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Mass of a stationary electron
particle physics, the electron mass (symbol: me) is the mass of a stationary electron, also known as the invariant mass of the electron. It is one of the
Electron_mass
Elementary particle with negative charge
atoms are composed of electrons, as well as varying numbers protons and neutrons, but the electrons have almost 2000 times less mass than the other two constituents
Electron
Mass of a particle when interacting with other particles
factors. For electrons or electron holes in a solid, the effective mass is usually stated as a factor multiplying the rest mass of an electron, me (9.11
Effective mass (solid-state physics)
Effective_mass_(solid-state_physics)
Conceptual opposite of an electron
of the electron. (See also Dirac sea.) In crystals, electronic band structure calculations show that electrons have a negative effective mass at the top
Electron_hole
Physical constant
the proton-to-electron mass ratio (symbol μ or β) is the rest mass of the proton (a baryon found in atoms) divided by that of the electron (a lepton found
Proton-to-electron_mass_ratio
Physical quantity of interest in chemistry and electrodynamics
accelerator physics, nuclear physics, Auger electron spectroscopy, cosmology and mass spectrometry. The importance of the mass-to-charge ratio, according to classical
Mass-to-charge_ratio
Antiparticle of the electron
1/2 ħ (the same as the electron), and the same mass as an electron. It is the antiparticle (antimatter counterpart) of the electron. When a positron collides
Positron
Type of mass spectrometry
a•- and x-type product ions. Electron-detachment dissociation (EDD) is a method for fragmenting anionic species in mass spectrometry. It serves as a negative
Tandem_mass_spectrometry
Unit of energy
written as electron-volt and electron volt, is a unit of measurement equivalent to the amount of kinetic energy gained by a single electron accelerating
Electronvolt
Subatomic particle with positive charge
charge). Its mass is slightly less than the mass of a neutron and approximately 1836 times the mass of an electron (the proton-to-electron mass ratio). Protons
Proton
Standard unit of mass for atomic-scale entities
dalton differs from the unit of mass in the system of atomic units, which is the electron rest mass (me). The atomic mass constant can also be expressed
Dalton_(unit)
Analytical technique based on determining mass to charge ratio of ions
particles, such as an electron multiplier. Results are displayed as spectra of the signal intensity of detected ions as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio
Mass_spectrometry
Physical constant providing length scale to interatomic interactions
electric field with energy equal to the electron's rest mass energy would have a radius equal to the classical electron radius. It links the classical electrostatic
Classical_electron_radius
Subatomic particle
light: The mass of the neutron must be of the same order of magnitude as the electron mass and, in any case, not larger than 0.01 proton mass. The continuous
Electron_neutrino
Hypothetical conflict with the laws of physics as currently known
fine-structure constant, the gravitational constant and the proton-to-electron mass ratio specifically, for all of which there are ongoing efforts to improve
Time-variation of fundamental constants
Time-variation_of_fundamental_constants
Ionization technique
energetic electrons interact with solid or gas phase atoms or molecules to produce ions. EI was one of the first ionization techniques developed for mass spectrometry
Electron_ionization
Unit of length about the size of a hydrogen atom
reduced Planck constant, m e {\displaystyle m_{\text{e}}} is the mass of an electron, e {\displaystyle e} is the elementary charge, c {\displaystyle c}
Bohr_radius
Charge carried by one proton or electron
equivalently, the negative of the electric charge carried by a single electron, which has charge −1 e. In SI units, the coulomb is defined such that the
Elementary_charge
Physical constant with no units
interaction. μ or β, the proton-to-electron mass ratio (≈ 1836), the rest mass of the proton divided by that of the electron. More generally, the ratio of
Dimensionless physical constant
Dimensionless_physical_constant
Subatomic particle
elementary particle similar to the electron, with an electric charge of −1 e and a spin of 1/2 ħ, but with a much greater mass. It is classified as a lepton
Muon
Universal and unchanging physical quantity
has dimension of length divided by time (T−1L), while the proton-to-electron mass ratio is dimensionless. The term "fundamental physical constant" is
Physical_constant
Value: electron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18. "2022 CODATA Value: muon mass". The
List_of_physical_constants
Scattering of photons off charged particles
assumption that the electron can be treated as free is invalid resulting in the effectively infinite electron mass equal to the nuclear mass (see e.g. the comment
Compton_scattering
Method of identifying trace chemicals
identification of organic compounds from electron ionization mass spectrometry. Organic chemists obtain mass spectra of chemical compounds as part of
Mass_spectral_interpretation
Atomic model introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913
much larger mass of the proton, about 1836.1 times the mass of the electron, so that the reduced mass in the system is the mass of the electron multiplied
Bohr_model
List of particles in matter including fermions and bosons
been omitted. A precise value of the electron mass is 0.51099895069(16) MeV/c2. A precise value of the muon mass is 105.6583755(23) MeV/c2. Bosons are
List_of_particles
Effective inertial mass
problem. To analyze the motion of the electron, a one-body problem, the reduced mass replaces the electron mass m e → m e m p m e + m p {\displaystyle
Reduced_mass
Swiss physicist (1866–1942)
experimental physicist noted for his experiments showing the dependence of the electron mass on its speed and attending the Solvay Conferences. Guye was born on
Charles-Eugène_Guye
Exotic matter with an antiproton in place of an electron
determined the mass of the antiproton, which they measured at 1836.1536734(15) times more massive than an electron. This is the same as the mass of a "regular"
Antiprotonic_helium
Postulate in particle physics
The one-electron universe is the hypothesis that all electrons and positrons are actually manifestations of a single entity moving backwards and forwards
One-electron_universe
Manifestation of inertial mass of mobile charge carriers
In two-dimensional conductors with quadratic electron energy dispersion with an effective electron mass of m e {\displaystyle m_{e}} , the kinetic inductance
Kinetic_inductance
Two-stage small launch vehicle, 200-300 kg to LEO
Electron is a two-stage, expendable orbital launch vehicle developed by Rocket Lab, a publicly traded aerospace manufacturer and launch service provider
Rocket_Lab_Electron
Vacuum tube structure
diameter of 10-100 μm. The electron gain for one microchannel plate can be around 104-107 electrons. In mass spectrometry electron multipliers are often used
Electron_multiplier
Twelfth letter of the Greek alphabet
(μ− , μ+ ), muon neutrino and antineutrino (ν μ, ν μ) The proton-to-electron mass ratio In thermodynamics: The chemical potential of a system or component
Mu_(letter)
Coincidence in mathematics
{\displaystyle 6\pi ^{5}\approx 1836.12} is very close to the proton-to-electron mass ratio μ = m p / m e ≈ 1836.153 {\displaystyle \mu =m_{p}/m_{e}\approx
Mathematical_coincidence
Class of elementary particles
neutrino (ν τ). Electrons have the least mass of all the charged leptons. The heavier muons and taus will rapidly change into electrons and neutrinos through
Lepton
Repulsive force in quantum mechanics
the electron degeneracy pressure, m is substituted by the electron mass me and the Fermi momentum is obtained from the Fermi energy, so the electron degeneracy
Electron_degeneracy_pressure
Unit of magnetic moment
the elementary charge, ħ is the reduced Planck constant, me is the electron mass, c is the speed of light. The idea of elementary magnets is due to Walther
Bohr_magneton
Smallest unit of a chemical element
atom's mass is in the nucleus. Protons have a positive electric charge and neutrons have no charge, so the nucleus is positively charged. The electrons are
Atom
Quantum phenomena
the electron mass V e ≈ m c 2 {\displaystyle Ve\approx mc^{2}} (where V is the electric potential, e is the elementary charge, m is the electron mass and
Klein_paradox
Process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron
Electron capture (K-electron capture, also K-capture, or L-electron capture, L-capture) is a process in which the proton-rich nucleus of an electrically
Electron_capture
Atom of the element hydrogen
negatively charged electron bound to the nucleus by the Coulomb force. Atomic hydrogen constitutes about 74% of the baryonic mass of the universe. In
Hydrogen_atom
Model of electrons within a metallic solid
In solid-state physics, the free electron model is a quantum mechanical model for the behaviour of charge carriers in a metallic solid. It was developed
Free_electron_model
Theoretical framework in physics
shift. By ignoring the contribution of photons whose energy exceeds the electron mass, Hans Bethe successfully estimated the numerical value of the Lamb shift
Quantum_field_theory
Electron trajectories in electromagnetic fields
matrix analysis. Electrons are charged particles (point charges with rest mass) with spin 1/2 (hence they are fermions). Electrons can be accelerated
Electron_optics
Ratio of magnetic moment and angular momentum
g_{L}=1-{\frac {1}{\ M\ }}\ ,} where M is the ratio of the nuclear mass to the electron mass. Thirdly, the Landé g-factor gJ is defined by | μ J | = g J μ
G-factor_(physics)
Dimensionless number that quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction
of this coupling associated with the energy scale of the electron mass: the electron's mass gives a lower bound for this energy scale, because it (and
Fine-structure_constant
British physicist (1856–1940)
(now called electrons), which he calculated must have bodies much smaller than atoms and a very large charge-to-mass ratio. The electron was the first
J._J._Thomson
Theory of forces and subatomic particles
All particles can be summarized as follows: v t e Notes: [†] An anti-electron (e+ ) is conventionally called a "positron". The Standard Model includes
Standard_Model
Elementary particle with extremely low mass
electron. He considered that the new particle was emitted from the nucleus together with the beta particles (electrons or positrons) and had a mass similar
Neutrino
fused together because the neutron had about the same mass as a proton and an electron's mass is negligible by comparison. Before the end of 1932, this
History_of_atomic_theory
Maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star
(/ˌtʃəndrəˈʃeɪkər/) is the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star. These stars resist gravitational collapse primarily through electron degeneracy pressure, compared
Chandrasekhar_limit
Deviation of electrons from their original trajectories
Electron scattering occurs when electrons are displaced from their original trajectory. This is due to the electrostatic forces within matter or, if an
Electron_scattering
Characteristic length in a superconductor
reduced Planck constant, m {\displaystyle m} is the mass of a Cooper pair (twice the electron mass), v f {\displaystyle v_{f}} is the Fermi velocity, and
Superconducting coherence length
Superconducting_coherence_length
Unit of energy in the atomic units system
\varepsilon } is the static dielectric constant. Also, the electron mass is replaced by the effective band mass m ∗ {\displaystyle m^{*}} . The effective hartree
Hartree
Electron oscillations in a nanoparticle
frequency is determined by the density of electrons, the effective electron mass, and the size and shape of the charge distribution. The LSP has two
Localized_surface_plasmon
Imaging and diffraction using electrons that pass through samples
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission_electron_microscopy
System of measurement
, the magnitude of the charge on the electron. Unit of mass, m {\displaystyle m} , the mass of the electron. Consistent with these are: Unit of action
Atomic_units
Theoretical model in physics
of electrons in heavy fermion materials, which are metallic rare-earth alloys having partially filled f orbitals. The effective mass of electrons in these
Fermi_liquid_theory
Electron-positron scattering
the scattering angle. This cross section is calculated neglecting the electron mass relative to the collision energy and including only the contribution
Bhabha_scattering
Dimensionless quantity in spectroscopy
1m_{1}|R_{\alpha }|2m_{2}\rangle |^{2},} where m e {\displaystyle m_{e}} is the mass of an electron and ℏ {\displaystyle \hbar } is the reduced Planck constant. The
Oscillator_strength
Type of radioactive decay
measured the mass-to-charge ratio (m/e) for beta particles by the method of J.J. Thomson used to study cathode rays and identify the electron. He found that
Beta_decay
Laser using electron beam in vacuum as gain medium
A free-electron laser (FEL) is a fourth generation light source producing extremely brilliant and short pulses of radiation. An FEL functions much as a
Free-electron_laser
Elementary particle or quantum of light
see above). In that theory, the mass of electrons (or, more generally, leptons) is modified by including the mass contributions of virtual photons,
Photon
First modern model of the atom
beta particles, had the same charge/mass ratio as cathode rays. These beta particles were believed to be electrons travelling at high speed. The particles
Plum_pudding_model
Concept in condensed matter physics
{TF}}^{2}=4\left({\frac {3n}{\pi }}\right)^{1/3}.} If we restore the electron mass m e {\displaystyle m_{e}} and the Planck constant ℏ {\displaystyle \hbar
Thomas–Fermi_screening
Electrical component producing a narrow electron beam
An electron gun (also called electron emitter) is an electrical component in some vacuum tubes that produces a narrow, collimated electron beam that has
Electron_gun
Gives the total power radiated by an accelerating, nonrelativistic point charge
the power radiated by a single electron can be expressed in terms of the classical electron radius and electron mass as: P = 2 3 m e r e a 2 c {\displaystyle
Larmor_formula
Nano-scale semiconductor particles
effective excited electron mass, and effective excited hole mass. Potential applications of quantum dots include single-electron transistors, solar cells
Quantum_dot
Topics referred to by the same term
chipsets Mix/Effects, a section of a vision mixer Electron mass (me), the mass of a stationary electron Mechanical energy, in physics Methyl group (Me)
Me
Rapid oscillations of electron density
}} is the electron number density, e {\displaystyle e} is the elementary charge, m ∗ {\displaystyle m^{*}} is the electron effective mass, and ε 0 {\displaystyle
Plasma_oscillation
Parameter in plasma physics
{\displaystyle n_{e}} is the electron density. e {\displaystyle e} is the electron charge. m e {\displaystyle m_{e}} is the electron mass. ν c {\displaystyle \nu
Magnetic_diffusivity
Scientific background leading to the discovery of subatomic particles
charge units and a mass of 14 atomic mass units. This nucleus would also be orbited by another 7 electrons, termed "external electrons" by Rutherford, to
Discovery_of_the_neutron
Something that has mass and volume
equivalently, less mass) per nucleon compared to the original small (hydrogen) and large (plutonium etc.) nuclei. Even in electron–positron annihilation
Matter
Bending of electron beams due to electrostatic interactions with matter
Electron diffraction is a generic term for phenomena associated with changes in the direction of electron beams due to elastic interactions with atoms
Electron_diffraction
Subatomic particle having no substructure
lists current measured masses and mass estimates for all the fermions, using the same scale of measure: millions of electron-volts relative to square of light
Elementary_particle
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
axions with an abundance depending on the mass of the axion. With a mass above 5 μeV/c2 (10−11 times the electron mass) axions could account for dark matter
Dark_matter
Quantum number parameterizing spin and angular momentum
{\displaystyle -e} is the electron charge, m {\displaystyle m} is the electron mass, and g s {\displaystyle g_{\text{s}}} is the electron spin g-factor, which
Spin_quantum_number
\right]} Using the electron charge e = 1.602 ⋅ 10 − 19 C o u l o m b s {\displaystyle e=1.602\cdot 10^{-19}Coulombs} , electron mass m ∗ = 9.10938356 ⋅
Critical_frequency
Physical constant
913 μN The magnetic dipole moment of the electron, which is much larger as a consequence of much larger charge-to-mass ratio, is usually expressed in units
Nuclear_magneton
Method in physics used to deal with infinities
theory are also used. For example, an electron theory may begin by postulating an electron with an initial mass and charge. In quantum field theory a
Renormalization
Rest mass of an atom in its ground state
the nucleus, with minor contributions from the electrons and nuclear binding energy. The atomic mass of atoms, ions, or atomic nuclei is slightly less
Atomic_mass
Mathematics of a particle physics model
example, renormalization in QED modifies the mass of the free field electron to match that of a physical electron (with an electromagnetic field), and will
Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model
Molecular ion
spectroscopic values of the ratio of electron mass to proton mass, me/mp, and of electron mass to reduced protondeuteron mass, me/mp + me/md. The ratios
Dihydrogen_cation
Collision causing gamma ray emission
Electron–positron annihilation occurs when an electron (e− ) and a positron (e+ , the electron's antiparticle) collide. At low energies, the result of
Electron–positron annihilation
Electron–positron_annihilation
Rate of travel of electric energy
electricity can refer to the velocity of an electron in various circumstances, the average velocity of multiple electrons in a conductor, or the velocity of electrical
Speed_of_electricity
Relativistic interaction in quantum physics
interaction leading to shifts in an electron's atomic energy levels, due to electromagnetic interaction between the electron's magnetic dipole, its orbital motion
Spin–orbit_interaction
physical constants. Avogadro constant: NA = 6.02214076×1023 mol−1 Electron mass: me = 9.1093837139(28)×10−31 kg Fine-structure constant: α = 0.0072973525643(11)
List_of_numbers
Quasiparticle which is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole
An exciton is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole which are attracted to each other by the electrostatic Coulomb force resulting from their
Exciton
Analytical method
fragmented it will then be detected, usually by an electron multiplier, which essentially turns the ionized mass fragment into an electrical signal that is then
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Gas_chromatography–mass_spectrometry
Bound state of an electron and positron
for the corresponding hydrogen lines. The mass of positronium is 1.022 MeV, which is twice the electron mass minus the binding energy of a few eV. The
Positronium
Number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom
gives the atom's atomic mass number A. Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass (and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many
Atomic_number
Physical constants of energy and wavenumber
where m e {\displaystyle m_{\text{e}}} is the rest mass of the electron (i.e. the electron mass), e {\displaystyle e} is the elementary charge, ε 0 {\displaystyle
Rydberg_constant
Equation in stellar astrophysics
electron-photon scattering, equal to Thomson cross-section. α is the fine-structure constant and me the electron mass. The average stellar electron density
Mass–luminosity_relation
Aspect of condensed matter physics
_{\text{ph-e}}} are due to Umklapp scattering, mass-difference impurity scattering, boundary scattering and phonon-electron scattering, respectively. For phonon-phonon
Phonon_scattering
Effective quantum electrodynamics action
{2}{3}}(es)^{2}{\mathcal {F}}-1\right]{\frac {ds}{s^{3}}}.} Here m is the electron mass, e the electron charge, F = 1 2 ( B 2 − E 2 ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}={\frac
Euler–Heisenberg_Lagrangian
Particle with opposite charges
antiparticle with the same mass but with opposite physical charges (such as electric charge). For example, the antiparticle of the electron is the positron (also
Antiparticle
Type of electron microscope
electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.
Scanning_electron_microscope
Electron-electron scattering
given to electron-electron scattering in quantum field theory, named after the Danish physicist Christian Møller who derived it in 1932. The electron interaction
Møller_scattering
Heat capacity of an electron gas
sometimes called the electron heat capacity, is the specific heat of an electron gas. Heat is transported by phonons and by free electrons in solids. For pure
Electronic_specific_heat
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