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Biological hypothesis
In biology, constructive development refers to the hypothesis that organisms shape their own developmental trajectory by constantly responding to, and
Constructive development (biology)
Constructive_development_(biology)
of evolution who champion Intelligent Design. Evolvability Constructive development (biology) Extended evolutionary synthesis Kirschner, Marc W.; Gerhart
Facilitated_variation
Theory that discusses human intelligence from an epistemological perspective
model to adults in describing what he called constructive-developmental psychology. "Cognitive Development - Encyclopedia of Special Education: A Reference
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Piaget's_theory_of_cognitive_development
Application of quantum mechanics and chemistry to biology
Quantum biology is the study of applications of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to aspects of biology that cannot be accurately described
Quantum_biology
Change in the heritable traits of populations
Stoltzfus, Arlin (13 October 2012). "Constructive neutral evolution: exploring evolutionary theory's curious disconnect". Biology Direct. 7 (1): 35. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-7-35
Evolution
proof by contradiction might be called non-constructive, and a constructivist might reject it. The constructive viewpoint involves a verificational interpretation
Mathematical_object
Evolutionary theory
a complex trait emerged as a response to a deleterious development in an organism. Constructive neutral evolution often leads to irreversible or "irremediable"
Constructive neutral evolution
Constructive_neutral_evolution
Approach to biology
Individuals such as Carla Fehr offer constructive criticism for the future of feminist philosophy in the field of biology; she proposes feminist biologists
Feminist_biology
Theory of evolution by changes at the molecular level
Stoltzfus, Arlin (2012-10-13). "Constructive neutral evolution: exploring evolutionary theory's curious disconnect". Biology Direct. 7 (1): 35. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-7-35
Neutral theory of molecular evolution
Neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution
Scientific study of the nervous system
multidisciplinary science that combines physiology, anatomy, molecular biology, developmental biology, cytology, psychology, physics, computer science, chemistry
Neuroscience
Scientific study of humans, human behavior, and societies
scientific study of humanity that crosses biology and sociology, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in
Anthropology
Austrian biologist (born 1953)
Department of Theoretical Biology in the Center for Organismal Systems Biology. His research interests focus on vertebrate limb development, evolutionary novelties
Gerd_B._Müller
Species of fish
traits, cave forms evolved "constructive traits". In contrast to regressive traits, the purpose or benefit of constructive traits is generally accepted
Mexican_tetra
Structural support for biological cells
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM), also called the intercellular matrix, is a network consisting of extracellular macromolecules and minerals
Extracellular_matrix
American theologian, philosopher and environmentalist (1925–2024)
Whiteheadians changed their own label to "constructive postmodernism". Like its deconstructionist counterpart, constructive postmodernism arose partly in response
John_B._Cobb
Adaptation of animals to constant darkness
cave crabs exhibited reductive evolutionary changes at the same rate as constructive changes. Their research concluded that both selection and evolution are
Troglomorphism
Rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium
typical E. coli genome is shared among all strains. In fact, from the more constructive point of view, the members of genus Shigella (S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri
Escherichia_coli
Country in West Asia
Mohammad Khatami, whose government advocated freedom of expression, constructive diplomatic relations with Asia and the EU, and policy that supported
Iran
Mechanism which genetically encodes phenotypes through evolutionary processes
complexity, making it in his view uninteresting from the perspective of the constructive process of adaptation. However, the preceding phenotypic plasticity need
Genetic_assimilation
Performing an action considered bad
(ataque) or behaving promiscuously). Acting out may inhibit the development of more constructive responses to the feelings in question. According to psychoanalytic
Acting_out
Darwinian perspective that biological traits are evolved adaptations
'teleonomy'." Evolutionary biology portal Adaptive evolution in the human genome Beneficial acclimation hypothesis Constructive neutral evolution Evolutionary
Adaptationism
Human transition from foraging to settlement
amazing monument of Stonehenge appears to have undergone no further constructive changes since about 1400 BC; on the contrary, there are traces of deliberate
Neolithic_Revolution
Subfield of mathematics
logics and constructive mathematics. The study of constructive mathematics includes many different programs with various definitions of constructive. At the
Mathematical_logic
Study of changes in DNA and RNA over time
Stoltzfus A (October 2012). "Constructive neutral evolution: exploring evolutionary theory's curious disconnect". Biology Direct. 7 (1): 35. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-7-35
Molecular_evolution
American biologist, academic, and researcher
scholarship to create one (how MBoC promotes civil and constructive peer review)". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 22 (5): 525–527. doi:10.1091/mbc.e11-01-0002
David_G._Drubin
Creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism
constructive replication does not involve growing but rather building. Assisted reproductive technology (ART)'s purpose is to assist the development of
Artificial_reproduction
Branch of mathematics
object. Reformulations of calculus in a constructive framework are generally part of the subject of constructive analysis. While many of the ideas of calculus
Calculus
American biologist (1928–2025)
employed by the faculty of the Harvard University Biology Department, promoting research in molecular biology. From 1968, Watson served as the director of
James_Watson
Theory for analyzing people's lives
psychology, biology, public health and economics. So far, empirical research from a life course perspective has not resulted in the development of a formal
Life_course_approach
Phylum of gelatinous marine animals
on the systematics, distribution, sexuality and development of two species of Ocyropsis". Marine Biology. 90 (3): 413–424. Bibcode:1986MarBi..90..413H.
Ctenophora
American astrophysics award
knowledge of physical conditions existing within the stars, and for his constructive interpretation of the Einstein theory of the relativity as applied to
Henry_Draper_Medal
Term for computer intruders and computing experts
dictionary, compiled in 1959, described a hack as an undertaking without a constructive purpose and a hacker as its practitioner. Before its close association
Hacker
Class of artificial neural networks
different flavors of message passing, started by recursive or convolutional constructive approaches. A 2022 position paper argued that many architectures described
Graph_neural_network
Theories in cognitive psychology
thought is organized in two levels. This is outlined in the Theory of Constructive Operators (TCO). The first and more basic level is defined by mental
Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development
Neo-Piagetian_theories_of_cognitive_development
British political adviser and former actor (born 1991)
and posed a question on the practical ways by which they could move constructive dialogue with Russia forward, having identified shared interests in defeating
Skandar_Keynes
Elastic interaction of x-rays with electrons
another out in most directions through destructive interference, they add constructively in a few specific directions. An intuitive understanding of X-ray diffraction
X-ray_diffraction
System capable of producing itself
publication, Mind in Life. The basic notion of autopoiesis as involving constructive interaction with the environment is extended to include cognition. Initially
Autopoiesis
Evolution on a scale at or above the level of species
and development of the building plan of the vertebrate heart". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. Cardiomyocyte Biology: Cardiac
Macroevolution
Set of chemical reactions in organisms
(2000). "Recent developments in the cell biology and biochemistry of glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipids (review)". Molecular Membrane Biology. 17 (1): 1–16
Metabolism
Experimental surgery
Donna. The Ethics of Animal Experimentation: A Critical Analysis and Constructive Christian Proposal Archived 2022-06-20 at the Wayback Machine, Oxford
Vivisection
Knowledge assessment tool
2844559 [6] Odom AL, Barrow LH 1995 Development and application of a two-tier diagnostic test measuring college biology students' understanding of diffusion
Concept_inventory
Philosophy of science and nature
of Hegel, which emphasized development, process, and historical change. At the same time, sciences like geology and biology were making discoveries that
Dialectical_materialism
Series of monographs published from 1938 to 1969
Philipp Frank Cosmology (FUS I-8) E. Finlay-Freundlich Foundations of Biology (FUS I-9) Felix Mainx The Conceptual Framework of Psychology (FUS I-10)
International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
International_Encyclopedia_of_Unified_Science
2012 book by Maximilian Holland
published in 2012. The work synthesizes the perspectives of evolutionary biology, psychology and sociocultural anthropology towards understanding human
Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship
Social_Bonding_and_Nurture_Kinship
Intelligence of machines
some of Dreyfus's comments. Had he formulated them less aggressively, constructive actions they suggested might have been taken much earlier." Searle presented
Artificial_intelligence
Swiss psychologist (1896–1980)
published 1977) ISBN 0-226-07503-6. Chapman, M. (1988). Constructive evolution: Origins and development of Piaget's thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Jean_Piaget
systems theory Biostatistics the development and application of statistical methods to a wide range of topics in biology. Birational geometry a part of
Glossary of areas of mathematics
Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics
Repayment in kind
relationships. It often involves choosing compassion, consideration, and co-constructive communication over reactive and retaliatory behaviour. When used as a
Norm_of_reciprocity
Teaching method encouraging autodidacticism
Planes of Development". AMI Communications (2/3): 4–10. Grazzini, Camillo (January–February 1988). "The Four Planes of Development: A Constructive Rhythm
Montessori_education
Abdul (2008). A parametric study on reproductive competence in auto-constructive artificial life (Masters thesis). Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Ryser-welch
Autoconstructive_evolution
Philosophical view explaining systems in terms of smaller parts
a pejorative sense. In cognitive psychology, George Kelly developed "constructive alternativism" as a form of personal construct psychology and an alternative
Reductionism
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
that are congruent by translation). His next paper dealt with giving a constructive proof without the axiom of choice that 2 ℵ 0 {\displaystyle 2^{\aleph
John_von_Neumann
American botanist and bioethicist (1920–2008)
in most instances, want to follow through to see that it is used for constructive rather than anti-human purposes.... Science is now too potent in transforming
Arthur_Galston
British polymath (1890–1962)
theory of evolution known as the modern synthesis. For his contributions to biology, Richard Dawkins declared Fisher to be the greatest of Darwin's successors
Ronald_Fisher
Systematic endeavour to gain knowledge
claimed to be things that should be ignored. Close to instrumentalism is constructive empiricism, according to which the main criterion for the success of
Science
Internet science are: multidisciplinary convergence, observability and constructive experimentation. The European Commission funded a Network of Excellence
Internet_science
Russian biophysicist (1928–2022)
1928 – 25 September 2022) was a Soviet and Russian biophysicist. PhD in biology (1955), DrSc in medicine (1961), Professor, Member of the Russian Academy
Josef_Gitelson
American philosopher (1942–2021)
Orandi est Lex Credendi," in Images of Science: Scientific Realism Versus Constructive Empiricism, ed. Churchland and Hooker (1984). "The Logician's Dilemma:
Richard_Boyd
magnification tool Archimedes (CAD) Art of Illusion Blender BRL-CAD – constructive solid geometry (CSG) solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD) system
List of free and open-source software packages
List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages
Publication by the US National Academy of Sciences
include Francisco J. Ayala and Bruce Alberts, highlight developments in evolutionary biology and its relevance to the study of emerging infectious diseases
Science, Evolution, and Creationism
Science,_Evolution,_and_Creationism
Body-covering structure of birds
developmental biology. Theories of the scale-based origins of feathers suggest that the planar scale structure was modified for development into feathers
Feather
website of ABC News "Bridgit Mendler Social Machines, MIT Center for Constructive Communication". MIT Media Lab People. MIT Media Lab. Retrieved 18 July
List of artists and entertainers with advanced degrees
List_of_artists_and_entertainers_with_advanced_degrees
British missionary
Harold Balme, "A criticism of nursing education, with suggestions for constructive reform" 1937 (Oxford University Press) Harold Balme, "The Relief of Pain
Harold_Balme
Subfield of genetics
and among populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology. Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as adaptation, speciation, and
Population_genetics
Model of evolutionary neurology proposed by Paul McLean
the model suggests that the interactions between structures are not constructive, but that they are conflicting due to the anatomical separation of the
Triune_brain
American Mennonite theologian (1925–2011)
him the 1995 American Academy of Religion Award for excellence among constructive books in religion. He participated for many years in the discussions
Gordon_D._Kaufman
Standard, doctrine or system of conduct
cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development; to these theorists morality forms in a series of constructive stages or domains. In the Ethics of care
Morality
Film of microorganisms on a surface
remove nutrients from waste waters. Biofilms can also be harnessed for constructive purposes. For example, many sewage treatment plants include a secondary
Biofilm
Australian molecular biologist
organisations, ways in which the research strengths of the Institute can be constructively utilised to improve indigenous health in Australia. enhancing the institute's
Doug_Hilton
Systems-based study of economic processes
1341–1378. Tesfatsion, Leigh (2006), "Agent-Based Computational Economics: A Constructive Approach to Economic Theory," ch. 16, Handbook of Computational Economics
Agent-based computational economics
Agent-based_computational_economics
American electrical engineer
Spirit and Leadership in the 21st Century (1991) Creative Work: The Constructive Role of Business N A Transforming Society (1991) Global Mind Change:
Willis_Harman
Educational model of human intelligence
general categories: biology (evolutionary neuroscience) analysis (core operations and symbol systems) psychology (skill development and individual differences)
Theory of multiple intelligences
Theory_of_multiple_intelligences
Concept involving intangible goods
sustainability describes the long-term oriented production and further development of digital artifacts and addresses the tragedy of the anticommons. Originating
Digital_sustainability
1981 book by Peter Singer
described as "arrogant", Singer was one of the first moral philosophers to constructively engage with it, arguing that at least some of sociobiology's arguments
The_Expanding_Circle
Faculty of mind to store and retrieve data
that our memories are constructed: "current hypotheses suggest that constructive processes allow individuals to simulate and imagine future episodes,
Memory
President of the United States from 1901 to 1909
everything in my power to make the Republican Party the Party of sane, constructive radicalism, just as it was under Lincoln." Accordingly, he told the 1918
Theodore_Roosevelt
Psychological school of thought
Bartlett’s experiments in cognitive psychology highlighted the (re-)constructive nature of memory’s recall . From 1960s till nowdays, many researchers
Constructivism (psychological school)
Constructivism_(psychological_school)
Mathematician and biochemical theorist
of a parent's time (away from their career). The book next offers a constructive solution to this problem. Wrinch proposed that there should be Child
Dorothy_Maud_Wrinch
German polymath (1646–1716)
and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in probability theory, biology, medicine, geology, psychology, linguistics and computer science. Leibniz
Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz
Measurement method using interference of waves
difference between the two waves—waves that are in phase will undergo constructive interference while waves that are out of phase will undergo destructive
Interferometry
and the Centre for Integrative Biology and Systems Medicine (IIT Madras). In order to support healthy aging, constructive lifestyle modifications, and psycho-social
Artificial intelligence in India
Artificial_intelligence_in_India
Infinitely detailed mathematical structure
three-dimensional vascular constructive optimization". In Losa, Gabriele A.; Nonnenmacher, Theo F. (eds.). Fractals in biology and medicine. Springer. pp
Fractal
British AI researcher (born 1976)
themselves in new experiences. The finding established a link between the constructive process of imagination and the reconstructive process of episodic memory
Demis_Hassabis
English physicist and biologist (1916–2004)
of his work in biology, when he was in the Strangeways laboratory. In The Eighth Day of Creation, Horace Judson describes the development of Watson's thinking
Francis_Crick
Theory within psychology
conditioning in different ways. The most generally used way by B. F. Skinner constructively considered classical conditioning and operant conditioning to be separate
Psychological_behaviorism
British politician (born 1980)
A-Levels in biology, chemistry and maths, at Phoenix College, a sixth form college in Morden, south London. She achieved a B in biology, a B in chemistry
Kemi_Badenoch
Hard skeletal covering of fish
Biology. 23 (9): R338–R339. Bibcode:2013CBio...23.R338M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.056. PMID 23660349. Sharpe, P. T. (2001). "Fish scale development:
Fish_scale
Form of government
original on 10 March 2016. Carter, Byrum E. (2015) [1955]. "The Historical Development of the Office of Prime Minister". Office of the Prime Minister. Princeton
Parliamentary_system
Physical anomaly involving extra fingers or toes
explained by genetic mutation alone, but only by constructive development, i.e. the ability of development to produce a complex phenotypic output. The corresponding
Polydactyly
American philosopher (born 1932)
Specter of the Absurd, published in 1988 and from his study of, and constructive work on, theories of religion in Interpretive Theories of Religion, published
Donald_A._Crosby
Scottish scientist and town planner (1854–1932)
to consider "primary human needs" in every intervention, engaging in "constructive and conservative surgery" rather than the "heroic, all of a piece schemes"
Patrick_Geddes
American philosopher (1942–2024)
philosophy of science, and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science. Dennett was the co-director
Daniel_Dennett
American physicist and mathematician (born 1955)
Critic discussing the more general politicization of science, especially biology and medicine. Raab, Frederick H. (2018). "Recollections of Nathan Sokal:
Alan_Sokal
Species of fish
16 October 2025. Rodríguez-Morales, R. (2024). "Sensing in the dark: Constructive evolution of the lateral line system in blind populations of Astyanax
Eidinemacheilus_smithi
Swiss mathematician (1707–1783)
Mortality and Multiplication of the Human Species, Theoretical Population Biology 1: 307-314. Translated by Nathan and Beatrice Keyfitz Newell, Colin. (1988)
Leonhard_Euler
Range of new religious beliefs and practices
material universe as a meaningful illusion, which humans should try to use constructively rather than focus on escaping into other spiritual realms. This physical
New_Age
Liz (December 2013). "Science Choreography: A Movement-Based Approach to Biology Teaching". CBE: Life Sciences Education. 12 (4): 582–583. doi:10.1187/cbe
Movement_in_learning
Type of competitive behavior
2011 • Leigh Tesfatsion (2006). "Agent-Based Computational Economics: A Constructive Approach to Economic Theory," ch. 16, Handbook of Computational Economics
Competition
Use of racial theories for and against Zionism
build a new framework for collective Jewish identity, and thought that biology might provide "proof" for the "ethnonational myth of common descent" from
Racial conceptions of Jewish identity in Zionism
Racial_conceptions_of_Jewish_identity_in_Zionism
Model of human development
Esbjörn-Hargens, Sean (ed.). Integral Theory in Action: Applied, Theoretical, and Constructive Perspectives on the AQAL Model. SUNY Series in Integral Theory. Albany:
Spiral_Dynamics
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