang model
cosmology, the steady-state model or steady-state theory was an alternative to the Big Bang theory. In the steady-state model, the density of matter in
Steady-state_model
Topics referred to by the same term
degree to which multiple measurements of the same thing are similar Lambda-CDM model of big-bang cosmology Link concordance, a relation between mathematical
Concordance
Possible fate of the universe
Bounce – Model for the origin of the universe Big Crunch – Hypothetical scenario for the ultimate fate of the universe Big Rip – Cosmological model Chronology
Heat_death_of_the_universe
predict results that are inconsistent with the observational data. Lambda-CDM model Hu (1994-06-28) Bucher, Moodley & Turok (2000-07-24), p. 3 Bucher,
Primordial isocurvature baryon model
Primordial_isocurvature_baryon_model
Hypothesized early universe process
observations of the nucleosynthesis model constrains the value of this baryon asymmetry factor. In particular, if the model is computed with equal amounts
Baryogenesis
Theory of rapid universe expansion
r 2 d r 2 + r 2 d Ω 2 . {\displaystyle ds^{2}=-(1-\Lambda r^{2})\,c^{2}dt^{2}+{1 \over 1-\Lambda r^{2}}\,dr^{2}+r^{2}\,d\Omega ^{2}.} This exponentially
Cosmic_inflation
Horizon appearing on a cosmological scale
{\frac {3}{\Lambda }}}={\frac {c}{{\sqrt {\Omega _{\Lambda }}}H_{0}}}=17.55\ {\textrm {Gly}}.} The current concordance or Lambda-CDM model of cosmology
Cosmological_horizon
Concept in cosmology
structure. The organization of structure appears to follow a hierarchical model with organization up to the scale of superclusters and filaments. Larger
Large-scale structure of the universe
Large-scale_structure_of_the_universe
Study of the origin of the universe (structure and evolution)
framework known as the Lambda-CDM model which explains the evolution of the universe in terms of its constituent material. This model has subsequently been
Observational_cosmology
Class of hypothetical redshift mechanisms
for the redshift-distance relationship. These models have been proposed as alternatives to the models that involve the expansion of the universe. The
Tired_light
Scientific field of study
include the replacement of the geocentric model of the Solar System with the heliocentric Copernican model, the laws governing the motion of planetary
Physics
Unresolved discrepancy in cosmology
theorists to reexamine their models and predict that gas must flow between galaxies and galaxy clusters. The Lambda-CDM model of the big bang predicts that
Missing_baryon_problem
Observed discrepancy in galactic angular momenta
fits to model profiles for dark matter halos. This so-called cuspy halo problem is a persistent problem for the standard Lambda-CDM model. Models with approximately
Galaxy_rotation_curve
Cosmological model
In physical cosmology, the Big Rip is a hypothetical cosmological model concerning the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the matter of the universe
Big_Rip
universe List of measurements of the Hubble constant Cosmic age problem Lambda-CDM model FLRW metric BOOMERanG experiment Brush, Stephen G. (2001). "Is the
List of estimates of the age of the universe
List_of_estimates_of_the_age_of_the_universe
American physicist (1933–2024)
Redshift Expansion of the universe FLRW metric Friedmann equations Lambda-CDM model Future of an expanding universe Ultimate fate of the universe Components
Arno_Allan_Penzias
Reconciliation between dark energy and dark matter
TeVeS, BSTV, etc. Dark fluid theory also suggests new models, such as a certain f(K+R) model that suggests interesting corrections to MOND that depend
Dark_fluid
Dimensionless measure in cosmology
decreasing Hubble parameter, except in the case of the distant future of a Lambda-CDM model, where q {\displaystyle q} will tend to −1 from above and the Hubble
Deceleration_parameter
Hypothetical form of dark energy
acoustic oscillations. They found violations of the standard model of cosmology, the Lambda-CDM model, within 4 standard deviations. They reported acceleration
Phantom_dark_energy
Theoretical form of dark matter particles which travel near the speed of light
in Gifu, Japan are currently studying these neutrinos. Lambda-CDM model – Mathematical model of the Big Bang Modified Newtonian dynamics – Hypothesis
Hot_dark_matter
Strongly lensed Type II-P supernova in the constellation Sagittarius
November 2022. (H0=67.4 and OmegaM=0.315 (see Table/Planck2018 at "Lambda-CDM model#Parameters" ) Coulter, David; et al. (2026). "A spectroscopically confirmed
SN_Eos
German astronomer and mathematician (1571–1630)
Keplerian model, predicted the transit, and then built apparatus to observe the transit. He remained a firm advocate of the Keplerian model. Epitome of
Johannes_Kepler
light-years. This list uses the mean cosmological parameters of the Lambda-CDM model based on results from the 2015 Planck collaboration, where H0 = 67
List_of_largest_galaxies
American physicist (1881–1948)
Tryon.) Tolman, R. C. (1934). "Effect of Inhomogeneity on Cosmological Models" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 20 (3): 169–176
Richard_C._Tolman
Model for the origin of the universe
hypothesis is a cosmological model for the origin of the known universe. It was originally suggested as a phase of the cyclic model or oscillatory universe
Big_Bounce
All of space observable from the Earth at the present
require a total universe much larger than the observable universe. Some models propose that it could be finite but unbounded, like a higher-dimensional
Observable_universe
Possibly one of the oldest galaxies observed
November 2022. (H0=67.4 and OmegaM=0.315 (see Table/Planck2018 at "Lambda-CDM model#Parameters" ) Harikane, Yuichi; Ouchi, Masami; Oguri, Masamune; Ono
F200DB-045
High-redshift Lyman-break galaxy that is one of the oldest galaxies known
November 2022. (H0=67.4 and OmegaM=0.315 (see Table/Planck2018 at "Lambda-CDM model#Parameters" ) Curtis-Lake, Emma; et al. (December 2022). "Spectroscopy
JADES-GS-z13-0
one from cosmic microwave background measurements combined with the Lambda-CDM model. These two values disagree to a high degree of statistical confidence
List of unsolved problems in physics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
cyclical model for the Universe, wherein there are alternating cycles consisting of Big Bangs and Big Crunches, and he describes this model to be "a bit
Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory
Religious_interpretations_of_the_Big_Bang_theory
Fluctuations in the density of the normal matter of the universe
{kc^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {\Lambda c^{2}}{3}}\\{\dot {H}}+H^{2}=&{\frac {\ddot {a}}{a}}&=&-{\frac {4\pi G}{3}}\left(\rho +{\frac {3p}{c^{2}}}\right)+{\frac {\Lambda c^{2}}{3}}\end{array}}}
Baryon_acoustic_oscillations
Theories in particle physics and cosmology
dimension, and then no reference to the bulk is appropriate. In the bulk model, at least some of the extra dimensions are extensive (possibly infinite)
Brane_cosmology
American astronomer (1889–1953)
Determination of the Hubble Constant and Stronger Evidence for Physics Beyond LambdaCDM". The Astrophysical Journal. 876 (1): 85. arXiv:1903.07603. Bibcode:2019ApJ
Edwin_Hubble
High-altitude balloon package measuring the universe's geometry
Redshift Expansion of the universe FLRW metric Friedmann equations Lambda-CDM model Future of an expanding universe Ultimate fate of the universe Components
BOOMERanG_experiment
Largest structures in the universe, made of galaxies
.445T. doi:10.1086/313203. ISSN 0067-0049. "Giant galaxy string defies models of how Universe evolved". Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA. January 7,
Galaxy_filament
English theoretical physicist (1942–2018)
friends with whom he enjoyed board games, the manufacture of fireworks, model aeroplanes and boats, and long discussions about Christianity and extrasensory
Stephen_Hawking
Philosophical view that matter is the fundamental substance of nature
dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the "matter" the Standard Model describes, and
Materialism
Galaxy in the constellation Cetus
found to be core-dominated, in agreement with predictions from the lambda-CDM model of cosmology. "NGC 755". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de
NGC_755
Expansion of the universe parameter
{\displaystyle H_{0}} , is ≈70.88 km/s/Mpc Cosmological principle Lambda-CDM model Redshift Steven Weinberg (2008). Cosmology. Oxford University Press
Scale_factor_(cosmology)
American astronomer (born 1936)
Redshift Expansion of the universe FLRW metric Friedmann equations Lambda-CDM model Future of an expanding universe Ultimate fate of the universe Components
Robert_Woodrow_Wilson
Space observatory
the previous theory. Validation of the simplest models of inflation, thus giving the Lambda-CDM model stronger support. That there are likely only three
Planck_(spacecraft)
Scientific theory of the origin of chemical elements
Redshift Expansion of the universe FLRW metric Friedmann equations Lambda-CDM model Future of an expanding universe Ultimate fate of the universe Components
Alpher–Bethe–Gamow_paper
Aspect of the history of modern physical cosmology
need for a CMB for consistency with the simplest relativistic universe models. In 1978, Penzias and Wilson were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for
Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
Discovery_of_cosmic_microwave_background_radiation
Spectral distortion of cosmic microwave background in galaxy clusters
constant and the behavior of clusters. Current research is focused on modelling how the effect is generated by the intracluster plasma in galaxy clusters
Sunyaev–Zeldovich_effect
Hypothesis proposing a modification of Newton's laws
targets Dark matter – Hypothetical invisible cosmic material Lambda-CDM model – Mathematical model of the Big Bang Galaxy rotation curve – Observed discrepancy
Modified_Newtonian_dynamics
Fundamental quantity in physics
expanding universe. The current generally accepted cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, has a positive cosmological constant and thus not only an expanding
Time_in_physics
Telescope in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile
Planck satellite have provided foundational evidence for the standard Lambda-CDM model of cosmology. ACT first detected seven acoustic peaks in the power
Atacama_Cosmology_Telescope
Cosmological model in which the universe does not expand
universe is a cosmological model in which the universe is not assumed to be undergoing unlimited global expansion. Such models can differ spatially and
Static_universe
Measurement of distance
Redshift Expansion of the universe FLRW metric Friedmann equations Lambda-CDM model Future of an expanding universe Ultimate fate of the universe Components
Comoving_and_proper_distances
Type of event in the early universe
alternatively when the mean free path of the photons λ {\displaystyle \lambda } was approximately equal to the horizon size of the universe H − 1 {\displaystyle
Decoupling_(cosmology)
Subfield of astronomy
Some widely accepted and studied theories and models in astrophysics, now included in the Lambda-CDM model, are the Big Bang, cosmic inflation, dark matter
Astrophysics
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