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Tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons
The higher the associated electronegativity, the more an atom or a substituent group attracts electrons. Electronegativity serves as a simple way to quantitatively
Electronegativity
e Periodic table of electronegativity by Pauling scale → Atomic radius decreases → Ionization energy increases → Electronegativity increases → See also:
Electronegativities of the elements (data page)
Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)
Separation of electric charge in a molecule
difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is less than 0.5 Polar bonds generally occur when the difference in electronegativity between the
Chemical_polarity
Specific recurring patterns that are present in the modern periodic table
known as electronegativity. It is a dimensionless quantity because it is only a tendency. The most commonly used scale to measure electronegativity was designed
Periodic_trends
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
scale cannot measure its electronegativity because it does not form covalent bonds with most elements. An element's electronegativity varies with the identity
Periodic_table
Chemical bonding involving attraction between ions
character – that is, a bond in which there is a large difference in electronegativity between the cation and anion, causing the bonding to be more polar
Ionic_bonding
Topics referred to by the same term
technical standards Electroless nickel plating, a chemical technique Electronegativity, chemical tendency to attract electrons Engrailed (gene), a gene involved
EN
Chemical Property
extract with the electronegativity values of metals. Wulfsberg distinguishes: very electropositive metals with electronegativity values below 1.4
Reactivity_series
organized by other properties, such as atomic weight, density, and electronegativity. For more detailed information about the origins of element names
List_of_chemical_elements
American inorganic chemist
developed the idea of electronegativity equalization, stating two bonding atoms will equalize their Mulliken electronegativity. He would later further
Robert_Thomas_Sanderson
Rule in geometry of individual molecules
substituent electronegativities and it is for this work that Bent's rule takes its name. Bent's original paper considers the group electronegativity of the
Bent's_rule
Set of adjacent groups
metals and nonmetals depends on the electronegativity difference. Ionicity is possible when the electronegativity difference is high enough (e.g. Li3N
Block_(periodic_table)
picometres. Since fluorine is a relatively small atom with a large electronegativity, its covalent radius is difficult to evaluate. The covalent radius
Covalent_radius_of_fluorine
Association of atoms to form chemical compounds
strong bond differ due to the difference in electronegativity of the constituent elements. Electronegativity is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical
Chemical_bond
higher electronegativity values than metals noting that, in general, the higher an element's ionisation energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity, the
Properties of nonmetals (and metalloids) by group
Properties_of_nonmetals_(and_metalloids)_by_group
Hypothetical charge of an atom if all its bonds to different atoms were fully ionic
typically of higher electronegativity; in a bond between two atoms of the same element, the electrons are divided equally. Most electronegativity scales depend
Oxidation_state
Chemical element with atomic number 35 (Br)
outer shell. Corresponding to periodic trends, it is intermediate in electronegativity between chlorine and iodine (F: 3.98, Cl: 3.16, Br: 2.96, I: 2.66)
Bromine
American scientist and activist (1901–1994)
covalent and ionic molecules. Here Pauling's electronegativity concept is particularly useful; the electronegativity difference between a pair of atoms will
Linus_Pauling
2005 edition of the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry
the use of the electronegativity of elements for sequencing has been replaced by a formal list which is loosely based on electronegativity. The recommendations
IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005
IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry_2005
Chemical compound
sulfide is a network solid made up of silver (electronegativity of 1.98) and sulfur (electronegativity of 2.58) where the bonds have low ionic character
Silver_sulfide
Chemical bond by sharing of electron pairs
affected by the electronegativity of the connected atoms which determines the chemical polarity of the bond. Two atoms with equal electronegativity will make
Covalent_bond
Functional group, formula –CCl3
organochlorines. Trichloromethyl is an electron withdrawing group owing to the electronegativity of the three chlorides. Some simple trichloromethyl compounds include
Trichloromethyl_group
Category of chemical elements
heat and electricity. Chemically, they have moderate to very high electronegativity—a tendency to attract electrons in a chemical bond—and their oxides
Nonmetal
Organomercury chemical compound
alkyls in general) hydrolyze rapidly. The difference reflects the high electronegativity of Hg (Pauling EN = 2.00) and the low affinity of Hg(II) for oxygen
Dimethylmercury
Branch of photochemistry
effect. According to the Pauling scale of electronegativity, both ruthenium and iridium have an electronegativity of 2.2. If this was the sole factor relevant
Photoredox_catalysis
Special type of hyperconjugation
easily ascribed to the element's greater electronegativity than carbon. However, Si has lower electronegativity than carbon, polarizing the electron density
Negative hyperconjugation in silicon
Negative_hyperconjugation_in_silicon
Permanent bond dipole due to electron-rich or -poor groups in a molecule
less electronegative than fluoro groups—reduces the carboxylate oxygen charge density the most. This inversion of the traditional electronegativity–charge
Inductive_effect
Principle applying to all stable substances
caesium fluoride has a polar covalent bond. The large difference in electronegativity gives a calculated covalent character of 9%. In the crystal (CsF has
Pauling's principle of electroneutrality
Pauling's_principle_of_electroneutrality
Chemical element with atomic number 53 (I)
weakest oxidising agent among the stable halogens: it has the lowest electronegativity among them, just 2.66 on the Pauling scale (compare fluorine, chlorine
Iodine
Category of metallic elements
They can be seen at the bottom right in the accompanying plot of electronegativity values and melting points. The boundaries of the category are not
Post-transition_metal
Covalent chemical bond between silicon and oxygen atoms
polydimethylsiloxane. On the Pauling electronegativity scale, silicon has an electronegativity of 1.90 and oxygen 3.44. The electronegativity difference between the
Silicon–oxygen_bond
Plastic welding using high frequency electrical fields
differences in electronegativities between the atoms of a molecule. Negative charge is shifted toward atoms with higher electronegativity, resulting in
Radio-frequency_welding
Chemical element with atomic number 17 (Cl)
elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity on the revised Pauling scale, behind only oxygen and fluorine. Chlorine
Chlorine
Metallic elements that are nearly chemically inert
The noble elements gold and platinum also have a comparatively high electronegativity for a metallic element, thus allowing them to exist as single-metallic
Noble_metal
Group of highly reactive chemical elements
to the trend of decreasing electronegativities and ionisation energies of the alkali metals, francium's electronegativity and ionisation energy are predicted
Alkali_metal
Chemical theory about acids and bases
the negative of the electronegativity (χ) definition on the Mulliken scale: μ = −χ. The hardness and Mulliken electronegativity are related as 2 η =
HSAB_theory
Covalent bond between carbon and fluorine atoms
tetrafluoride) are some of the most unreactive organic compounds. The high electronegativity of fluorine (4.0 for fluorine vs. 2.5 for carbon) gives the carbon–fluorine
Carbon–fluorine_bond
Chemical compound
water-miscible liquid has a smell reminiscent of ethanol. Due to the electronegativity of the trifluoromethyl group, this alcohol exhibits a stronger acidic
2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol
American chemist (born 1931)
introduced the Allred-Rochow scale of electronegativity with Eugene G. Rochow in 1958. They predicted that electronegativity, should be related to the charge
Albert_L._Allred
Greek extreme metal band
(1994) Eons Aura EP (1995) Athenian Echoes (1995) Lesbian Show (1997) Electronegative (1999) Diva Futura (1999) I Am Jesus (2003) Lyssa: Rural Gods and Astonishing
Nightfall_(band)
Chemical element with atomic number 10 (Ne)
neon. The Allen electronegativity scale, which relies only upon (measurable) atomic energies, identifies neon as the most electronegative element, closely
Neon
Chemical element with atomic number 67 (Ho)
Holmium is quite electropositive: on the Pauling electronegativity scale, it has an electronegativity of 1.23. It is generally trivalent. It reacts slowly
Holmium
Covalent chemical bond between hydrogen and carbon atoms
and H (2.2)—the electronegativity difference between these two atoms is 0.35. Because of this small difference in electronegativities, the C−H bond is
Carbon–hydrogen_bond
Property of substances whose particles stick together
each other. The polarity is due to the electronegativity of the atom of oxygen: oxygen is more electronegative than the atoms of hydrogen, so the electrons
Cohesion_(chemistry)
Twenty-second letter of the Greek alphabet
letter Chi because of its Χ-shape. In chemistry, the mole fraction and electronegativity may be denoted by the lowercase χ {\displaystyle \chi } . In physics
Chi_(letter)
main group elements as the electronegativity, though it differs in its numerical value from traditional electronegativity scales. Because it is defined
Bond_valence_method
Fourth letter in the Greek alphabet
resonance in chemistry. The relative electronegativity of different atoms in a molecule, δ− being more electronegative than δ+. Text requiring deletion in
Delta_(letter)
Hypothetical charge assigned to an atom in a molecule based on its valence shell
chemical bonds are shared equally between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity. In simple terms, formal charge is the difference between the number
Formal_charge
Chemical element with metallic and nonmetallic properties
single quantitative criterion such as electronegativity is commonly used, metalloids having electronegativity values from 1.8 or 1.9 to 2.2. Further
Metalloid
Energy release on formation of anions
electron affinities was used by Robert S. Mulliken to develop an electronegativity scale for atoms, equal to the average of the electrons affinity and
Electron_affinity
Type of atomic bonding
due to the large electronegativity difference between the two atoms, generally more than 1.9, (greater difference in electronegativity results in a stronger
Intramolecular_force
Breaking a molecular bond such that both fragments retain an electron
multiple factors: Electronegativity Less electronegative atoms are better stabilizers of radicals, meaning that a bond between two electronegative atoms will
Homolysis_(chemistry)
A triangle showing varying degrees of ionic, metallic and covalent bonding
triangle, Norman's quantitative triangle) used electronegativity of compounds. Nowadays, electronegativity triangles are mostly used to rate the chemical
Van_Arkel–Ketelaar_triangle
Intermolecular attraction between a hydrogen donor-and-acceptor pair
or F and/or acceptor Ac with electronegativity approaching that of hydrogen (rather than being much more electronegative). Although weak (about 4.2 kJ/mol
Hydrogen_bond
Chemical element with atomic number 87 (Fr)
to have a bulk modulus of 2.1–2.6 GPa. Linus Pauling estimated the electronegativity of francium at 0.7 on the Pauling scale, the same as caesium; the
Francium
induction (i.e. +I effect) although it is less electronegative than carbon (2.19 vs 2.55, see electronegativity list) and why hydroiodic acid (pKa = -10) being
Electrophilic aromatic directing groups
Electrophilic_aromatic_directing_groups
Chemical element with atomic number 72 (Hf)
4876 Atomic properties Oxidation states common: +4 −2, 0, +1, +2, +3 Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.3 Ionization energies 1st: 658.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 1440 kJ/mol
Hafnium
Series of chemical elements
Relative atomic mass Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity (Allen, Pauling) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data
Transition_metal
Class of chemical compounds
loosely applied to compounds such as B12As2 (N.B. arsenic has an electronegativity higher than boron) that is often referred to as icosahedral boride
Boride
Chemical element with atomic number 55 (Cs)
pyrophoric and reacts with water even at −116 °C (−177 °F). It is the least electronegative stable element, with a value of 0.79 on the Pauling scale. It has only
Caesium
Separation of molecules or ionic compounds into smaller constituent entities
instance, when an acid dissolves in water, a covalent bond between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom is broken by heterolytic fission, which gives
Dissociation_(chemistry)
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
methane (CH 4) and hydrogen sulfide (H 2S). However, oxygen is more electronegative than most other elements, so the oxygen atom has a negative partial
Water
Group of low-reactive, gaseous chemical elements
represents a localization of charge that is facilitated by the high electronegativity of fluorine. The chemistry of the heavier noble gases, krypton and
Noble_gas
Chemical element with atomic number 39 (Y)
Leuven Periodic Table". KU Leuven. Retrieved 2025-08-16. Pubchem. "Electronegativity in the Periodic Table of Elements". Pubchem. Retrieved 2025-08-16
Yttrium
Organic chemistry reaction
affected by charge and electronegativity: nucleophilicity increases with increasing negative charge and decreasing electronegativity. For example, OH− is
SN2_reaction
Chemical compounds containing at least one xenon atom
discovered and described. Almost all known xenon compounds contain atoms of electronegative fluorine or oxygen. The chemistry of xenon in each oxidation state
Xenon_compounds
Chemical element with atomic number 40 (Zr)
Zirconium has an electronegativity of 1.33 on the Pauling scale. Of the elements within the d-block with known electronegativities, zirconium has the
Zirconium
Chemical element with atomic number 54 (Xe)
discovered and described. Almost all known xenon compounds contain the electronegative atoms fluorine or oxygen. The chemistry of xenon in each oxidation
Xenon
nor quite as electronegative as the halogen fluorine (the most electronegative element), there is a large difference in electronegativity between the top
Interchalcogen
Chemical compound
an oxygen on the single bonded benzoyl ester, resulting in lower electronegativity than the parent compound. Salicylmethylecgonine 2'-Acetoxycocaine
Benzoylthiomethylecgonine
Chemical compound
electropositivity of all commonly available elements and fluorine has the highest electronegativity. Caesium fluoride can be prepared by the reaction of caesium hydroxide
Caesium_fluoride
Combining capacity of elements with other atoms
and that the degree of ionic character depends on the difference of electronegativity of the two bonded atoms. Pauling also considered hypervalent molecules
Valence_(chemistry)
Chemical element with atomic number 13 (Al)
three outermost electrons in many chemical reactions (see below). The electronegativity of aluminium is 1.61 on the Pauling scale. A free aluminium atom has
Aluminium
Chemical compound
chemically stable compounds of polonium. Due to the difference in electronegativity (ΔEN) between sodium and polonium (≈ 1.1 under the Pauling system)
Sodium_polonide
Relationship between elements on the periodic table
which have similar chemistry are often found – the atomic radius, electronegativity, properties of compounds (and so forth) of the diagonal members are
Diagonal_relationship
Non metallic elements
correlation between electronegativity and oxidizing power. Very electronegative nonmetals have electronegativity values over 2.8; electronegative nonmetals have
List of alternative nonmetal classes
List_of_alternative_nonmetal_classes
Cyclic chemical group (–C6H5)
considered an inductively withdrawing group (-I), because of the higher electronegativity of sp2 carbon atoms, and a resonance donating group (+M), due to the
Phenyl_group
Chemical compound
nonmetal) in which mobile ions drive conductivity. Gold has the highest electronegativity of all metals due to relativistic effects. It has been called a "pseudo-halogen"
Caesium_auride
Topics referred to by the same term
entanglement in quantum mechanics Negative charge of electricity Electronegativity, a chemical property pertaining to the ability to attract electrons
Negativity
Group of chemical elements
Melting point (°C) Boiling point (K) Boiling point (°C) Density (g/cm3) Electronegativity (Pauling) First ionization energy (kJ·mol−1) Covalent radius (pm)
Alkaline_earth_metal
Tendency to form oxides
bases), but it has been shown that oxophilicity depends more on the electronegativity and effective nuclear charge of the element than on its hardness.
Oxophilicity
Substance composed of multiple chemically bonded elements
when a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom forms an electrostatic connection with another electronegative atom through interacting dipoles
Chemical_compound
Topics referred to by the same term
ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems) A symbol for electronegativity Chi Cheng (musician) (1970–2013), American musician Chi McBride (born
Chi
Principle of atomic physics
Relative atomic mass Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity (Allen, Pauling) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data
Aufbau_principle
Molecule containing only halogen elements of two or more kinds
fluorine atoms. Unlike the other halogens, fluorine atoms have high electronegativity and small size which is able to stabilize them. Chlorine pentafluoride
Interhalogen
A mnemonic is a memory aid used to improve long-term memory and make the process of consolidation easier. Many chemistry aspects, rules, names of compounds
List_of_chemistry_mnemonics
Rules for elements dissolving in a solid metal
vice versa. The solute and solvent should have similar electronegativity. If the electronegativity difference is too great, the metals tend to form intermetallic
Hume-Rothery_rules
Chemical element with atomic number 7 (N)
in very high electronegativities. Hypervalency is almost unknown in the 2p elements for the same reason, because the high electronegativity makes it difficult
Nitrogen
Chemical compound
that melts near room temperature. Because of the difference in the electronegativity of iodine and chlorine, this molecule is highly polar and behaves
Iodine_monochloride
Organometallic chemical reaction
concerted manner. Like in RT reactions, the reaction is driven by electronegativity values. The X ligand is attracted to highly electropositive metals
Transmetalation
Term used for certain metallic elements
{\displaystyle X_{m}^{2}r} where X m {\displaystyle X_{m}} is the metal ion electronegativity and r {\displaystyle r} is its ionic radius. This index gauges the
Heavy_metals
Elements predicted but not found in 1869
Relative atomic mass Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity (Allen, Pauling) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data
Mendeleev's predicted elements
Mendeleev's_predicted_elements
Class of chemical compounds
the strongest in organic chemistry. Its strength is a result of the electronegativity of fluorine imparting partial ionic character through partial charges
Fluorocarbon
Electric charge which is not an integer multiple of elementary charge
piezoelectric effect Charges derived from adiabatic potential energy curves Electronegativity-based charges Other physicochemical data, such as equilibrium and
Partial_charge
a rhombohedral (Biα) structure, with an atomic radius of 1.54 Å, electronegativity of 1.83, and valence of +3 and +5. Indium is a metal softer than lead
Bismuth–indium
Chemical element with atomic number 22 (Ti)
Atomic properties Oxidation states common: +4 −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3 Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.54 Ionization energies 1st: 658.8 kJ/mol 2nd: 1309
Titanium
Chemical element with atomic number 24 (Cr)
properties Oxidation states common: +3, +6 −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +4, +5 Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.66 Ionization energies 1st: 652.9 kJ/mol 2nd: 1590
Chromium
Boron compound
"inorganic benzene". This comparison is not rigorously valid due to the electronegativity difference between boron and nitrogen. X-ray crystallographic structural
Borazine
Chemical compound used to oxidize another substance in a chemical reaction
second sense, an oxidizing agent is a chemical species that transfers electronegative atoms, usually oxygen, to a substrate. Combustion, many explosives
Oxidizing_agent
Chemical element with atomic number 6 (C)
are much higher than those of the heavier group-14 elements. The electronegativity of carbon is 2.5, significantly higher than the heavier group-14 elements
Carbon
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Male
Celtic
, the dread (tutelary) divinity of the country.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Indian
Renowned; Bright as the Dawn
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Ingoldsby in Lincolnshire, named from the Old Norse personal name Ingjaldr + bý ‘farmstead’, ‘settlement’ .
Boy/Male
Sikh
Lord Guru, Gurus sight
Girl/Female
Biblical
Their haste, their sensuality, their silence.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Famous, Successful
Girl/Female
Australian, Greek, Italian
Stone; Rock; Female Version of Peter
Girl/Female
Indian
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ELECTRONEGATIVITY
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
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