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Formation of biological viruses during the infection process
synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acids. Virus replication occurs in seven stages: Attachment Entry (penetration) Uncoating Replication Assembly Maturation
Viral_replication
Infectious agent that replicates in cells
the viral genomic nucleic acid. Replication of viruses involves primarily multiplication of the genome. Replication involves the synthesis of viral messenger
Virus
Medication used to treat a viral infection
Release of viral genes and possibly enzymes into the host cell. Replication of viral components using host-cell machinery. Assembly of viral components
Antiviral_drug
Subfield of evolutionary biology and virology concerned with the evolution of viruses
round of replication). Although most viral mutations confer no benefit and often even prove deleterious to viruses, the rapid rate of viral mutation combined
Viral_evolution
Species of virus
signaling. Viral reproduction occurs in large constructs known as large cytoplasmic factories or viral factories. This is the site where DNA replication, transcription
Cafeteria_roenbergensis_virus
Virus subtype
Covalently bonded to the 5’ UTR is the viral protein VPg which aids in viral entry and replication. 2A and 3C are viral proteinases which aid in the cleavage
Coxsackie_B4_virus
Cis-acting replication elements (cre) bring together the 5′ and 3′ ends during replication of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses (for example
Cis-acting replication element
Cis-acting_replication_element
Study of how viruses cause diseases
by which an initial infection causes disease. Viral disease is the sum of the effects of viral replication on the host and the host's subsequent immune
Viral_pathogenesis
Human viral infection
immunosuppressive medications. HBV goes through cycles of replication and non-replication. Approximately 50% of overt carriers experience acute reactivation
Hepatitis_B
Species of flavivirus causing West Nile fever
host and viral proteases NS2B-NS3 to produce mature proteins. In order to replicate its genome, NS5, a RNA polymerase, forms a replication complex with
West_Nile_virus
Set of processes all viruses follow to ensure survival
the host cell, where replication of the viral genome may commence. Next, a virus must take control of the host cell's replication mechanisms. It is at
Viral_life_cycle
Species of virus
is then known as a cytoplasmic viral factory in which the virus uses the host cell machinery to continue replication of RNA strands that will then be
Black_beetle_virus
Species of virus
transcription of the early genes. Early gene products help to replicate the viral DNA. Viral DNA replication, in turn, stimulates the expression of the late genes
Herpes_simplex_virus
Population structure of viruses with a large number of variant genomes
continually and change in relative frequency as viral replication and selection proceeds. The theory predicts that a viral quasispecies at a low but evolutionarily
Viral_quasispecies
for genome replication and other viral life cycle components. The ITRs located 5' and 3' of the viral genome serve as the origin of replication. Like the
Self-complementary adeno-associated virus
Self-complementary_adeno-associated_virus
Hypothesis in cell biology
individual host through viral proliferation. Hypothetically, viral replication cycles may mirror those of plasmids and viral lysogens. However, this theory
Viral_eukaryogenesis
Species of virus
hypothesized viral replication and protein production of paramyxoviruses, however, other models exist that suggest the polymerase initiates replication and transcription
Avian_metaavulavirus_2
Synthetic viral vector
termed a gutless virus, is a synthetic viral vector dependent on the assistance of a helper virus in order to replicate, and can be used for purposes such
Helper_dependent_virus
Species of virus
greater than ten years. Viral replication is almost exclusively associated with macrophages in infected tissues; however, replication is restricted in these
Visna-maedi_virus
Family of viruses
2013). "Poxvirus DNA Replication". Cold Spring Harbour Perspectives in Biology. 5(9) – via Europe PMC. "Orthopoxvirus replication ~ ViralZone". viralzone.expasy
Poxviridae
Intermediate DNA structure in viral replication
necessary to complete viral replication and protein production and therefore does not need to use its host's semi-conservative DNA replication machinery. Triggers
CccDNA
Topics referred to by the same term
replication or DNA synthesis, the process of copying a double-stranded DNA molecule Semiconservative replication, mechanism of DNA replication Viral replication
Replication
Group of cells allowing a pathogen to infect nearby endothelium
virus entry, virus replication, and blocking of the host immune response contribute to a productive virus infection and replication. SARS-CoV-2 is the
Endothelial_cell_tropism
Self-replicating objects or patterns
Viral phenomena or viral sensations are objects or patterns that are able to replicate themselves or convert other objects into copies of themselves when
Viral_phenomenon
Genus of viruses
structural and non-structural proteins, during replication. The cellular ribosome is crucial to the replication of the flavivirus, as it translates the RNA
Orthoflavivirus
Cultural idea that spreads through imitation
to what communication and information studies consider digitally viral replication. Dawkins noted the three conditions that must exist for evolution
Meme
Biological process
near-perfect fidelity for DNA replication. DNA replication usually begins at specific locations known as origins of replication which are scattered across
DNA_replication
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
apparatus, for their replication. Disrupting host factors involved in RNA processing could potentially impede viral replication. Aberrations in splicing
SON_(gene)
Outermost layer of many types of the infectious agent
A viral envelope is the outermost layer of many types of viruses. It protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells
Viral_envelope
Inflammation of the liver
information about the stage of infection (acute or chronic), the degree of viral replication, and the infectivity of the virus. The most apparent distinguishing
Hepatitis
Family of viruses
essential for replication. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by cell receptor endocytosis. Replication follows the
Birnaviridae
Species of virus
where replication and transcription occur. The viral genomic +ssRNA is used both to translate proteins and to transcribe (+)ssRNA copies of the viral genome
Rio_Negro_virus
Gene that can be expressed in response to stimulation by interferon
and is expressed in response to viral infection. ISGs induced by type I interferon are associated with viral replication suppression and increase expression
Interferon-stimulated_gene
Viral parasites of giant viruses
viruses. Virophages rely on the viral replication factory of the co-infecting giant virus for their own replication. One of the characteristics of virophages
Virophage
Subclass of viruses
viruses Viral replication Positive/negative-sense Animal viruses Double-stranded RNA viruses Retrovirus DNA viruses Norovirus cis-acting replication element
RNA_virus
Infection caused by the chikungunya virus
non-structural proteins, nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4, play essential roles in viral replication, translation, and immune evasion. The virus consists of four nonstructural
Chikungunya
RNA family
encapsidation (packaging) signal, which is essential for efficient viral replication. Before its discovery, the location of the encapsidation (packaging)
Bovine leukaemia virus RNA packaging signal
Bovine_leukaemia_virus_RNA_packaging_signal
Genus of giant virus possessing a large double-stranded DNA genome
Pandoraviruses have a viral replication cycle. They lack the ability to make their own proteins, rely on the host cells for ATP (energy) and replication, and also
Pandoravirus
DNA synthesis technique
Rolling circle replication (RCR) is a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication that can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules
Rolling_circle_replication
Species of virus
the viral genome into an RNA replication complex, which is associated with rearranged cytoplasmic membranes. RNA replication takes place via the viral RNA-dependent
Hepatitis_C_virus
Proteins that interfere with viral replication
or animal cells to interfere with viral replication. These proteins are isolated to inhibit the virus from replicating in a host's cells and stop it from
Antiviral_protein
Animal or plant disease resulting from a viral infection
A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach
Viral_disease
Genus of viruses
codes for 211 proteins. Viral replication is nucleocytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host receptors
Iridovirus
Human retrovirus, cause of AIDS
During viral replication, the integrated DNA provirus is transcribed into RNA. The full-length genomic RNAs (gRNA) can be packaged into new viral particles
HIV
Papilloma virus which infects certain leporids
epithelial layers. Viral replication proteins E1 and E2 are also required to form the papilloma and keep the episomal viral genome replication low. Genome amplification
Shope_papilloma_virus
Enterovirus
virus spreads and replicates in other sites such as brown fat, reticuloendothelial tissue, and muscle. The sustained viral replication causes secondary
Poliovirus
Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from an RNA template
of new viral genomes that are packaged and released from the cell ready to infect more host cells. The advantage of this method of replication is that
RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase
Family of viruses
"Sequence requirements for viral RNA replication and VPg uridylylation directed by the internal cis-acting replication element (CRE) of human rhinovirus
Picornavirus
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
necessary step in the synthesis of viral proteins needed for viral replication. This process is catalyzed by a viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase. A DNA
Transcription_(biology)
Class of RNA-binding proteins found in viruses
play crucial roles in encapsulating viral RNA, facilitating genome replication and transcription, organizing viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes,
Viral_nucleoprotein
Virus which infects bees
identified that viral particles concentrate primarily in two centers of the brain to replicate after infecting the host. The first replication center is the
Chronic_bee_paralysis_virus
Class of viruses in the Baltimore classification
after infection serve genome replication functions; they recruit the positive-strand viral genome to viral replication complexes formed in association
Positive-strand_RNA_virus
Genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Potyviridae
which is required for viral replication and accumulates in viral replication vesicles. It mediates the interactions between replication vesicles and movement
Potyvirus
Hepatitis B viral protein
together acts as a marker of viral replication, and why antibodies to these antigens are a marker of declining replication. The presence of HBeAg in the
HBeAg
Infection specificity of pathogens
necessary transcription factors needed for viral replication to occur. When the virus is able to use the cell to replicate its genetic information, the virus
Host_tropism
Inclusion body where viruses replicate
inclusion", is an inclusion body in a cell where viral replication and assembly occurs. They may be thought of as viral factories in the cell. There can be many
Viroplasm
host's genome. In either case the viral DNA will replicate along with the original host DNA during cell replication causing two cells to now be infected
Viral_transformation
Family of viruses
polyproteins, each managing the capsid and replication. The pol region encodes enzymes necessary for viral replication, such as reverse transcriptase, protease
Retrovirus
Genus of viruses
virions (18–20 nm). Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the ssDNA
Nanovirus
Dissemination of mature virions from host cell
Viral shedding is the expulsion and release of virus progeny following successful reproduction during a host cell infection. Once replication has been
Viral_shedding
Genus of viruses
which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the negative stranded RNA virus replication model. Negative stranded RNA virus transcription
Lyssavirus
Theory that viruses predate cellular life
proposed a chimeric scenario in which viral replication modules descended from primordial pre-cellular replicators, consistent with the virus-first view
Virus_world_hypothesis
Species of virus
viral replication process. NS2A interacts with NS3 and NS5, helps in viral assembly and recruits the viral RNA genome to membrane-bound replication complex
Yokose_virus
Species of virus
dsDNA before translation. Replication also involves formation of subgenomic RNA. Replication happens in vesicles known as viral factories. Closteroviruses
Carrot_yellow-leaf_virus
Type of virus
which are actively replicating. These enzymes also exist in the genomes of certain viruses (e.g. HSV, vaccinia) and allow viral replication in quiescent (non-replicating)
Oncolytic_virus
Presence of virus in the blood
virus. Usually the virus will replicate briefly within the first site of infection, within the muscle tissues. Viral replication then leads to viremia and
Viremia
Chemical compound
fusion inhibitor, targeting the RSV-F protein on the viral surface to prevent viral replication. Sisunatovir has been granted Fast Track designation by
Sisunatovir
Signaling proteins released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens
pathogens. Interferons are named for their ability to "interfere" with viral replication by protecting cells from virus infections. However, virus-encoded
Interferon
Virus classification system made by David Baltimore
mechanisms to replicate their genome. A widely used method is bidirectional replication, in which two replication forks are established at a replication origin
Baltimore_classification
Genus of viruses
nucleotides in length. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive
Potexvirus
Cellular-based anti-viral defense mechanisms
a viral infection to be halted quickly. Intrinsic antiviral immunity refers to a form of innate immunity that directly restricts viral replication and
Intrinsic_immunity
Infectious disease
Newly synthesized viral polymerase subunits and NP proteins are imported to the nucleus to further increase the rate of viral replication and form RNPs.
Influenza
Class of antiviral drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C
C and COVID-19. These protease inhibitors prevent viral replication by selectively binding to viral proteases (e.g. HIV-1 protease) and blocking proteolytic
Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)
Protease_inhibitor_(pharmacology)
Components of human immunodeficiency virus
HIV-1 recombination, which occurs during reverse transcription of viral replication, thus increasing genetic diversity. Another advantage is that having
Structure_and_genome_of_HIV
Inflammation of the heart muscle
activation of the innate immune system. Over the next 1–4 weeks, viral replication continues with subsequent activation of the acquired immune system
Myocarditis
Chemical compound
which blocks the functioning of HIV integrase which is needed for viral replication. Raltegravir was approved for medical use in the United States in
Raltegravir
Chinese-American virologist, immunologist, and structural biologist
discoveries in the fields of viral replication, tumor suppression, cell proliferation, and DNA transaction (replication, mutation and repair). Chen is
Xiaojiang_Chen
Deadly viral disease, transmitted through animals
the research suggest previously undocumented cases of infection and viral replication followed by an abortive infection. This could indicate that people
Rabies
Class of enzymes
the viral replication process. Many viruses use the microtubule transport system to transport nucleic acid/protein cores to intracellular replication sites
Dynein
Invasion of an organism's body by pathogenic agents
Molecular Mobility, Interactions and Structure Sheds New Light on Viral Replication". Viruses. 10 (5): 250. doi:10.3390/v10050250. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 5977243
Infection
Biological term
their replication and the translation of their mRNA into viral proteins, but use proteins encoded by the host cell for this purpose. Most viral structural
Viral_protein
Genus of RNA viruses
replication. Transcription of the viral RNA makes positive sense strands of RNA, which are then used as templates to make more negative sense viral RNA
Henipavirus
Video that becomes popular via Internet sharing
Viral videos are videos that become popular most often through a viral process of Internet sharing, primarily through video sharing websites such as YouTube
Viral_video
Virus
effective replication. The ATM pathway is exclusively activated with a primarily Chk2-mediated response. It is not known if viral proteins or active viral replication
Minute_virus_of_mice
Antiretroviral medication
suppressing viral replication, it was associated with significant gastrointestinal toxicity and the rapid emergence of drug-resistant viral strains. However
Ritonavir
RNA family
internal replication element (IRE) is a segment of RNA located within the region coding for p92 polymerase. This element is essential for viral replication; specifically
Tombusvirus internal replication element (IRE)
Tombusvirus_internal_replication_element_(IRE)
Species of virus
involved in viral replication while RNA-3 has a role in the spread of infection throughout the plant. When RNA-3 is deficient, virus replication still does
Cowpea_chlorotic_mottle_virus
of new viral particles from segments of each parental lineage. recombinant virus release rep An abbreviation for replication protein. replication Any of
Glossary_of_virology
Study of ancient viruses
categorised according to the taxonomy of their viral origin. Indeed, all known viral genome types and replication strategies, as defined by the Baltimore classification
Paleovirology
Species of virus
The host cell then performs its natural replication functions, however while doing so it transcribes viral RNA which is then translated into precursor
Bovine_foamy_virus
Subfamily of viruses in the family Coronaviridae
involved in the replication and transcription of RNA from an RNA strand. The other nonstructural proteins in the complex assist in the replication and transcription
Coronavirus
Species of virus
reinfection and actually increase viral replication. When macrophages consume the 'neutralized' virus, the virus is able to replicate within the macrophage, causing
Dengue_virus
Epigenetic modification of HSV genetic code
via the inhibition of viral replication using nucleotides that inhibit DNA polymerase. The specificity in targeting for viral polymerases is dependent
HSV_epigenetics
Protein family
HBcAg (core antigen) is a hepatitis B viral protein. It is an indicator of active viral replication; this means the person infected with Hepatitis B can
HBcAg
Biochemical compound
therapeutic drugs, including a range of antiviral products used to prevent viral replication in infected cells. The most commonly used is acyclovir. Nucleotide
Nucleoside_analogue
Type of behavior of a dynamical system
separate categories, including: (1) Replication Control, (2) Replication Information, (3) Replication Substrate, (4) Replicator Structure, (5) Passive Parts
Self-replication
latent RNase L, which results in both viral and endogenous RNA degradation and the inhibition of viral replication. The three known members of this gene
OAS1
Species of virus
Woolly Monkey that was exposed to a GALV-infected captive gibbon. For viral replication to occur within the host, simian sarcoma-associated virus (SSAV) must
Gibbon_ape_leukemia_virus
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
X-box binding protein 1, also known as XBP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the XBP1 gene. The XBP1 gene is located on chromosome 22 while
XBP1
Antiviral drug
enzyme for viral replication. The SARS-CoV-2 virus utilizes several proteases to assist in creating proteins that are essential for viral replication. Among
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