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Voltage at which insulator becomes conductive
The breakdown voltage of an insulator is the minimum voltage that causes a portion of an insulator to experience electrical breakdown and become electrically
Breakdown_voltage
Conduction of electricity through an insulator under sufficiently high voltage
subjected to a high enough voltage, suddenly becomes a conductor and current flows through it. All insulating materials undergo breakdown when the electric field
Electrical_breakdown
Physical law about electrical discharge in gases
Paschen's law is an equation that gives the breakdown voltage– the voltage necessary to start a discharge or electric arc –between two electrodes in a
Paschen's_law
Diode that allows current to flow in the reverse direction at a specific voltage
lower voltages and avalanche breakdown at higher voltages. Zener diodes are used to generate low-power stabilized supply rails from higher voltages and
Zener_diode
Electronic component
serves as the dielectric. This results in bolts of lightning when the breakdown voltage of the air is exceeded. In October 1745, Ewald Georg von Kleist of
Capacitor
Short duration voltage transient in an electrical circuit
excessive current can flow if this voltage spike exceeds a material's breakdown voltage, or if it causes avalanche breakdown. In semiconductor junctions, excessive
Voltage_spike
Electrical potential that is large enough to cause damage or injury
since the actual breakdown voltage is highly dependent upon the electrode shape and size. Strong electric fields (from high voltages applied to small
High_voltage
Type of diode
semiconductor) that is designed to experience avalanche breakdown at a specified reverse bias voltage. The junction of an avalanche diode is designed to prevent
Avalanche_diode
Electrical phenomenon
during breakdown. The voltage at which the breakdown occurs is called the breakdown voltage. There is a hysteresis effect; once avalanche breakdown has occurred
Avalanche_breakdown
Operational amplifier
break down at around 7 V, but the PNP transistors Q3 and Q4 have VBE breakdown voltages around 50 V. Variations in the quiescent current with temperature
ΜA741
MOSFET that can handle significant power levels
advantages over the VMOS, including lower on-resistance and higher breakdown voltage. The same year, Hitachi introduced the LDMOS (lateral DMOS), a planar
Power_MOSFET
Material that does not conduct an electric current
sufficiently large voltage is applied that the electric field tears electrons away from the atoms. This is known as electrical breakdown, and the voltage at which
Insulator_(electricity)
Electronic component
induced voltage exceeds the avalanche breakdown potential. It is a clipping device, suppressing all overvoltages above its breakdown voltage. It automatically
Transient-voltage-suppression diode
Transient-voltage-suppression_diode
Solid-state photodetector
voltage over the junction it is denoted as the breakdown voltage, VBD. A SPAD is reverse biased with an excess bias voltage, Vex, above the breakdown
Single-photon_avalanche_diode
Plasma in which the pressure equals that of the surrounding atmosphere
voltage that is delivered to the gas medium via electrodes is higher than the breakdown voltage for the gas. The relationship between this breakdown voltage
Atmospheric-pressure_plasma
Electrical circuit power converter
A voltage multiplier is an electrical circuit that converts AC electrical power from a lower voltage to a higher DC voltage, typically using a network
Voltage_multiplier
Gas separating electrical conductors from each other
chlorofluorocarbons are the most common. The breakdown voltage of gases is roughly proportional to their density. Breakdown voltages also increase with the gas pressure
Dielectric_gas
Highly refined mineral oil
During the test, a test voltage is applied to the electrodes. The test voltage is continuously increased up to the breakdown voltage with a constant slew
Transformer_oil
Diagnostic procedure for electrical equipment
of them set by ASTM. Transformer oil testing consists of measuring breakdown voltage and other physical and chemical properties of samples of the oil,
Transformer_oil_testing
Two-terminal electronic component
value called the breakdown voltage. This effect is used to regulate voltage (Zener diodes) or to protect circuits from high voltage surges (avalanche
Diode
Electronic amplifier, a circuit component
amplifier to float with respect to common mode voltage to the limit of the barrier's breakdown voltage, which is often 1,000 volts or more. This action
Isolation_amplifier
Degree of insulation
e. the applied voltage divided by electrode separation distance) that results in breakdown. This is the concept of breakdown voltage. The theoretical
Dielectric_strength
Electrical capacitor with an insulating plastic film as the dielectric
as thin as is technically possible and as allowed by the desired breakdown voltage. The thickness of these films can be as little as 0.6 μm. In a suitable
Film_capacitor
Gas ionization process
plates of the device. The almost-constant voltage[which?] between the plates is equal to the breakdown voltage needed to create a self-sustaining avalanche:
Townsend_discharge
Electronic component
a. voltage-dependent resistor (VDR)) is a surge protecting electronic component with an electrical resistance that varies with the applied voltage. It
Varistor
Semiconductor device capable of handling large amounts of electricity
amp. Breakdown voltage: Often, there is a trade-off between breakdown voltage rating and on-resistance, because increasing the breakdown voltage by incorporating
Power_semiconductor_device
Assembly of electrodes at either end of an insulated tube filled with gas
crossatron). It has higher breakdown voltage than hydrogen. In fast switching tubes it is used instead of hydrogen where high voltage operation is required
Gas-filled_tube
Gas-filled tube for voltage regulation employing either glow or corona discharge
ionization, rather than Zener breakdown The unregulated supply voltage must be 15–20% above the nominal output voltage to ensure that the discharge starts
Voltage-regulator_tube
Failure mechanism in MOSFETs
specified operating voltages. The defect generation in the dielectric is a stochastic process. There are two modes of breakdown, intrinsic and extrinsic
Time-dependent gate oxide breakdown
Time-dependent_gate_oxide_breakdown
Current flowing through an ionized gas
very little further increase in voltage. The voltage-current characteristics begins tapering off near the breakdown voltage and the glow becomes visible
Electric_discharge_in_gases
Electrical device that converts AC to DC
shaped such that the reverse breakdown voltage was much higher than the forward breakdown voltage. Once the breakdown voltage was exceeded, the 0Z4 switched
Rectifier
Highly sensitive semiconductor electronic device
structure optimised for operating with high reverse bias voltage, approaching the reverse breakdown voltage, such that charge carriers generated by the photovoltaic
Avalanche_photodiode
Four-layer solid-state current-controlling device
the applied voltage is less than the breakdown voltage, otherwise forward-voltage triggering may occur. A single small positive voltage pulse can then
Silicon_controlled_rectifier
Bipolar junction transistor operated in the avalanche breakdown region
collector-current/collector-to-emitter voltage characteristics beyond the collector-to-emitter breakdown voltage, called avalanche breakdown region. This region is characterized
Avalanche_transistor
PNP bipolar transistor
part dated March 1973. An "A" suffix indicates a slightly higher breakdown voltage. These transistors have an enduring popularity with electronics hobbyists
2N2907
Semiconductor light source
voltage is applied in the reverse direction. If the reverse voltage exceeds the breakdown voltage, which is typically about five volts, a large current flows
Light-emitting_diode
Electrical breakdown of a gas that results in an ongoing electrical discharge
discharge, when the current through the electrodes is increased. The breakdown voltage of the electrode gap is a combined function of the pressure, distance
Electric_arc
Two conducting electrodes separated in order to allow an electric spark to pass between
When the potential difference between the conductors exceeds the breakdown voltage of the gas within the gap, a spark forms, ionizing the gas and drastically
Spark_gap
Protective electronic circuit
diode with a breakdown voltage equal to the required reference voltage. The zener acts as a voltage regulator stabilising the reference voltage against supply
Clipper_(electronics)
Electrical resonant transformer circuit invented by Nikola Tesla
surface area suppresses premature air breakdown and arc discharges, increasing the Q factor and output voltage. The specialized transformer used in the
Tesla_coil
Engineering thermoplastic polymer
resistivity is 14×1015 Ω⋅cm making it a dielectric with a 19.5MV/m breakdown voltage. Typical applications for injection-molded POM include high-performance
Polyoxymethylene
Phenomenon in electronics manufacturing
is breakdown of the gate dielectric layer. This can happen if the net somehow acquires a voltage somewhat higher than the normal operating voltage of
Antenna_effect
Type of solid-state switch
sufficiently large (breakdown voltage). The thyristor continues conducting until the voltage across the device is reverse-biased or the voltage is removed (by
Thyristor
Semiconductor–semiconductor junction
Zener diodes have a low breakdown voltage. A standard value for breakdown voltage is for instance 5.6 V. This means that the voltage at the cathode cannot
P–n_junction
Branching shapes
reliability of high-voltage equipment. Lichtenberg figures are now known to occur on or within solids, liquids, and gases during electrical breakdown. Lichtenberg
Lichtenberg_figure
Force observed on an asymmetric capacitor
potential gradient of about 10 kV/cm, which is just below the nominal breakdown voltage of air between two sharp points, at a current density level usually
Biefeld–Brown_effect
Transistor that uses both electrons and holes as charge carriers
emitter breakdown voltage than the collector to base breakdown voltage. If the emitter–base junction is reverse biased the collector emitter voltage may be
Bipolar_junction_transistor
120 Vrms mains voltage, which has a peak voltage of about 170 V. If the supply voltage is close to the breakdown voltage, the capacitor voltage will be in
Pearson–Anson_effect
Electric power transmission system
A high-voltage direct current (HVDC) system uses direct current (DC) and high voltages (currently between 100 kV and 800 kV) for electric power transmission
High-voltage_direct_current
Type of electrolytic capacitor
at power-on. It is believed that the voltage across the dielectric layer is the trigger mechanism for the breakdown and that the switch-on current pushes
Tantalum_capacitor
Semiconductor diode based upon the p–n junction
sufficiently large reverse voltage below the breakdown voltage the current increases very rapidly with more negative reverse voltages. As shown in the figure
P–n_diode
Silicon switching diode
characteristics VF = 1 V at 10 mA (maximum forward voltage) VR = 75 V at 5 μA; 100 V at 100 μA (minimum breakdown voltage and reverse leakage current) trr = 4 ns
1N4148_signal_diode
Board to support and connect electronic components
ones. Dielectric breakdown voltage determines the maximum voltage gradient the material can be subjected to before suffering a breakdown (conduction, or
Printed_circuit_board
Semiconductor materials with a larger band gap
Silicon-based power transistors are reaching limits of operating frequency, breakdown voltage, and power density. Wide-bandgap materials can be used in high-temperature
Wide-bandgap_semiconductor
Cable used for electric power transmission at high voltage
designed to control the high-voltage stress to prevent the breakdown of the insulation. The cut lengths of high-voltage cables may vary from several feet
High-voltage_cable
electrolaser. With a voltage higher than the dielectric breakdown voltage applied across a dielectric, and dielectric breakdown occurs. A plasma channel
Plasma_channel
Electronic component
is made as thin as possible for a desired breakdown voltage. For example, to be rated for short-term voltages of 3.75 kV and transients of 1 kV/μs, the
Opto-isolator
Device that routes electric current around a point in a circuit
in a lightning arrester. Neon, like other noble gases, has a high breakdown voltage, so that normally current will not flow across it. However, a direct
Shunt_(electrical)
Type of semiconductor
the edge of the channel in the depletion region, thus reducing the breakdown voltage of the device. This electric field launches electrons into the gate
VMOS
Semiconductor diode
reverse breakdown). The relative advantage of the lower forward voltage of Schottky diodes is diminished at higher forward currents, where the voltage drop
Schottky_diode
Manufacturing styles of an electronic device
electrodes and the voltage proof of the dielectric material defines the breakdown voltage of the capacitor. The breakdown voltage is proportional to the
Capacitor_types
Type of junction-gate field effect transistor
obtaining higher breakdown voltages than a conventional FET. For the SIT, the breakdown voltage is not limited by the surface breakdown between gate and
Static_induction_transistor
Type of diode
breakover voltage, VBO, has been reached momentarily. Three, four, and five layer structures may be used. Behavior is similar to the voltage breakdown of a
DIAC
Switch using electrical contacts in a vacuum
vacuum. It is the core component of medium-voltage circuit-breakers, generator circuit-breakers, and high-voltage circuit-breakers. Separation of the electrical
Vacuum_interrupter
Electrical cable with concentric conductors
voltage. The peak voltage is set by the breakdown voltage of the insulator: Vp=Edd2lnDd, where Vp is the peak voltage, Ed is the insulator breakdown
Coaxial_cable
Electrostatic generator
increases the accumulating charges exponentially until the dielectric breakdown voltage of the air is reached and an electric spark jumps across the gap.
Wimshurst_machine
Electrical circuit used to power a LED
to the LED due to overcurrent. However, the cut-in voltage is always less than the breakdown voltage, so no special reverse protections are necessary when
LED_circuit
Chemical semiconductor compound
promising characteristics for THz devices. Due to high power density and voltage breakdown limits GaN is also emerging as a promising candidate for 5G cellular
Gallium_nitride
High-capacity electrochemical capacitor
subjected to voltages continuously in excess of the rated voltage. The rated voltage includes a safety margin against the electrolyte's breakdown voltage at which
Supercapacitor
Type of transistor in electronic equipment
but differ in voltage ratings; the BC546 and BC547 are essentially the same as the BC548 but selected with higher breakdown voltages, while the BC549
BC548
Power supply with switching regulator
AC adapter) to DC loads, such as a personal computer, while converting voltage and current characteristics. Unlike a linear power supply, the pass transistor
Switched-mode_power_supply
Technical specification
various limitations of the device — maximum voltage, current, power, junction temperature, secondary breakdown — into one curve, allowing simplified design
Safe_operating_area
Device protecting from electrical spikes
and creepage distances, and the breakdown voltage of the insulating materials. Although requirements on breakdown voltage levels are 1.5 kilovolts for one
Network_isolator
Electrical circuit component which amplifies the difference of two analog signals
amplifier that amplifies the difference between two input voltages but suppresses any voltage common to the two inputs. It is an analog circuit with two
Differential_amplifier
Type of field-effect transistor
the higher the current). In a planar structure, the current and breakdown voltage ratings are both a function of the channel dimensions (respectively
MOSFET
Coated wire for construction of coils
area (square millimeters), temperature class, and insulation class. Breakdown voltage depends on the thickness of the covering, which can be of 3 types:
Magnet_wire
High-voltage pulse generator
as switches have the voltage VC across them, but the gaps have a breakdown voltage greater than VC, so they all behave as open circuits while the capacitors
Marx_generator
fluorescent lamps IEC 60156 Insulating liquids – Determination of the breakdown voltage at power frequency IEC 60168 Tests on indoor and outdoor post insulators
List_of_IEC_standards
Device for electrical connection
is chosen to be both flexible and have a breakdown voltage higher than the voltmeter's maximum input voltage. The many fine strands and the thick insulation
Test_probe
Fixed-value capacitor using ceramic
voltage dependence of capacitance increased significantly. For most capacitors, a physically conditioned dielectric strength or a breakdown voltage usually
Ceramic_capacitor
Early power transistor
volt breakdown rating, VCER, and the Collector-Emitter Sustaining voltage, VCEO(sus), is given by ON Semiconductor. Sometimes the 100 VCBO breakdown voltage
2N3055
Light source based on gas discharge
reaches its breakdown voltage. Therefore, the lamp has hysteresis; its turn-off (extinction) voltage is lower than its turn-on (breakdown) voltage. This allows
Neon_lamp
Electrical discharges above thunderstorm clouds
the thunderstorm. In the low pressure of the upper mesosphere the breakdown voltage is drastically reduced, allowing for an electron avalanche to occur
Sprite_(lightning)
System designed to maintain a constant voltage
A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage. It may use a simple feed-forward design or may include negative
Voltage_regulator
Diode that works using quantum tunneling
is reverse biased. This occurs up to a point known as the "reverse breakdown voltage" at which point conduction begins (often accompanied by destruction
Tunnel_diode
Measures electrical breakdown of insulating materials
higher voltages (above 600 V) is stated as a target for the future. In principle, tests at higher voltages should be possible as the breakdown voltage of
Comparative_Tracking_Index
Capacitors
well. Silver mica remains widely used in high-voltage applications, due to mica’s high breakdown voltage. Silver Mica capacitors are used at 100 V to 10 kV
Silver_mica_capacitor
Topics referred to by the same term
armoured vehicle for heating food or water (chiefly British) Breakdown voltage, the minimum voltage that causes an insulator to become electrically conductive
BV
Double-diffused MOSFET
requirement is for high output power with a corresponding drain to source breakdown voltage usually above 60 volts. Compared to other devices such as GaAs FETs
LDMOS
Electrostatic generator operating on the triboelectric effect
the sphere. By insulating the generator with pressurized gas, the breakdown voltage can be raised, increasing the maximum energy of accelerated particles
Van_de_Graaff_generator
Type of electrical breakdown in semiconductors
avalanche effect. Breakdowns occurring at voltages close to 5 V are usually caused by some combination of the two effects. Zener breakdown is found to occur
Zener_effect
Outlet for portable accessories
output voltage will exceed its intended value. The load dump transient may also ruin the diodes in the alternator by exceeding their breakdown voltage. A
Automobile auxiliary power outlet
Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet
they do not need high input voltage. High breakdown voltage avoids a huge current suddenly occurring at typical input voltages. Most natural blue diamonds
Material properties of diamond
Material_properties_of_diamond
Type of electric gas-discharge lamp
the operating state, and the low ionization potential causes the breakdown voltage of the gas to be relatively low in the cold state, which allows the
Sodium-vapor_lamp
Type of high-power semiconductor diode
cycle of the AC voltage, the diode is driven deep into the avalanche breakdown. At t=0, the AC voltage is zero, and only a small pre-breakdown current flows
IMPATT_diode
Device used to suppress some phenomenon
the Zener's breakdown voltage, and will protect against negative transients greater than a normal forward diode drop. Transient-voltage-suppression diodes
Snubber
Type of capacitor
application of 1.5 V reverse voltage, exceeding that can damage the capacitor by overheating, overpressure, and dielectric breakdown. "Application Guidelines
Electrolytic_capacitor
Types of electrical transformer
the ignition system of a petrol engine Electrical breakdown and insulation testing of high voltage equipment and cables. In the latter case, the transformer's
Transformer_types
Process in electrical breakdown
factor is very highly dependent on the applied voltage, and as the voltage nears the breakdown voltage of the material, the multiplication factor approaches
Electron_avalanche
Electronic circuit used to implement two-state devices
base-emitter junction being driven into reverse breakdown when the supply voltage is in excess of the Veb breakdown voltage, typically around 5-10 volts for general
Multivibrator
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BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
n.
Electric potential or potential difference, expressed in volts.
n.
A sudden and complete failure; an utter failure of any kind; a breakdown.
n.
The act or result of breaking down, as of a carriage; downfall.
n.
One who, or that which, transforms. Specif. (Elec.), an apparatus for producing from a given electrical current another current of different voltage.
n.
Any rude, noisy dance performed by shuffling the feet, usually by one person at a time.
n.
A noisy, rapid, shuffling dance engaged in competitively by a number of persons or pairs in succession, as among the colored people of the Southern United States, and so called, perhaps, because the exercise is continued until most of those who take part in it break down.
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