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Ionization technique
Electron ionization (EI, formerly known as electron impact ionization and electron bombardment ionization) is an ionization method in which energetic
Electron_ionization
Energy needed to remove an electron
stripped of a single electron, and e− is the removed electron. Ionization energy is positive for neutral atoms, meaning that the ionization is an endothermic
Ionization_energy
Process by which atoms or molecules acquire charge by gaining or losing electrons
solution for the ionization rate is possible. Tunnel ionization is ionization due to quantum tunneling. In classical ionization, an electron must have enough
Ionization
Device that creates charged atoms and molecules (ions)
by the electron beam ion trap. Electron capture ionization (ECI) is the ionization of a gas phase atom or molecule by attachment of an electron to create
Ion_source
Analytical technique based on determining mass to charge ratio of ions
electrospray ionization (DESI), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). In electron ionization (EI), energetic electrons are produced
Mass_spectrometry
Electron capture ionization is the ionization of a gas phase atom or molecule by attachment of an electron to create an ion of the form A − {\displaystyle
Electron_capture_ionization
Analytical method
manufacturers. The "hard ionization" process of electron ionization can be softened by the cooling of the molecules before their ionization, resulting in mass
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Gas_chromatography–mass_spectrometry
Technique in mass spectroscopy
Chemical ionization (CI) is a soft ionization technique used in mass spectrometry. This was first introduced by Burnaby Munson and Frank H. Field in 1966
Chemical_ionization
Rapid removal of two electrons from an atom
atoms or molecules. Double ionization is usually less probable than single-electron ionization. Two types of double ionization are distinguished: sequential
Double_ionization
complete seal). Electron ionization Ionization gauge Vacuum R. T. Bayard and D. Alpert, "Extension of the Low Pressure Range of the Ionization Gauge" Rev.
Hot-filament_ionization_gauge
Method of identifying trace chemicals
is commonly used for the identification of organic compounds from electron ionization mass spectrometry. Organic chemists obtain mass spectra of chemical
Mass_spectral_interpretation
Harmful high-frequency radiation
enough energy per individual photon or particle to ionize atoms or molecules by detaching electrons from them. Some particles can travel up to 99% of the
Ionizing_radiation
Process in atomic physics
Impact ionization is the process in a material by which one energetic charge carrier can lose energy by the creation of other charge carriers. For example
Impact_ionization
Particle, atom or molecule with a net electrical charge
electron in its lowest energy state from an atom or molecule of a gas with less net electric charge is called the ionization potential, or ionization
Ion
Table of molar ionization energies for the chemical elements
molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms. The second, third, etc., molar ionization energy applies to the further removal of an electron from
Molar ionization energies of the elements
Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements
Physical phenomenon
the Auger electron corresponds to the difference between the energy of the initial electronic transition into the vacancy and the ionization energy for
Auger_effect
Electron in the outer shell of an atom's energy levels
break free from its associated atom's shell; this is ionization to form a positive ion. When an electron loses energy (thereby causing a photon to be emitted)
Valence_electron
Chemical database
Japanese and it includes six types of spectra: laser Raman spectra, electron ionization mass spectra (EI-MS), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra
Spectral Database for Organic Compounds
Spectral_Database_for_Organic_Compounds
Energy release on formation of anions
of electron capture ionization. The electron affinity is positive when energy is released on electron capture. In solid state physics, the electron affinity
Electron_affinity
State of matter
an appreciable degree of ionization. It thus consists of a significant portion of charged particles (ions and/or electrons). While rarely encountered
Plasma_(physics)
observed as variations in the ionization cross sections of atoms and molecules, by photoionization, electron ionization and other methods. As examples
Autoionization
Specific recurring patterns that are present in the modern periodic table
referred to as ionization potential. The first ionization energy is the amount of energy that is required to remove the first electron from a neutral
Periodic_trends
Ionization of air around a high-voltage conductor
conductive region is less sharp, the ionization may not extend past this local region. Outside this region of ionization and conductivity, the charged particles
Corona_discharge
Electrical component producing a narrow electron beam
spectrometry in a process called electron ionization to ionize vaporized or gaseous particles. More powerful electron guns are used for welding, metal
Electron_gun
Form of microscopy using an electron beam
Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is a form of electron microscopy in which a material is exposed to a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range
Electron energy loss spectroscopy
Electron_energy_loss_spectroscopy
Analytical chemistry technique
separation column as a gas and the connection with electron ionization (EI) or chemical ionization (CI) ion sources in the MS system was a technically
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Liquid_chromatography–mass_spectrometry
Waves or particles moving through space
sufficiently high energy can ionize atoms; that is to say it can knock electrons off atoms, creating ions. Ionization occurs when an electron is stripped (or "knocked
Radiation
Relation between the ionization state of a gas and the temperature and pressure
In physics, the Saha ionization equation is an expression that relates the ionization state of a gas in thermal equilibrium to the temperature and pressure
Saha_ionization_equation
Electrons generated as ionization products
Secondary electrons are electrons generated as ionization products. They are called 'secondary' because they are generated by other radiation (the primary
Secondary_electrons
Ionization process
Penning ionization is a form of chemi-ionization, an ionization process involving reactions between neutral atoms or molecules. The Penning effect is
Penning_ionization
Thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), also known as surface ionization, is a highly sensitive isotope mass spectrometry characterization technique
Thermal ionization mass spectrometry
Thermal_ionization_mass_spectrometry
Quantum effect in physics
In physics, tunnel ionization is a process in which electrons in an atom (or a molecule) tunnel through the potential barrier and escape from the atom
Tunnel_ionization
Flow of electric charge
the charge carriers are ions, while in plasma- an ionized gas- they are also ions and electrons. In the International System of Units (SI), electric
Electric_current
Device for detecting atoms and molecules in a gas
molecules in a gas through the attachment of electrons via electron capture ionization. The device was invented in 1957 by James Lovelock and is used in gas
Electron_capture_detector
spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge for accurate measurement. A hot-cathode ionization gauge is composed mainly of three electrodes
Pressure_measurement
Series of nerve agents developed by the Soviet Union
compounds related to the Chemical Weapons Convention by electron ionization and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: Mass spectral studies of
Novichok
Ionizing radiation
called beta ray or beta radiation (symbol β), is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus, known
Beta_particle
Repulsive force in quantum mechanics
In astrophysics and condensed matter physics, electron degeneracy pressure is a quantum mechanical effect critical to understanding the stability of white
Electron_degeneracy_pressure
Mass of a stationary electron
the binding energy Eb. Taking the simplest case of complete ionization of all electrons, for a nuclide X of atomic number Z, A r ( X ) = A r ( X Z +
Electron_mass
Physical law about electrical discharge in gases
{\displaystyle x=0} . To get impact ionization, the electron energy E e {\displaystyle E_{e}} must become greater than the ionization energy E I {\displaystyle
Paschen's_law
Transfer of a bound electron to a more energetic state
called multiphoton ionization); e.g., quasi-monochromatic laser light. There are several rules that dictate the transition of an electron to an excited state
Electron_excitation
readily as ions produced by electron ionization. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is a soft ionization technique used in mass spectrometry
History_of_mass_spectrometry
Chemical entity capable of donating electrons to another entity
identities. The electron donating power of a donor molecule is measured by its ionization potential, which is the energy required to remove an electron from the
Electron_donor
Process in which atoms are released from a hot surface, and are ionized
process are ionized. Thermal ionization is used to make simple ion sources, for mass spectrometry and for generating ion beams. Thermal ionization has seen
Thermal_ionization
Ionization by more photons than are required
molecular, and optical physics, above-threshold ionization (ATI) is a multi-photon effect where an atom is ionized with more than the energetically required
Above-threshold_ionization
Study of physics on quintillionth-second timescales
field are: Atomic physics: investigation of electron correlation effects, photo-emission delay and ionization tunneling. Molecular physics and molecular
Attosecond_physics
Dissociation of molecular ions
where it has been used with electron ionization to help identify molecules and, recently (2020), with electrospray ionization it has been shown to provide
Fragmentation (mass spectrometry)
Fragmentation_(mass_spectrometry)
Light-sensitive material used in making electronics
photoionization of outer "valence band" electrons is the main absorption mechanism. Above 20 eV, inner electron ionization and Auger transitions become more
Photoresist
Technique used in mass spectroscopy
molecules to fragment when ionized. ESI is different from other ionization processes (e.g. matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, MALDI) since it may
Electrospray_ionization
Principle of atomic physics
order of ionization of electrons in this and other transition metals more intelligible, given that 4s electrons are invariably preferentially ionized. Generally
Aufbau_principle
Fraction of charged particles in a gas or an aqueous solution
The degree of ionization (also known as ionization yield in the literature) refers to the proportion of neutral particles, such as those in a gas or aqueous
Degree_of_ionization
Radiation detector
which each type utilises. The three basic types of gaseous ionization detectors are 1) ionization chambers, 2) proportional counters, and 3) Geiger–Müller
Gaseous_ionization_detector
Ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere
Earth with an electron density several times 105 per cm3. Ionization is due to 80 to 103 nm ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation ionization of molecular oxygen
Ionosphere
List of energies required to remove successive electrons from each atom
is the first ionization energy to ionize the neutral atom, the column marked 2 is the second ionization energy to remove a second electron from the +1
Ionization energies of the elements (data page)
Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)
helium as an ionization source. Eluants from the GC column, flowing counter to the flow of helium from the discharge zone, are ionized by photons from
Pulsed discharge ionization detector
Pulsed_discharge_ionization_detector
Analytical chemistry technique
A direct electron ionization liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry interface (Direct-EI LC-MS interface) is a technique for coupling liquid chromatography
Direct electron ionization liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry interface
Direct_electron_ionization_liquid_chromatography–mass_spectrometry_interface
Surface chemical analysis and imaging method
with duoplasmatrons or by electron ionization, for instance noble gases (40Ar+, Xe+), oxygen (16O−, 16O2+, 16O2−), or even ionized molecules such as SF5+
Secondary-ion mass spectrometry
Secondary-ion_mass_spectrometry
desorption/ionization from a flat surface of target plate or, in other implementation, pulsed electron ionization or Resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization in
Delayed_extraction
Plasma formed by passage of current through gas
electron number increases due to increased ionization, but their average energy increases as well, meaning that most collisions result in ionization instead
Glow_discharge
Elementary particle with negative charge
panels, electron microscopes, radiation therapy, lasers, gaseous ionization detectors, and particle accelerators. Interactions involving electrons with other
Electron
Gas-filled radiation detector
The ionization chamber is the simplest type of gaseous ionization detector, and is widely used for the detection and measurement of many types of ionizing
Ionization_chamber
Atmospheric effect caused by the solar wind
particles, mainly electrons and protons, precipitate into the upper atmosphere (thermosphere/exosphere). The resulting ionization and excitation of atmospheric
Aurora
Ion formation via a photon interacting with a molecule or atom
Above-threshold ionization (ATI) is an extension of multi-photon ionization where even more photons are absorbed than actually would be necessary to ionize the atom
Photoionization
Process in electrical breakdown
thereby ionizing them (impact ionization). This releases additional electrons which accelerate and collide with further atoms, releasing more electrons—a chain
Electron_avalanche
Less harmful range of electromagnetic energy
which requires only a single particle to ionize. A familiar example of thermal ionization is the flame-ionization of a common fire, and the browning reactions
Non-ionizing_radiation
or volatile samples, can be ionized using methods such as electron ionization, photoionization, and chemical ionization. These lists are the most commonly
Sample preparation in mass spectrometry
Sample_preparation_in_mass_spectrometry
Mode of arrangement of electrons in different shells of an atom
In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure)
Electron_configuration
Ionization technique
In mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is an ionization technique that uses a laser energy-absorbing matrix to create
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization
Tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons
of the first ionization energy (Ei) and the electron affinity (Eea) should be a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons: χ = E i + E e
Electronegativity
Excited atomic quantum state with high principal quantum number (n)
laser systems. For atoms with a large valence electron binding energy (equivalent to a large first ionization energy), the excited states of the Rydberg
Rydberg_atom
Analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces
is usually attributed to multiple ionization events in an atom or ionization cascades in which a series of electrons is emitted as relaxation occurs for
Auger_electron_spectroscopy
Ionization method
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is an ionization method used in mass spectrometry which utilizes gas-phase ion-molecule reactions at atmospheric
Atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization
Atmospheric-pressure_chemical_ionization
Gas separating electrical conductors from each other
gas are controlled by the combination of electron attachment, electron scattering, and electron ionization. Atmospheric pressure significantly influences
Dielectric_gas
Topics referred to by the same term
Security Solutions, a U.S. military contractor Kratos MS 50, a tool for electron ionization Operation Kratos, tactics developed by London's Metropolitan Police
Kratos
Beam of electrons observed in vacuum tubes
Cathode rays are streams of electrons observed in discharge tubes. If an evacuated glass tube is equipped with two electrodes and a voltage is applied
Cathode_ray
Type of radioactive decay
decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron), transforming into an isobar of that nuclide. For example
Beta_decay
Phenomenon observed in physics
with the gas in the volume they can cause ionization if their kinetic energy is larger than the ionization energy of the atoms or molecules. The ions
Electron_cyclotron_resonance
Rydberg ionization spectroscopy is a spectroscopy technique in which multiple photons are absorbed by an atom causing the removal of an electron to form
Rydberg ionization spectroscopy
Rydberg_ionization_spectroscopy
Soft ionization method
direct absorption followed by electron ejection or through ionization of a dopant molecule that leads to chemical ionization of target molecules. The sample
Atmospheric-pressure photoionization
Atmospheric-pressure_photoionization
Permanent bond dipole due to electron-rich or -poor groups in a molecule
breaking of the O-H bond, which consequently reduces the ionization. Due to its greater ionization, formic acid (pKa=3.74) is stronger than acetic acid (pKa=4
Inductive_effect
evaporated solid, or a solution (liquid) are ionized. For atomic IBD, electron ionization, field ionization (Penning ion source) or cathodic arc sources
Ion_beam_deposition
Function describing an electron in an atom
describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom. This function describes an electron's charge distribution around the atom's nucleus
Atomic_orbital
Theorem in quantum mechanics
orbital approximation). Ionization energies calculated this way are in qualitative agreement with experiment – the first ionization energy of small molecules
Koopmans'_theorem
Optical phenomenon
"very beautiful" laser-like beam of light bluish light, caused by the ionization of air, that appeared to be "flooding up into infinity". Cathode rays
Ionized-air_glow
Emission of electrons induced by an electrostatic field
Field electron emission, also known as field-induced electron emission, field emission (FE) and electron field emission, is the emission of electrons from
Field_electron_emission
Study of material structure and properties
correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) Modes of mass spectrometry: Electron ionization (EI) Thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TI-MS) MALDI-TOF Secondary ion mass
Characterization (materials science)
Characterization_(materials_science)
Mass spectrometry method for fragmenting complex macromolecules
nano-ESI/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) dual ionization source using radical anions of 1,3-dinitrobenzene as the electron donor. Later a lab at the
Electron-transfer dissociation
Electron-transfer_dissociation
Study of analytes using scientific instruments
several ionization methods: electron ionization, chemical ionization, electrospray, fast atom bombardment, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and
Instrumental_chemistry
Quantity in solid-state physics
In solid-state physics, the electron mobility characterizes how quickly an electron can move through a metal or semiconductor when pushed or pulled by
Electron_mobility
Part of a Geiger counter
accelerated electrons and the fill gas is too small, and the electrons cannot gather enough energy between each collision to cause ionization of the gas
Geiger–Müller_tube
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
transition series, it becomes less energetically favourable to ionize further electrons. Thus, the early transition metal groups tend to prefer higher
Periodic_table
Format for notating atoms and molecules
atomic ionization states, atomic orbitals, and molecular orbitals. Spectroscopists customarily refer to the spectrum arising from a given ionization state
Spectroscopic_notation
Penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
The secondary electrons (and/or positrons) produced in any of these three processes frequently have enough energy to produce much ionization themselves.
Gamma_ray
Medical intervention
7 Gy. For a group of 9–12 Auger electrons with energies at 12–18 eV in water (including the effect of water ionization at approximately 10 eV), an estimate
Auger_therapy
combination with post-ionization, this technique can also be used for neutral species. IRPD spectroscopy has been shown to use electron ionization, corona discharge
Infrared photodissociation spectroscopy
Infrared_photodissociation_spectroscopy
Type of transient electric discharge
of new electrons (due to impact ionization) and the loss of electrons (due to attachment). Above the breakdown field, the number of electrons starts to
Streamer_discharge
Group of low-reactive, gaseous chemical elements
have ionization potentials small enough to be comparable to those of other elements and molecules. It was the insight that xenon has an ionization potential
Noble_gas
Method of mass spectrometry
"time-lag focusing" for ionization of atoms or molecules by resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization or by electron impact ionization in a rarefied gas and
Time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometry
Autoprotolysis or exchange of a proton between two water molecules
approximately equal to their concentrations. Thus, the ionization constant, dissociation constant, self-ionization constant, water ion-product constant or ionic
Self-ionization_of_water
Study of the separation, identification, and quantification of matter
methods: electron ionization, chemical ionization, electrospray ionization, fast atom bombardment, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and others
Analytical_chemistry
ELECTRON IONIZATION
ELECTRON IONIZATION
Surname or Lastname
French
French : from a personal name of Gaulish origin, represented in Latin records in the form Caraunus. This name was borne by a 5th-century Breton saint who lived at Chartres and was murdered by robbers; his legend led to its widespread use as a personal name during the Middle Ages.English (of Norman origin) and French : habitational name for someone from Cairon in Calvados, France.English and French : metonymic occupational name for a carter, or possibly a cartwright, from a Norman and Picard form of Old French c(h)arron ‘cart’.There was a Caron or LeCaron, a missionary priest, in Quebec in 1615. The marriage of a Caron, of unknown origin, is recorded in Quebec in 1637.
Biblical
election; he that is chosen;he will choose;chooser; God does choose;
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, Greek
Bright; Shining
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for the buyer of provisions for a large household, from a reduced form of Anglo-Norman French acatour (Late Latin acceptator, an agent derivative of acceptare ‘to accept’). Modern English caterer results from the addition of a second agent suffix to the word.Slovenian (ÄŒater) : status name for a person who read out the Slovenian ceremonial text at the installation of the Carantanian rulers and, later, Carinthian dukes, derived from the dialect verb Äatiti ‘to read’. Carantania was the early medieval Slovenian state on the territory of present-day Carinthia and Styria, now divided between Austria and Slovenia. The people’s installation of the Carantanian rulers was an exceptional example of democratic elections in medieval Europe. Thomas Jefferson knew about it and was influenced by it in his thinking about American Independence.Perhaps also an Americanized spelling of German Köter (see Koetter).
Boy/Male
Muslim
Choice, Preference, Selection
Girl/Female
Greek
Sparkling. The fiery sun. Mythological daughter of Agamemnon. In literature she was a central...
Female
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word, from Greek kyanos, CYAN means "dark blue" and "lapis lazuli." The color cyan is also sometimes called blue-green, electric blue, and turquoise.Â
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Selection; Choice
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim
Election; Last Dream
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Choice; Preference; Selection
Female
Italian
Italian form of Latin Electra, ELETTRA means "bright, shining."
Boy/Male
English American
A sometimes used as an independent name. Also, in England, 'Ernie' refers to the Electronic...
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English biscop, Old English bisc(e)op ‘bishop’, which comes via Latin from Greek episkopos ‘overseer’. The Greek word was adopted early in the Christian era as a title for an overseer of a local community of Christians, and has yielded cognates in every European language: French évêque, Italian vescovo, Spanish obispo, Russian yepiskop, German Bischof, etc. The English surname has probably absorbed at least some of these continental European cognates. The word came to be applied as a surname for a variety of reasons, among them service in the household of a bishop, supposed resemblance in bearing or appearance to a bishop, and selection as the ‘boy bishop’ on St. Nicholas’s Day.
Boy/Male
Assamese, Bengali, Indian, Tamil
To Choose; Selection
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Selection choice
Girl/Female
American, Hindu, Indian
Selection
Boy/Male
Arabic
Electric Light
Boy/Male
Muslim
Selection, Choice
Boy/Male
Biblical
Election; he that is chosen.
ELECTRON IONIZATION
ELECTRON IONIZATION
Girl/Female
Australian, Hawaiian, Hebrew
Persecuted
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada
Winning
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Another Name of Vishnu
Girl/Female
Latin American
Goddess of love and beauty.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Consort of Shambhu, Goddess Parvati
Girl/Female
American, British, English
Young Warrior; Female Version of Evan; Young Fighter
Boy/Male
Spanish
Lively.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sugatanand | ஸà¯à®•à®¤à®¾à®¨à®‚தÂ
Lord Buddha
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Handmaiden
Girl/Female
British, English
Bright; Famous
ELECTRON IONIZATION
ELECTRON IONIZATION
ELECTRON IONIZATION
ELECTRON IONIZATION
ELECTRON IONIZATION
a.
Producing electro-motion; producing, or tending to produce, electricity or an electric current; causing electrical action or effects.
a.
Belonging to the electro-chronograph, or recorded by the aid of it.
a.
Alt. of Electro-metrical
a.
Alt. of Electro-dynamical
a.
Made of electrum, an alloy used by the ancients.
n.
An election held by itself, not at the time of a general election.
n.
A lesson or selection, esp. of Scripture, read in divine service.
a.
The act of choosing; choice; selection.
n.
Amber; also, the alloy of gold and silver, called electrum.
n.
One versed in electro-biology.
a.
Pertaining to the movements or force of electric or galvanic currents; dependent on electric force.
n.
Alt. of Electro-puncturing
a.
Of or pertaining to electro-kinetics.
a.
Pertaining to electro-ballistics.
a.
Pert. to, or caused by, electro-capillarity.
a.
Of or pertaining to electro-chemistry.
a.
Pertaining to an election or to electors.
n.
The art or science of constructing or using the electric telegraph; the transmission of messages by means of the electric telegraph.
n.
An instrument for measuring the strength of electro-dynamic currents.