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Tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons
The higher the associated electronegativity, the more an atom or a substituent group attracts electrons. Electronegativity serves as a simple way to quantitatively
Electronegativity
e Periodic table of electronegativity by Pauling scale → Atomic radius decreases → Ionization energy increases → Electronegativity increases → See also:
Electronegativities of the elements (data page)
Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)
Separation of electric charge in a molecule
difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is less than 0.5 Polar bonds generally occur when the difference in electronegativity between the
Chemical_polarity
Specific recurring patterns that are present in the modern periodic table
known as electronegativity. It is a dimensionless quantity because it is only a tendency. The most commonly used scale to measure electronegativity was designed
Periodic_trends
Chemical bonding involving attraction between ions
character – that is, a bond in which there is a large difference in electronegativity between the cation and anion, causing the bonding to be more polar
Ionic_bonding
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
scale cannot measure its electronegativity because it does not form covalent bonds with most elements. An element's electronegativity varies with the identity
Periodic_table
Association of atoms to form chemical compounds
strong bond differ due to the difference in electronegativity of the constituent elements. Electronegativity is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical
Chemical_bond
organized by other properties, such as atomic weight, density, and electronegativity. For more detailed information about the origins of element names
List_of_chemical_elements
American inorganic chemist
developed the idea of electronegativity equalization, stating two bonding atoms will equalize their Mulliken electronegativity. He would later further
Robert_Thomas_Sanderson
Category of chemical elements
with the lowest electronegativity (revised Pauling) is phosphorus at 2.19. Nonmetals thus have densities < 5 g/cm³ and electronegativity values ≥ 2.1. If
Nonmetal
Chemical Property
extract with the electronegativity values of metals. Wulfsberg distinguishes: very electropositive metals with electronegativity values below 1.4
Reactivity_series
Category of metallic elements
They can be seen at the bottom right in the accompanying plot of electronegativity values and melting points. The boundaries of the category are not
Post-transition_metal
Branch of photochemistry
effect. According to the Pauling scale of electronegativity, both ruthenium and iridium have an electronegativity of 2.2. If this was the sole factor relevant
Photoredox_catalysis
Topics referred to by the same term
unique for 70n=5..8 Electroless nickel plating, a chemical technique Electronegativity, chemical tendency to attract electrons Engrailed (gene), involved
EN
Set of adjacent groups
metals and nonmetals depends on the electronegativity difference. Ionicity is possible when the electronegativity difference is high enough (e.g. Li3N
Block_(periodic_table)
Covalent bond between carbon and fluorine atoms
tetrafluoride) are some of the most unreactive organic compounds. The high electronegativity of fluorine (4.0 for fluorine vs. 2.5 for carbon) gives the carbon–fluorine
Carbon–fluorine_bond
A triangle showing varying degrees of ionic, metallic and covalent bonding
triangle, Norman's quantitative triangle) used electronegativity of compounds. Nowadays, electronegativity triangles are mostly used to rate the chemical
Van_Arkel–Ketelaar_triangle
American scientist and activist (1901–1994)
covalent and ionic molecules. Here Pauling's electronegativity concept is particularly useful; the electronegativity difference between a pair of atoms will
Linus_Pauling
picometres. Since fluorine is a relatively small atom with a large electronegativity, its covalent radius is difficult to evaluate. The covalent radius
Covalent_radius_of_fluorine
Chemical element with atomic number 53 (I)
weakest oxidising agent among the stable halogens: it has the lowest electronegativity among them, just 2.66 on the Pauling scale (compare fluorine, chlorine
Iodine
Chemical compound
sulfide is a network solid made up of silver (electronegativity of 1.98) and sulfur (electronegativity of 2.58) where the bonds have low ionic character
Silver_sulfide
Group of highly reactive chemical elements
to the trend of decreasing electronegativities and ionisation energies of the alkali metals, francium's electronegativity and ionisation energy are predicted
Alkali_metal
Chemical element with atomic number 35 (Br)
outer shell. Corresponding to periodic trends, it is intermediate in electronegativity between chlorine and iodine (F: 3.98, Cl: 3.16, Br: 2.96, I: 2.66)
Bromine
higher electronegativity values than metals noting that, in general, the higher an element's ionisation energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity, the
Properties of nonmetals (and metalloids) by group
Properties_of_nonmetals_(and_metalloids)_by_group
Energy release on formation of anions
electron affinities was used by Robert S. Mulliken to develop an electronegativity scale for atoms, equal to the average of the electrons affinity and
Electron_affinity
Hypothetical charge of an atom if all its bonds to different atoms were fully ionic
typically of higher electronegativity; in a bond between two atoms of the same element, the electrons are divided equally. Most electronegativity scales depend
Oxidation_state
Rule in geometry of individual molecules
substituent electronegativities and it is for this work that Bent's rule takes its name. Bent's original paper considers the group electronegativity of the
Bent's_rule
Chemical bond by sharing of electron pairs
affected by the electronegativity of the connected atoms which determines the chemical polarity of the bond. Two atoms with equal electronegativity will make
Covalent_bond
Chemical element with atomic number 87 (Fr)
to have a bulk modulus of 2.1–2.6 GPa. Linus Pauling estimated the electronegativity of francium at 0.7 on the Pauling scale, the same as caesium; the
Francium
Permanent bond dipole due to electron-rich or -poor groups in a molecule
less electronegative than fluoro groups—reduces the carboxylate oxygen charge density the most. This inversion of the traditional electronegativity–charge
Inductive_effect
Intermolecular attraction between a hydrogen donor-and-acceptor pair
or F and/or acceptor Ac with electronegativity approaching that of hydrogen (rather than being much more electronegative). Although weak (about 4.2 kJ/mol
Hydrogen_bond
Greek extreme metal band
(1994) Eons Aura EP (1995) Athenian Echoes (1995) Lesbian Show (1997) Electronegative (1999) Diva Futura (1999) I Am Jesus (2003) Lyssa: Rural Gods and Astonishing
Nightfall_(band)
Metallic elements that are nearly chemically inert
The noble elements gold and platinum also have a comparatively high electronegativity for a metallic element, thus allowing them to exist as single-metallic
Noble_metal
Covalent chemical bond between silicon and oxygen atoms
polydimethylsiloxane. On the Pauling electronegativity scale, silicon has an electronegativity of 1.90 and oxygen 3.44. The electronegativity difference between the
Silicon–oxygen_bond
Chemical compound
electropositivity of all commonly available elements and fluorine has the highest electronegativity. Caesium fluoride can be prepared by the reaction of caesium hydroxide
Caesium_fluoride
American chemist (born 1931)
introduced the Allred-Rochow scale of electronegativity with Eugene G. Rochow in 1958. They predicted that electronegativity, should be related to the charge
Albert_L._Allred
Hypothetical charge assigned to an atom in a molecule based on its valence shell
chemical bonds are shared equally between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity. In simple terms, formal charge is the difference between the number
Formal_charge
Twenty-second letter of the Greek alphabet
letter Chi because of its Χ-shape. In chemistry, the mole fraction and electronegativity may be denoted by the lowercase χ. In physics, χ denotes electric
Chi_(letter)
Chemical element with metallic and nonmetallic properties
single quantitative criterion such as electronegativity is commonly used, metalloids having electronegativity values from 1.8 or 1.9 to 2.2. Further
Metalloid
main group elements as the electronegativity, though it differs in its numerical value from traditional electronegativity scales. Because it is defined
Bond_valence_method
Rules for elements dissolving in a solid metal
vice versa. The solute and solvent should have similar electronegativity. If the electronegativity difference is too great, the metals tend to form intermetallic
Hume-Rothery_rules
Chemical compound
water-miscible liquid has a smell reminiscent of ethanol. Due to the electronegativity of the trifluoromethyl group, this alcohol exhibits a stronger acidic
2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol
2005 edition of the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry
the use of the electronegativity of elements for sequencing has been replaced by a formal list which is loosely based on electronegativity. The recommendations
IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005
IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry_2005
Chemical theory about acids and bases
the negative of the electronegativity (χ) definition on the Mulliken scale: μ = −χ. The hardness and Mulliken electronegativity are related as 2 η =
HSAB_theory
Chemical element with atomic number 55 (Cs)
pyrophoric and reacts with water even at −116 °C (−177 °F). It is the least electronegative stable element, with a value of 0.79 on the Pauling scale. It has only
Caesium
Chemical compound
Liebig mistook ICl for bromine. Because of the difference in the electronegativity of iodine and chlorine, this molecule is highly polar and behaves
Iodine_monochloride
Plastic welding using high frequency electrical fields
differences in electronegativities between the atoms of a molecule. Negative charge is shifted toward atoms with higher electronegativity, resulting in
Radio-frequency_welding
Special type of hyperconjugation
easily ascribed to the element's greater electronegativity than carbon. However, Si has lower electronegativity than carbon, polarizing the electron density
Negative hyperconjugation in silicon
Negative_hyperconjugation_in_silicon
Chemical element with atomic number 10 (Ne)
neon. The Allen electronegativity scale, which relies only upon (measurable) atomic energies, identifies neon as the most electronegative element, closely
Neon
Chemical element with atomic number 67 (Ho)
Holmium is quite electropositive: on the Pauling electronegativity scale, it has an electronegativity of 1.23. It is generally trivalent. It reacts slowly
Holmium
Functional group, formula –CCl3
organochlorines. Trichloromethyl is an electron withdrawing group owing to the electronegativity of the three chlorides. Some simple trichloromethyl compounds include
Trichloromethyl_group
Principle of atomic physics
Relative atomic mass Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity (Allen, Pauling) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data
Aufbau_principle
Chemical element with atomic number 47 (Ag)
ionisation energy (730.8 kJ/mol) of silver. Furthermore, silver's Pauling electronegativity of 1.93 is higher than that of lead (1.87), and its electron affinity
Silver
Chemical element with atomic number 9 (F)
become isoelectronic with the noble gas neon; it has the highest electronegativity of any reactive element. Fluorine atoms have a small covalent radius
Fluorine
Fourth letter in the Greek alphabet
resonance in chemistry. The relative electronegativity of different atoms in a molecule, δ− being more electronegative than δ+. Text requiring deletion in
Delta_(letter)
Chemical element with atomic number 17 (Cl)
elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity on the revised Pauling scale, behind only oxygen and fluorine. Chlorine
Chlorine
American activist (1903–1981)
Concepts Valence bond theory Orbital hybridisation Resonance Pauling Electronegativity Scale Pauling's rules Founded Linus Pauling Institute International
Ava_Helen_Pauling
induction (i.e. +I effect) although it is less electronegative than carbon (2.19 vs 2.55, see electronegativity list) and why hydroiodic acid (pKa = -10) being
Electrophilic aromatic directing groups
Electrophilic_aromatic_directing_groups
Change in the energies of a thermodynamic system with respect to particle number
atom's electronegativity. Likewise, the process of chemical potential equalization is sometimes referred to as the process of electronegativity equalization
Chemical_potential
Covalent chemical bond between hydrogen and carbon atoms
and H (2.2)—the electronegativity difference between these two atoms is 0.35. Because of this small difference in electronegativities, the C−H bond is
Carbon–hydrogen_bond
Chemical element with atomic number 40 (Zr)
Zirconium has an electronegativity of 1.33 on the Pauling scale. Of the elements within the d-block with known electronegativities, zirconium has the
Zirconium
Type of atomic bonding
due to the large electronegativity difference between the two atoms, generally more than 1.9, (greater difference in electronegativity results in a stronger
Intramolecular_force
Property of substances whose particles stick together
each other. The polarity is due to the electronegativity of the atom of oxygen: oxygen is more electronegative than the atoms of hydrogen, so the electrons
Cohesion_(chemistry)
Standard enthalpy change when a chemical bond is cleaved by homolysis
emissions. The strength of the bond is attributed to the substantial electronegativity difference between silicon and fluorine, which leads to a substantial
Bond_dissociation_energy
Chemical compound used to oxidize another substance in a chemical reaction
second sense, an oxidizing agent is a chemical species that transfers electronegative atoms, usually oxygen, to a substrate. Combustion, many explosives
Oxidizing_agent
Comparison of the properties of the three main categories in the periodic table
temperature At or near room temperature Chedd defines metalloids as having electronegativity values of 1.8 to 2.2 (Allred-Rochow scale). He included boron, silicon
Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals
Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
methane (CH 4) and hydrogen sulfide (H 2S). However, oxygen is more electronegative than most other elements, so the oxygen atom has a partial negative
Water
Chemical element with atomic number 6 (C)
are much higher than those of the heavier group-14 elements. The electronegativity of carbon is 2.5, significantly higher than the heavier group-14 elements
Carbon
Cyclic chemical group (–C6H5)
considered an inductively withdrawing group (-I), because of the higher electronegativity of sp2 carbon atoms, and a resonance donating group (+M), due to the
Phenyl_group
Term used for certain metallic elements
The system groups the elements by Xm2r where Xm is the metal ion electronegativity and r is its ionic radius. This index gauges the importance of covalent
Heavy_metals
Chemical compounds containing at least one xenon atom
discovered and described. Almost all known xenon compounds contain atoms of electronegative fluorine or oxygen. The chemistry of xenon in each oxidation state
Xenon_compounds
Russian crystallographer and scientist (born 1975)
of electronegativities of the chemical elements. Extending the definition of electronegativity to high pressures and tabulating electronegativities and
Artem_Oganov
Chemical compound
an oxygen on the single bonded benzoyl ester, resulting in lower electronegativity than the parent compound. Salicylmethylecgonine 2'-Acetoxycocaine
Benzoylthiomethylecgonine
Group of low-reactive, gaseous chemical elements
represents a localization of charge that is facilitated by the high electronegativity of fluorine. The chemistry of the heavier noble gases, krypton and
Noble_gas
Chemical bond
ions and metal carbonyls. The C–O bond is polarized towards oxygen (electronegativity of C vs O, 2.55 vs 3.44). Bond lengths for paraffinic C–O bonds are
Carbon–oxygen_bond
Chemical element with atomic number 8 (O)
expected in a simple liquid with just van der Waals forces. Due to its electronegativity, oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give
Oxygen
Chemical element with atomic number 39 (Y)
Leuven Periodic Table". KU Leuven. Retrieved 2025-08-16. Pubchem. "Electronegativity in the Periodic Table of Elements". Pubchem. Retrieved 2025-08-16
Yttrium
Non metallic elements
correlation between electronegativity and oxidizing power. Very electronegative nonmetals have electronegativity values over 2.8; electronegative nonmetals have
List of alternative nonmetal classes
List_of_alternative_nonmetal_classes
Russian chemist (1834–1907)
Relative atomic mass Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity (Allen, Pauling) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data
Dmitri_Mendeleev
Class of chemical compounds
loosely applied to compounds such as B12As2 (N.B. arsenic has an electronegativity higher than boron) that is often referred to as icosahedral boride
Boride
Any of the chemical elements in the second row of the periodic table
number increases, the atomic radius of the elements decreases, the electronegativity increases, and the ionization energy increases. Period 2 only has
Period_2_element
Chemical element with atomic number 14 (Si)
thus octahedral coordination is also significant. For example, the electronegativity of silicon (1.90) is much less than that of carbon (2.55), because
Silicon
Brønsted acid
stronger oxidizing agents than hydrogen ions. These acids contain highly electronegative atoms (like oxygen or halogens) that can accept electrons. Generally
Oxidizing_acid
Chemical element with atomic number 7 (N)
in very high electronegativities. Hypervalency is almost unknown in the 2p elements for the same reason, because the high electronegativity makes it difficult
Nitrogen
Group of atoms giving a molecule characteristic properties
interact strongly with each other. Plus, when functional groups are more electronegative than atoms they attach to, the functional groups will become polar
Functional_group
Molecule containing only halogen elements of two or more kinds
fluorine atoms. Unlike the other halogens, fluorine atoms have high electronegativity and small size which is able to stabilize them. Chlorine pentafluoride
Interhalogen
Chemical element with atomic number 51 (Sb)
has an electronegativity of 2.05. In accordance with periodic trends, it is more electronegative than tin or bismuth, and less electronegative than tellurium
Antimony
Model for predicting molecular geometry
the ligand electronegativity is greater than or equal to that of the central atom. In O(SiH3)2, the central atom is more electronegative, and the lone
VSEPR_theory
Chemical element with atomic number 90 (Th)
Leach, M. R. "The Internet Database of Periodic Tables: Berzelius' Electronegativity Table". Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 16
Thorium
Acid that contains oxygen
not a factor, as it is with binary nonmetal hydrides. Rather, the electronegativity of the central atom and the number of oxygen atoms determine oxyacid
Oxyacid
Tendency to form oxides
bases), but it has been shown that oxophilicity depends more on the electronegativity and effective nuclear charge of the element than on its hardness.
Oxophilicity
Molecular structure with atoms at the center and vertices of a triangular bipyramid
an axial position. In general ligand apicophilicity increases with electronegativity and also with pi-electron withdrawing ability, as in the sequence
Trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry
Trigonal_bipyramidal_molecular_geometry
Chemical group (–OH)
can be readily deprotonated due to a large difference between the electronegativity of oxygen (3.5) and that of hydrogen (2.1). Hydroxy-containing compounds
Hydroxy_group
Organic chemistry reaction
affected by charge and electronegativity: nucleophilicity increases with increasing negative charge and decreasing electronegativity. For example, OH− is
SN2_reaction
Chemical element with atomic number 8 (O)
73 90 Atomic properties Oxidation states common: −2 −1, 0, +1, +2 Electronegativity Pauling scale: 3.44 Ionization energies 1st: 1313.9 kJ/mol 2nd: 3388
Allotropes_of_oxygen
Group of chemical elements
Relative atomic mass Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity (Allen, Pauling) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data
Names for sets of chemical elements
Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements
Relative atomic mass Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity (Allen, Pauling) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data
List of chemical elements named after places
List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places
Chemical compound composed of a halogen atom and some other element
halogen atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less electronegative (or more electropositive) than the halogen, to make a fluoride, chloride
Halide
Chemical element with atomic number 66 (Dy)
(2304) (2831) Atomic properties Oxidation states common: +3 0, +2, +4 Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.22 Ionization energies 1st: 573.0 kJ/mol 2nd: 1130 kJ/mol
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