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Mutual knowledge is a fundamental concept about information in game theory, (epistemic) logic, and epistemology. An event is mutual knowledge if all agents
Mutual_knowledge_(logic)
Statement that players know and also know that other players know (ad infinitum)
constructed “edge” has collapsed into common knowledge. Philosophy portal Global game Mutual knowledge (logic) Pluralistic ignorance Stag hunt Stephen Schiffer
Common_knowledge_(logic)
1837 fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen
Elephant in the room The Emperor's New Groove Groupthink Knowledge falsification Mutual knowledge (logic) Polite fiction Pluralistic ignorance Preference falsification
The_Emperor's_New_Clothes
Philosophical study of knowledge
formal epistemology uses formal tools from logic. Social epistemology investigates the communal aspect of knowledge, and historical epistemology examines its
Epistemology
Using inconsistent arguments
to a knowledge of the unconscious element in out psychic life. [...] *(2) If I cannot influence the gods, I will stir up Acheron. "Kettle Logic – Freud
Kettle_logic
Methods in artificial intelligence research
logic, to handle time; epistemic logic, to reason about agent knowledge; modal logic, to handle possibility and necessity; and probabilistic logics to
Symbolic artificial intelligence
Symbolic_artificial_intelligence
Awareness of facts, or competency
modal logic – Type of modal logic Knowledge economy – Approach to generating value Knowledge falsification – Deliberate misrepresentation of knowledge Omniscience –
Knowledge
Type of modal logic
Epistemic modal logic is a subfield of modal logic that is concerned with reasoning about knowledge. While epistemology has a long philosophical tradition
Epistemic_modal_logic
Study of general and fundamental questions
branches of philosophy are epistemology, ethics, logic, and metaphysics. Epistemology studies what knowledge is and how to acquire it. Ethics investigates
Philosophy
Type of non-monotonic logic
Default logic is a non-monotonic logic proposed by Raymond Reiter to formalize reasoning with default assumptions. Default logic can express facts like
Default_logic
System for reasoning about vagueness
Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth value of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1. It is employed to handle the concept
Fuzzy_logic
Logic theorem
In logic, the law of noncontradiction (LNC; also known as the law of contradiction, principle of non-contradiction (PNC), or the principle of contradiction)
Law_of_noncontradiction
Epistemological view centered on reason
that knowledge is based on or derived directly from experience. The rationalist believes we come to knowledge a priori – through the use of logic – and
Rationalism
School of thought in philosophy of mathematics
is an extension of logic, some or all of mathematics is reducible to logic, or some or all of mathematics may be modelled in logic. Bertrand Russell and
Logicism
Framework in behavioral economics
application of operant resources (primarily knowledge and skill) for the benefit of another actor. S-D logic argues that it is always fundamentally service
Service-dominant_logic
Epistemology, proof, reliable means of knowledge in Indian philosophies
Dharmakīrti, of logic (rtags rigs) and epistemology (blo rigs). Buddhism accepts only two pramana (tshad ma) as valid means to knowledge: Pratyaksha (mngon
Pramana
Inference seeking the simplest and most likely explanation
first-order logic, without requiring any preliminary reduction of formulae into normal forms. These methods have also been extended to modal logic. Abductive
Abductive_reasoning
Study of the scope and nature of logic
Philosophy of logic is the branch of philosophy that studies the scope and nature of logic. It investigates the philosophical problems raised by logic, such as
Philosophy_of_logic
Number measuring the chance an event occurs
meaning. These formal terms are manipulated by the rules of mathematics and logic, and any results are interpreted or translated back into the problem domain
Probability
American scientist (1839–1914)
contributions to logic, such as theories of relations and quantification. C. I. Lewis wrote, "The contributions of C. S. Peirce to symbolic logic are more numerous
Charles_Sanders_Peirce
Knowledge: what is known, understood, proven; information and products of learning
Metaknowledge – knowledge about knowledge. Bibliographies are a form of metaknowledge. Patterns within scientific literature is another. Mutual knowledge – Information
Outline_of_knowledge
German philosopher (1770–1831)
texts of Hegel's Logic. The first, The Science of Logic (1812, 1813, 1816; Book I revised 1831), is sometimes also called the "Greater Logic." The second
Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel
Type of cognitive map
Taylor uses pentavalent logic (scalar values out of {-1,-0.5,0,+0.5,+1}). That particular map of Taber uses trivalent logic (scalar values out of {-1
Fuzzy_cognitive_map
Look up Appendix:Glossary of logic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. This is a glossary of logic. Logic is the study of the principles of valid reasoning
Glossary_of_logic
1966 book by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann
The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (1966), by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, proposes that social groups
The Social Construction of Reality
The_Social_Construction_of_Reality
Philosophical view rejecting objectivity
"True" and "False" are mutually exclusive and exhaustive judgements on Hamlet, for instance, really does seem absurd. A many-valued logic—with its values "apt"
Relativism
Definitions of knowledge aim to identify the essential features of knowledge. Closely related terms are conception of knowledge, theory of knowledge, and analysis
Definitions_of_knowledge
Datum or structured component of reality
observation or measurement by experiments or other means. After accounts of knowledge of facts such as that in 2002 by epistemologist Angelika Kratzer being
Fact
English philosopher and logician (1872–1970)
from Memory and Other Essays. London: George Allen & Unwin 1956. Logic and Knowledge: Essays 1901–1950, edited by Robert C. Marsh. London: George Allen
Bertrand_Russell
(Action-Relation Modeling System). Two mutually similar, fully declarative approaches to action learning were based on logic programming paradigm Answer Set
Action_model_learning
Canadian philosopher (1936–2023)
and in 2010 he gave the René Descartes Lectures at the Tilburg Center for Logic and Philosophy of Science (TiLPS). Hacking also gave the Howison lectures
Ian_Hacking
can be known a priori, but suggest that our knowledge of mathematics is just part of our knowledge of logic in general, and is thus analytic, not requiring
Philosophy_of_mathematics
Philosophy of science and nature
"given whole"—such as the capitalist mode of production—by tracing the "logic of mutual presupposition" among its constituent parts or "moments". Alexander
Dialectical_materialism
Academic field of logic and rhetoric
foundationalism, a theory of knowledge (epistemology) in the field of philosophy. It sought to find the grounds for claims in the forms (logic) and materials (factual
Argumentation_theory
German philosopher (1724–1804)
Enlightenment. His comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, political theory, and the philosophy of religion have
Immanuel_Kant
Knowledge, beliefs and assumptions
and Susan E. Brennan. It comprises the collection of "mutual knowledge, mutual beliefs, and mutual assumptions" that is essential for communication between
Grounding_in_communication
Logic puzzle
Induction puzzles are logic puzzles, which are examples of multi-agent reasoning, where the solution evolves along with the principle of induction. A
Induction_puzzles
Greek Stoic philosopher (c.279–c.206 BC)
Chrysippus excelled in logic, the theory of knowledge, ethics, and physics. He created an original system of propositional logic in order to better understand
Chrysippus
Computer program used to provide artificial intelligence
John Sowa's Knowledge Representation: Logical, Philosophical, and Computational Foundations characterize production systems as systems of logic that perform
Production system (computer science)
Production_system_(computer_science)
Branch of philosophy
artificial intelligence, logic of information, cybernetics, social theory, ethics and the study of language and information. The logic of information, also
Philosophy_of_information
Conformity to reality
According to the coherence theory, truth consists in logical consistency and mutual support among beliefs. Pragmatists understand truth in terms of practical
Truth
Academic disciplines that study society and culture
divided into three sciences: physics, ethics, and logic.") Today, the main fields of philosophy are logic, ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology. Still,
Humanities
Facts provided or learned about something or someone
currents convey information in a more continuous form. Information is not knowledge itself, but the meaning that may be derived from a representation through
Information
Range of related ideas and movements that have developed in the Western world
Heaven, requiring abstraction and logic. This reality stood in contrast to what he called enkyklioi logoi, knowledge "from within the circle", involving
Western_esotericism
Austrian–British philosopher of science (1902–1994)
a condensed version with some new material, as Logik der Forschung (The Logic of Scientific Discovery) in 1934. Here, he criticised psychologism, naturalism
Karl_Popper
Method of reasoning via argumentation and contradiction
a developmental process and so does not fit naturally within classical logic. Nevertheless, some twentieth-century logicians have attempted to formalize
Dialectic
Type of probabilistic logic
Subjective logic is a type of probabilistic logic that explicitly takes epistemic uncertainty and source trust into account. In general, subjective logic is suitable
Subjective_logic
Principle in the philosophy of science
form of underdetermination, extending it to all knowledge, even logic and mathematics. For Quine, knowledge constitutes a single web of empirical significance
Duhem–Quine_thesis
American logician
philosophy professor at Georgetown University whose research focuses on logic, ethics and the philosophy of language. Kuhn earned his undergraduate degree
Steven_Kuhn
View that science is the best/only truth
are the only source of genuine factual knowledge and, in particular, that they alone can yield true knowledge about man and society". The term scientism
Scientism
Branch of science that studies society and its relationships
Closing of the American Mind (1987): Social science and humanities have a mutual contempt for one another, the former looking down on the latter as unscientific
Social_science
Term from the sociology of science
Mode 1, the knowledge is validated by logic and measurement, together with consistency of prediction and control, while in Mode 2 knowledge is validated
Knowledge_production_modes
Varying application boundaries
which rely on mutually understood meanings (see also Imprecise language). Bertrand Russell regarded ordinary language (in contrast to logic) as intrinsically
Fuzzy_concept
Perception or knowledge of something
Awareness refers to the knowledge or perception of something, a concept widely discussed in psychology and philosophy. As such, it is the ability to consciously
Awareness
One of the nāstika or "heterodox" schools of ancient Indian philosophy
accomplished because of the mutual dependence (of the two); for it is said "without a super-knowledge (visistaparijñana) the knowledge of the means is not attained
Ajñana
Book by Francis Bacon
his natural philosophy a mere slave to his logic" (Aphorism 54). These are "derived as if from the mutual agreement and association of the human race
Novum_Organum
Moroccan politician (born 1941)
one of the founders of the Aladin Group (Paris) created to promote mutual knowledge and intercultural relations among Muslims and Jews. In August 2005
André_Azoulay
German polymath (1646–1716)
substantive knowledge of reality can be achieved by reasoning from first principles or prior definitions. The work of Leibniz anticipated modern logic and still
Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz
Paradox arising from the question of what constitutes evidence for a statement
Gustav Hempel in the 1940s to illustrate a contradiction between inductive logic and intuition. Hempel describes the paradox in terms of the hypothesis:
Raven_paradox
Position combining atheism and agnosticism
agnosticism concerns knowledge. Under narrower philosophical definitions, however, atheism and agnosticism may be treated as distinct or mutually exclusive positions
Agnostic_atheism
Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
important than the hard logic; errors in logic are easier to find in peer review, after all. More general, claims to rational knowledge, and especially statistics
Scientific_method
1962 book by Thomas S. Kuhn
particular, his writings seemed to me full of egregious errors, both of logic and of observation." This was in an apparent contradiction with the fact
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions
American investor
Peter Lynch (born January 19, 1944) is an American investor, mutual fund manager, author and philanthropist. As the manager of the Magellan Fund at Fidelity
Peter_Lynch
German-American philosopher (1891–1970)
logic, is concerned with the logical analysis of scientific propositions, while science itself, based on experience, is the only source of knowledge of
Rudolf_Carnap
Social theory proposed by Giddens that attempts to resolve the structure-agent debate
through their work by utilising "the same sources of description (mutual knowledge) as novelists or others who write fictional accounts of social life
Structuration_theory
8th-century Indian Vedic scholar
Shankara for demanding the use of logic from Madhyamika Buddhists, while himself resorting to revelation as a source of knowledge. Sircar in 1933 offered a different
Adi_Shankara
Philosophical and social theory critical of traditional humanism
scientism; or science as ideology. Jürgen Habermas argues, in his On the Logic of the Social Sciences (1967), that "the positivist thesis of unified science
Antihumanism
Austrian physicist, philosopher and university educator (1838–1916)
masses of the particles and their separations, but the separations are mutual properties. Apart from the masses, the particles have no attributes that
Ernst_Mach
Area of physical and philosophical debate
not obey the rules of classical propositional logic when using propositional connectives (see "Quantum logic"). Like contextuality, the "origin of complementarity
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics
Psychological defense mechanism
phenomenon of neurotic typing, whereby everything must be classified into mutually exclusive and watertight categories. Otto Kernberg has used the term "bridging
Compartmentalization (psychology)
Compartmentalization_(psychology)
German philosopher (1837–1885)
and Good?” Laas linked this idealistic approach to conceptual realism in logic, to a priori deductive rationalism in epistemology, and to both human spontaneous
Ernst_Laas
formal systems in logic and mathematics. Formal reasoners are content to contemplate axiomatically independent and sometimes mutually contradictory systems
Theories_of_truth
Pragmatics of conversational communication
social situations—that is, how listeners and speakers act cooperatively and mutually accept one another to be understood in a particular way. The philosopher
Cooperative_principle
Situations involving imperfect or unknown information
density functions over (first-order) probabilities. Opinions in subjective logic carry this type of uncertainty. Risk exists when the future realized point
Uncertainty
Hindu tradition of textual interpretation
experience. It states that moksha ('liberation', freedom) is attained when knowledge of Brahman is attained, recognising the illusoriness of the phenomenal
Advaita_Vedanta
Notion of reality based on consensus view
Consensus reality differs from consensual reality, with the former representing mutual agreement about what is true. Artists and thinkers have challenged consensus
Consensus_reality
Philosophical conception of meaning
century, forms of logic have been developed that are not dependent exclusively on the notions of truth and falsity. Some of these types of logic have been called
Meaning_(philosophy)
Type of epistemology
relationship between a system of knowledge and justified belief, which can be interpreted in terms of predicate logic, or ideally, proof theory. As a theory
Coherentism
English philosopher and academic (1945–2026)
words are mutually sensible is analogous to justification through coherence. Both are necessary components in the justification of knowledge. Haack was
Susan_Haack
Symbol in Hinduism
and egotism; clarity, knowledge and wisdom; heaven, mind and earth; soul, fire and earth; soul, passion and embodied-soul; logic, passion and faith; prayer
Trishula
1710 book by George Berkeley
Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (commonly called the Principles of Human Knowledge, or simply the Treatise) is a 1710 work, in English
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
A_Treatise_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Human_Knowledge
Ontology applicable across domains of knowledge
classifications organize and categorize knowledge using general concepts that are the same across all knowledge domains, neither system is a replacement
Upper_ontology
1818 book by Arthur Schopenhauer
independently of how it appears to the subject's mind). One's knowledge of objects is thus knowledge of mere phenomena rather than things in themselves. Schopenhauer
The World as Will and Representation
The_World_as_Will_and_Representation
1818 philosophical work by Arthur Schopenhauer
the mutual interactive relationships between all objects in space. Abstract concepts, for Schopenhauer, are not the starting point of knowledge. They
Critique of the Kantian Philosophy
Critique_of_the_Kantian_Philosophy
1807 book by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
its most basic forms of sensory experience to the highest form of self-knowledge, which Hegel terms "absolute knowing". The book's central argument is
The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit
Economic system based on social ownership of the means of production in a market economy
economists, who advocated a free market combined with public ownership or mutual ownership of the means of production. Proponents of early market socialism
Market_socialism
American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer (1859–1952)
H. Terry Lectureship at Yale; Logic: The Theory of Inquiry (1938), a statement of Dewey's unusual conception of logic; Freedom and Culture (1939), a
John_Dewey
Psychological theory of human language
to language and cognition, such as problem-solving, reasoning, metaphor, logic, and so on. RFT advocates are fairly bold in stating that their goal is
Relational_frame_theory
Arguing multiple possibilities that may be mutually exclusive
a party in a court action to argue multiple possibilities that may be mutually exclusive by making use of legal fiction. A pleading in the alternative
Alternative_pleading
Military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons
use of nuclear weapons. It is related to but distinct from the concept of mutual assured destruction, according to which a full-scale nuclear attack on a
Deterrence_theory
French philosopher, mathematician and sociologist (1798–1857)
sociology of science be seen." He says that sociology and history are not mutually exclusive, but that history is the method of sociology, thus he calls sociology
Auguste_Comte
Belief in a god based on rational thought
from the Latin term deus, meaning 'god') is the belief, based solely upon logic and observation while rejecting any supernatural speculation, that a Supreme
Deism
Philosophical principle that perspectives and epistemology are always linked
Ana-Maria; Massimi, Michela (eds.). Knowledge from a Human Point of View. Synthese Library (Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of
Perspectivism
Two geometries based on axioms closely related to those specifying Euclidean geometry
priori knowledge; not derived from the senses nor deduced through logic—our knowledge of space was a truth that we were born with. Unfortunately for Kant
Non-Euclidean_geometry
Totality of existing entities
changes unfold. Realism is the view that reality does not depend on human knowledge or consciousness and exists apart from them. Anti-realism, by contrast
Reality
Method of deriving an ontology
teaching and in order to make sciences mutually available and more generally (i.e. also without specialized knowledge) critiqueable. Hence, by its origins
Formal_concept_analysis
2018 video game
King from the original game. What he was guarding is a nascent new God: Logic, born from the combination of Reila and technology to create a God of a
Fear_&_Hunger
Subjective attitude that something is true
logic Doxastic voluntarism Expectation (epistemic) Idea Magical thinking Moore's paradox Observer-expectancy effect Opinion Propositional knowledge Self-deception
Belief
American writer and futurist (1932–2007)
Control: Robert Anton Wilson in Interview (1998) Video – Trajectories Maybe Logic: The Lives and Ideas of Robert Anton Wilson, a documentary featuring selections
Robert_Anton_Wilson
Chinese philosopher (1130–1200)
works its way out in a person. Qi and li operate together in mutual dependence. They are mutually aspective in all creatures in the universe. These two aspects
Zhu_Xi
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