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Semiconductor flaw
Reverse leakage current in a semiconductor device is the current when the device is reverse biased. Under reverse bias, an ideal semiconductor device
Reverse_leakage_current
Semiconductor diode
the p-type typically has a much lower forward voltage. As the reverse leakage current increases dramatically with lowering the forward voltage, it cannot
Schottky_diode
Transfer of electrical energy through a usually-insulating boundary
such as GaAs. Leakage current is generally measured in microamperes. For a reverse-biased diode it is temperature sensitive. Leakage current must be carefully
Leakage_(electronics)
Limit of flowing current through a device
The saturation current (or scale current), more accurately the reverse saturation current, is the part of the reverse current in a semiconductor diode
Saturation_current
AND and OR logic with diodes and resistors
Max reverse leakage current at 15 volts = 100 microamps @ 85 °C Silicon diode: Max forward voltage at 10 mA = 1 volt @ 0 to 125 °C Max reverse leakage current
Diode_logic
Two-terminal electronic component
temperatures, a substantial amount of reverse current can be observed (mA or more). There is also a tiny surface leakage current caused by electrons simply going
Diode
Silicon switching diode
5 μA; 100 V at 100 μA (minimum breakdown voltage and reverse leakage current) trr = 4 ns (maximum reverse-recovery time) PD = 500 mW (maximum power dissipation)
1N4148_signal_diode
Schottky diodes
power converters. The cost is a lower voltage rating and higher reverse leakage current (approximately 1 mA at room temperature and increasing with temperature)
1N58xx_Schottky_diodes
Transistor that acts as a diode
in current mirrors to provide a voltage drop that tracks that of the other transistor as temperature changes. They also have very low reverse leakage currents
Diode-connected_transistor
Type of electrolytic capacitor
positive relative to the cathode voltage. With a reverse voltage applied, a reverse leakage current flows in very small areas of microcracks or other
Tantalum_capacitor
Technology for constructing integrated circuits
Tunnelling current becomes very important for transistors below 130 nm technology with gate oxides of 20 Å or thinner. Small reverse leakage currents are formed
CMOS
Determining all voltages and currents within an electrical network
where; i and v are the instantaneous current and voltage. Io is an arbitrary parameter called the reverse leakage current whose value depends on the construction
Network analysis (electrical circuits)
Network_analysis_(electrical_circuits)
Alloy
Avalanche photodetectors require a special structure to reduce reverse leakage current due to tunnelling. The first practical avalanche photodiodes were
Indium_gallium_arsenide
forward voltage, reverse leakage current, reverse breakdown voltage, and so on. For triggerable devices such as DIACs, the forward and reverse trigger voltages
Curve_tracer
Weak electric current generated by photosensitive devices in pure darkness
It is referred to as reverse bias leakage current in non-optical devices and is present in all diodes. Physically, dark current is due to the random generation
Dark_current_(physics)
Type of field-effect transistor
leakage (including subthreshold conduction, gate-oxide leakage and reverse-biased junction leakage), which was ignored in the past, now can consume upwards
MOSFET
Electric current that periodically reverses direction
Alternating current (AC) is an electric current that periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time, in contrast to direct
Alternating_current
Medical condition
usually of the extremities, separate for one to three days, causing a leakage of plasma mainly into the muscle compartments of the arms and legs. The
Capillary_leak_syndrome
Device to couple energy between circuits
Such flux is termed leakage flux, and results in leakage inductance in series with the mutually coupled transformer windings. Leakage flux results in energy
Transformer
Four-layer solid-state current-controlling device
junction J1 and J3 are forward-biased, while J2 is reverse-biased, allowing only a small leakage current from the anode to the cathode. When the applied
Silicon_controlled_rectifier
Type of capacitor
layers, and the leakage current remain at a low level. Although the leakage current of non-solid electrolytic capacitors is higher than current flow across
Electrolytic_capacitor
Electronic component
imperfect dielectric material. This causes a small leakage current across the dielectric (see § Leakage) that slowly discharges the capacitor over time.
Capacitor
Voltage at which insulator becomes conductive
that defines the largest reverse voltage that can be applied without causing an exponential increase in the leakage current in the diode. Exceeding the
Breakdown_voltage
Electric power transmission system
no additional current required. DC powered cables are limited only by their temperature rise and Ohm's law. Although some leakage current flows through
High-voltage_direct_current
chamber Reverberation room Reverse diffusion Reverse leakage current Reverse phase velocity Reverse phasevelocity Reversed field pinch Reversible dynamics
Index_of_physics_articles_(R)
Bipolar junction transistor operated in the avalanche breakdown region
the base current, I C B O {\displaystyle I_{CBO}} is the collector-base reverse leakage current, I E {\displaystyle I_{E}} is the emitter current, β {\displaystyle
Avalanche_transistor
Type of capacitor
capacitor's leakage current. Since every capacitor differs somewhat in individual leakage current, the capacitors with a higher leakage current will get
Aluminum electrolytic capacitor
Aluminum_electrolytic_capacitor
TRIACS or silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs). Except for a small leakage current, DIACS do not conduct until the breakover voltage is reached. TRIACS
Quadrac
Manufacturing styles of an electronic device
defined as leakage current. For electrolytic capacitors the insulation resistance of the dielectric is termed "leakage current". This DC current is represented
Capacitor_types
Solid conductive electrolyte
with non-solid electrolytes. In general polymer e-caps have a higher leakage current rating than the other solid or non-solid electrolytic capacitors. Polymer
Polymer_capacitor
Power supply with electrochemical cells
times using an applied electric current; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead–acid
Electric_battery
Types of electrical transformer
synchronous phase coordination. A leakage transformer, also called a stray-field transformer, has a significantly higher leakage inductance than other transformers
Transformer_types
Physically, reverse saturation current is a measure of the "leakage" of carriers across the p–n junction in reverse bias. This leakage is a result of carrier
Theory_of_solar_cells
Semiconductor light source
volts, a large current flows and the LED will be damaged. If the reverse current is sufficiently limited to avoid damage, the reverse-conducting LED is
Light-emitting_diode
Device that routes electric current around a point in a circuit
shunt will not measure this leakage current. High-side insertion allows measurement of all current, including leakage current, but guarantees common-mode
Shunt_(electrical)
Semiconductor diode based upon the p–n junction
of the current-voltage curve is not infinite (on-resistance is not zero). In the reverse direction the diode conducts a nonzero leakage current (exaggerated
P–n_diode
Integrated circuit
technique, is an integrated circuit feature which prevents electric current leakage between adjacent semiconductor device components. STI is generally
Shallow_trench_isolation
tin oxide and silver, are subject to electromigration which causes leakage current and non-radiative recombination along the chip edges. In some cases
List_of_LED_failure_modes
Type of field-effect transistor
need a biasing current. Electric charge flows through a semiconducting channel between source and drain terminals. By applying a reverse bias voltage to
JFET
Type of AC electric motor
components: Stator resistance and leakage reactance ( R s {\displaystyle R_{s}} , X s {\displaystyle X_{s}} ). Rotor resistance, leakage reactance, and slip ( R
Induction_motor
Electronic component
characterized by: Leakage current: the amount of current conducted when voltage applied is below the maximum reverse standoff voltage. Maximum reverse standoff
Transient-voltage-suppression diode
Transient-voltage-suppression_diode
Internet top-level domain
the subdomains in-addr.arpa and ip6.arpa, which provide namespaces for reverse DNS lookup of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, respectively. The name originally
.arpa
Device that converts other energy to electrical energy
commutator reversed the connection of the armature winding to the circuit every 180° rotation of the shaft, creating a pulsing DC current. One of the
Electric_generator
Ways electronic components fail and prevention measures
at field strengths above 6–10 MV/cm. Junction damage manifests as reverse-bias leakage that increases to the point of shorting. Metallisation and polysilicon
Failure of electronic components
Failure_of_electronic_components
Model of the bipolar junction transistor
_{\text{F}}} and β R {\displaystyle \beta _{\text{R}}} values with the direct current level. When certain parameters are omitted, the Gummel–Poon model reduces
Gummel–Poon_model
Earthing system
ground domestic mains supplies tended to have no Residual-Current Device (RCD) or Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB), and too high a ground impedance
Isolated_ground
Object used to guide and confine magnetic fields
account. In alternating current (AC) devices they cause energy losses, called core losses, due to hysteresis and eddy currents in applications such as
Magnetic_core
Property of a field-effect transistor
no current from the drain to the source of the transistor. In fact, there is a current even for gate biases below the threshold (subthreshold leakage) current
Threshold_voltage
Type of battery
reduce the risk of electrolyte—usually potassium hydroxide (KOH)—leakage. The charging current must be low to prevent rapid production of gases that can rupture
Rechargeable_alkaline_battery
Type of electrical cell
room temperature. Damage from leakage is mitigated by removing batteries when storing devices. Applying reverse current (such as by recharging disposable-grade
Alkaline_battery
DC-DC voltage step-down power converter
as a result of leakage currents. This power loss is simply P leakage = I leakage V {\displaystyle P_{\text{leakage}}=I_{\text{leakage}}V} where: Ileakage
Buck_converter
Electronic test equipment that measures inductance, capacitance, and resistance
necessarily the case between a capacitor's 'plates'). Leakage is a special case in capacitors, as the leakage is necessarily across the capacitor plates, that
LCR_meter
Non-destructive method used to detect defects in ferrous materials
suspension, are applied to a part. These are attracted to an area of flux leakage and form what is known as an indication, which is evaluated to determine
Magnetic_particle_inspection
Solid-state semiconductor device
trigger current or adds latency due to capacitor charging. On the other hand, a resistor between the gate and MT1 helps draw leakage currents out of the
TRIAC
Practical uses for Stirling engine technology
introduce difficult tradeoffs between frictional losses and refrigerant leakage. A free-piston variant of the Stirling engine can be built, which can be
Applications of the Stirling engine
Applications_of_the_Stirling_engine
Device for exchanging pressure between two fluids
is a function of the pressure differentials and the volumetric losses (leakage) through the device computed with the following equation: η = Σ energy
Pressure_exchanger
Polarity-switching electronic circuit
signals. The design of the transformer is also very important, as the leakage inductance should be minimized, or cross conduction may occur. The outputs
H-bridge
Semiconductor device capable of handling large amounts of electricity
diode should be zero, no matter the current that flows through it (on-state). When reverse-biased, the leakage current should be zero, no matter the voltage
Power_semiconductor_device
Highly sensitive semiconductor electronic device
to generate primary charge carriers; and total leakage current, which is the sum of the dark current, photocurrent and noise. Electronic dark-noise components
Avalanche_photodiode
Type of electrical rectifier with a liquid cathode
of high-current rectifiers required leadwire materials and glass with very similar coefficients of thermal expansion in order to prevent leakage of air
Mercury-arc_valve
Instrument for measuring electric charge
can be used to make voltage and charge measurements with very low leakage currents, down to 1 femtoampere. A simpler but related instrument, the electroscope
Electrometer
Movement of water from the Pacific to the West Philippine/South China Sea
could initiate the bending of the Kuroshio Current into the Luzon Strait, thereby resulting in eventual leakage. Satellite data show a decreasing trend in
Kuroshio_Current_Intrusion
Automatic circuit protection device
and Canada, these are called GFCI breakers. Earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) — This detects current in the earth wire directly rather than detecting
Circuit_breaker
Converts light into current
mode can exhibit more electronic noise due to dark current or avalanche effects. The leakage current of a good PIN diode is so low (<1 nA) that the Johnson–Nyquist
Photodiode
resistant to spilling or leakage. One important classification for batteries is by their life cycle. "Primary" batteries can produce current as soon as assembled
History_of_the_battery
Key reliability issue in MOSFETs
nitrogen is incorporated into the silicon gate oxide to reduce the gate leakage current density and prevent boron penetration. It is known that incorporating
Negative-bias temperature instability
Negative-bias_temperature_instability
Solid-state electrically operated switch also used as an amplifier
arsenide: Its maximum temperature is limited. It has relatively high leakage current. It cannot withstand high voltages. It is less suitable for fabricating
Transistor
High-voltage pulse generator
probability is too low to form a proper avalanche; instead a somewhat noisy leakage current flows. When the preceding stage switches, the emitter-base junction
Marx_generator
Magnet that creates a magnetic field through an electric current
fringing fields and leakage flux must be considered. Second, the magnetic field and force are nonlinear functions of the current, depending on the nonlinear
Electromagnet
Device that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC)
the source voltage reverses. SCRs connected to a DC power source usually require a means of forced commutation that forces the current to zero when commutation
Power_inverter
Solid-state photodetector
photodiode, with a low reverse bias voltage, the leakage current changes linearly with absorption of photons, i.e. the liberation of current carriers (electrons
Single-photon_avalanche_diode
Type of electrical transformer
advantages of autotransformers include lower leakage reactance, lower losses, lower excitation current, and increased VA rating for a given size and
Autotransformer
Optical diode invented by Jun-Ichi Nishizawa
the PIN diode has a reverse-bias. Under reverse bias, the diode ordinarily does not conduct (save a small dark current or Is leakage). When a photon of
PIN_diode
Type of lower-voltage electricity most commonly provided by utilities
or within the plug. Residual-current devices, also known as ground-fault circuit interrupters and appliance leakage current interrupters, are used to detect
Mains_electricity
Electrolytic capacitor
resulting in leakage current instability or even capacitor failures. There are two possible ways to reduce oxygen diffusion and improve leakage current stability
Niobium_capacitor
Radioactive water from a 2011 nuclear accident in Japan
escaped into the ocean shortly after the accident. In addition, persistent leakage into groundwater was not admitted by the plant operator until 2013. The
Discharge of radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
Discharge_of_radioactive_water_of_the_Fukushima_Daiichi_Nuclear_Power_Plant
Potential energy barrier in metal–semiconductor junctions
of the semiconductor can start to limit the current. Under reverse bias, there is a small leakage current as some thermally excited electrons in the metal
Schottky_barrier
Cooling of air in an enclosed space
(HVAC). Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space. In hot weather
Air_conditioning
Electrical component that can break an electrical circuit
the toggle switch, rotary switch, mercury switch, push-button switch, reversing switch, relay, and circuit breaker. A common use is control of lighting
Switch
Phenomenon in solid-state electronic devices
tunnel through the thin gate oxide to show up as gate current, or as substrate leakage current. In a MOSFET, when a gate is positive, and the switch is
Hot-carrier_injection
Device for detecting electricity
Detectable errors include reversed hot/neutral, missing electrical ground or neutral, and others. However, leakage current through surge protective metal-oxide
Test_light
UK water company
infrastructure is prone to leakage and is a frequent cause of pollution, for which it has been repeatedly prosecuted and fined. Current shareholders include
Thames_Water
p-type conduction channels sharing a reverse-biased junction, with two terminals connected to each channel. The current in each channel depends on all four
Field-effect_tetrode
Thermodynamic cycle
located near Seville, where it is currently demonstrated at precommercial scale. A Brayton cycle that is driven in reverse uses work to move heat. This makes
Brayton_cycle
Electrical device that converts AC to DC
electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction
Rectifier
Signal routing device
switches conduct RF power when the diode is reverse biased and reflect RF power when forward biased. Video leakage refers to the spurious signals present at
RF_switch
Electronic component
voltage is applied across the electrodes, only a tiny current flows, caused by reverse leakage through the diode junctions. When a large voltage is applied
Varistor
Electrical component
either a circular or rectangular cross section. This geometry has minimum leakage flux and radiates minimum electromagnetic interference (EMI). A coil with
Electromagnetic_coil
Observation on the growth of integrated circuit capacity
The primary reason cited for the breakdown is that at small sizes, current leakage poses greater challenges, and also causes the chip to heat up, which
Moore's_law
Voltage created when a crystal is heated
disappears due to leakage current. The leakage can be due to electrons moving through the crystal, ions moving through the air, or current leaking through
Pyroelectricity
Semiconductor device fabrication process
high-κ materials into the gate stack, for the purpose of reducing leakage current density. As of 2007, however, both IBM and Intel have announced that
45_nm_process
steel or titanium rotors. These have been designed to overcome possible leakages between the stacked discs of the original concept, and to allow steam cleaning
Countercurrent_chromatography
Alternative to silicon-based photovoltaics
research into the usage of encapsulation as a method for reducing lead leakage has been conducted, particularly focusing on the utilization of self-healing
Perovskite_solar_cell
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
well-known CRIME and BREACH attacks against HTTPS exploited information leakage through encrypted message length as a side-channel attack. Traffic analysis
Encryption
Climate change mitigation policy
and many standards include leakage accounting approaches. Non-permanence (reversals): forest carbon gains may be reversed by fire, illegal logging or
REDD+
Component of a computer's CPU
low-leakage cells, and the others are turned off. When the CPU leaves a low-leakage mode (e.g. because of an interrupt), the process is reversed. Older
Control_unit
Type of rechargeable battery
have had a somewhat higher self-discharge rate (equivalent to internal leakage) than NiCd cells. The self-discharge rate varies greatly with temperature
Nickel–metal_hydride_battery
Device that controls current between electrodes
develops between a microphonic tube and, for example, a loudspeaker. Leakage current between AC heaters and the cathode may couple into the circuit, or
Vacuum_tube
Phenomenon in electronics manufacturing
damaged than a thick gate oxide, because as the oxide grows thinner, the leakage goes up exponentially, but the breakdown voltage shrinks only linearly
Antenna_effect
Type of machine learning model
Researchers target concrete failure modes, including memorization and copyright leakage, security exploits such as prompt injection, algorithmic bias manifesting
Large_language_model
REVERSE LEAKAGE-CURRENT
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