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Quantum computing applied to natural language processing
Quantum natural language processing (QNLP) is the application of quantum computing to natural language processing (NLP). It computes word embeddings as
Quantum natural language processing
Quantum_natural_language_processing
Mathematical framework for natural language processing
categorical quantum mechanics to natural language processing. It started with the observation that pregroup grammars and quantum processes shared a common
DisCoCat
Belgian theoretical physicist and logician
language,, quantum natural language processing (QNLP) and quantum education through the book Quantum in Pictures. He is a founder of the Quantum Physics
Bob_Coecke
Computing company founded in 2014
design and implementation of quantum natural language processing applications. To build a quantum natural language processing model, Lambeq parses the grammatical
Quantinuum
Quantum mechanics posed in terms of category theory
functor from grammar to quantum processes, a formal analogy which led to the development of quantum natural language processing. ZX-calculus String diagram
Categorical_quantum_mechanics
Type of machine learning model
A large language model (LLM) is a neural network trained on a vast amount of text for natural language processing tasks, especially language generation
Large_language_model
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
A quantum computer is a real or theoretical computer that exploits quantum phenomena like superposition and entanglement in an essential way. It is widely
Quantum_computing
Application of quantum theory mathematics to cognitive phenomena
microscopic quantum processes in the human brain. Quantum cognition can be applied to model cognitive phenomena such as information processing by the human
Quantum_cognition
Statistical model of language
A language model is a computational model that predicts sequences in natural language. Language models are useful for a variety of tasks, including speech
Language_model
Engineering discipline
control theory, signal processing, and microelectronics, and more applied fields such as computer vision, natural language processing, bioinformatics, medical
Information_engineering
Applications of category theory
limited to computer science, physics (in particular quantum mechanics), natural language processing, control theory, probability theory and causality.
Applied_category_theory
Application of quantum mechanics and chemistry to biology
white balance: A quantum information-based chromatic adaptation transform [hypercomplex signal and image processing]". IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. 41
Quantum_biology
Interdisciplinary research area
methods involve both classical and quantum processing, where computationally difficult subroutines are outsourced to a quantum device. These routines can be
Quantum_machine_learning
Graphical representation of a morphism
Categorical quantum mechanics Quantum circuits, measurement-based quantum computing and quantum error correction, see ZX-calculus Natural language processing, see
String_diagram
Subfield of computer science and mathematics
or trapped-ion quantum computing devices. Dually, one can view processes occurring in nature as information processing. Such processes include self-assembly
Theoretical_computer_science
Series of language models developed by Google AI
state of the art for large language models. As of 2020[update], BERT is a ubiquitous baseline in natural language processing (NLP) experiments. BERT is
BERT_(language_model)
A language model benchmark is a standardized test designed to evaluate the performance of language models on various natural language processing tasks
Language_model_benchmark
Algorithm to be run on quantum computers
In quantum computing, a quantum algorithm is an algorithm that runs on a realistic model of quantum computation, the most commonly used model being the
Quantum_algorithm
Type of recurrent neural network with random and non-trainable internal structure
Information Processing Systems: 1313–1320. Chen, Jiayin; Nurdin, Hendra; Yamamoto, Naoki (2020-08-24). "Temporal Information Processing on Noisy Quantum Computers"
Reservoir_computing
Dutch research institute
Interpretable Machine Learning for Natural Language Processing, Cognitive Modelling, Logic, Games and Social Agency and Quantum Information and Computation.
Institute for Logic, Language and Computation
Institute_for_Logic,_Language_and_Computation
Any entity that can be measured
the set of all possible system states, e.g., position and momentum. In quantum mechanics, an observable is described by a linear operator. For example
Observable
In gate-based quantum computing, various sets of quantum logic gates are commonly used to express quantum operations. The following tables list several
List_of_quantum_logic_gates
"Thermodynamical models of information processing" (in Russian) which shows the computational infeasibility of simulating quantum systems on classical computers
Timeline of quantum computing and communication
Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication
Overview of and topical guide to computer science
algorithms. Natural language processing – Building systems and algorithms that analyze, understand, and generate natural (human) languages. Robotics –
Outline_of_computer_science
Theories, models and concepts that go back to the quantum hypothesis of Max Planck
scale where quantum effects are significant. Important applications of quantum theory include quantum chemistry, quantum optics, quantum computing, superconducting
Applications of quantum mechanics
Applications_of_quantum_mechanics
Research division of Microsoft
focus includes natural user interfaces, multimedia, data-intensive computing, search and online advertising, natural language processing, and computer
Microsoft_Research
Units defined only by physical constants
predictions of the Standard Model, quantum field theory and general relativity are not expected to apply, and quantum effects of gravity are expected to
Planck_units
Scientific field of study
with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas
Physics
Model of quantum computing
In quantum information theory, a quantum circuit is a model for quantum computation, similar to classical circuits, in which a computation is a sequence
Quantum_circuit
Sequence of operations for a task
defenses against attacks using quantum computing. Algorithms can be expressed in many kinds of notation, including natural languages, pseudocode, flowcharts
Algorithm
Award
worldwide. 2025 Mirella Lapata - for her pioneering research in natural language processing and AI. 2024 - Dr. Syed Sahil Khaja - for his pioneering contribution
BCS_Lovelace_Medal
Context dependence in quantum measurements
Quantum contextuality is a feature of the phenomenology of quantum mechanics whereby measurements of quantum observables cannot simply be thought of as
Quantum_contextuality
Method in natural language processing
In natural language processing, a word embedding is a representation of a word. The embedding is used in text analysis. Typically, the representation
Word_embedding
Theoretical framework in physics
theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines field theory, special relativity and quantum mechanics. QFT is used
Quantum_field_theory
American theoretical physicist (born 1955)
foundations of quantum mechanics, and theoretical biology. Smolin was born in New York City to Michael Smolin, an environmental and process engineer and
Lee_Smolin
Quantum search algorithm
In quantum computing, Grover's algorithm, also known as the quantum search algorithm, is a quantum algorithm for unstructured search that finds with high
Grover's_algorithm
Theory of logic to account for observations from quantum theory
analysis of quantum foundations, quantum logic is a set of rules for manipulation of propositions inspired by the structure of quantum theory. The formal
Quantum_logic
Study of computation
vision aims to understand and process image and video data, while natural language processing aims to understand and process textual and linguistic data
Computer_science
Simulators of quantum mechanical systems
Quantum simulators permit the study of a quantum system in a programmable fashion. In this instance, simulators are special purpose devices designed to
Quantum_simulator
Branch of applied mathematics
Retrieved 2022-05-09. "quantum field theory". nLab. John Herapath (1847) Mathematical Physics; or, the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, the causes
Mathematical_physics
Research institute at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada
Ontario with a multidisciplinary approach to the field of quantum information processing. IQC was founded in 2002 primarily through a donation made by
Institute for Quantum Computing
Institute_for_Quantum_Computing
Concept in software engineering and computer science
and sketching out its major concerns. Recognizing that the extension of processing power into everyday scenarios would necessitate understandings of social
Ubiquitous_computing
Physical constant in quantum mechanics
h} , is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the
Planck_constant
Canada based mining company
First Quantum Minerals is a Canadian-based mining and metals company whose principal activities include mineral exploration, development and mining. Its
First_Quantum_Minerals
representation and reasoning, planning, machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and related areas. A* search algorithm Alpha–beta
List of artificial intelligence algorithms
List_of_artificial_intelligence_algorithms
Specific quantum state of a quantum harmonic oscillator
signal processing and image processing (see Coherent states in mathematical physics). For this reason, the coherent states associated to the quantum harmonic
Coherent_state
Type of large language model
network (RNN) designs for natural language processing (NLP). The architecture's use of an attention mechanism allows models to process entire sequences of text
Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative_pre-trained_transformer
Science concerned with physical bodies subjected to forces or displacements
leading to fundamentally new approaches including relativistic mechanics and quantum mechanics. The ancient Greek philosophers were among the first to propose
Mechanics
Predecessor to modern quantum mechanics (1900–1925)
The old quantum theory is a collection of results from the years 1900–1925, which predate modern quantum mechanics. The theory was never complete or self-consistent
Old_quantum_theory
1960 article by Eugene Wigner
approximate, numerical coincidence." Wigner's second example comes from quantum mechanics: Max Born "noticed that some rules of computation, given by Heisenberg
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences
The_Unreasonable_Effectiveness_of_Mathematics_in_the_Natural_Sciences
Every square matrix with positive entries can be written in a certain standard form
Theorem 5 and also Theorem 4.7): given a Kraus operator that represents the quantum operation Φ mapping a density matrix into another, S ↦ Φ ( S ) = ∑ i B
Sinkhorn's_theorem
Aspect of consciousness research
on the hypothesis that consciousness in the brain originates from quantum processes inside neurons, rather than from connections between neurons (the
Models_of_consciousness
Branch of machine learning
applied to fields including computer vision, speech recognition, natural language processing, machine translation, bioinformatics, drug design, medical image
Deep_learning
Facts provided or learned about something or someone
formally) of that which may be sensed, or their abstractions. Any natural process that is not completely random and any observable pattern in any medium
Information
Research institute of the University of Southern California
computing, quantum computing, microelectronics, supercomputing, nano-satellites and many other areas. AI expertise includes natural language processing, in which
USC Information Sciences Institute
USC_Information_Sciences_Institute
History of zoology Biology Science Life Properties: Adaptation – Energy processing – Growth – Order – Regulation – Reproduction – Response to environment
Outline_of_biology
Theory of subatomic structure
corresponds to the graviton, a quantum mechanical particle that carries the gravitational force. Thus, string theory is a theory of quantum gravity. String theory
String_theory
American physicist of quantum computing (1930–2022)
physicist who helped pioneer the field of quantum computing. Benioff was best known for his research in quantum information theory during the 1970s and
Paul_Benioff
Physical theory with fields invariant under the action of local "gauge" Lie groups
of gauge symmetries appeared first in the relativistic quantum mechanics of electrons – quantum electrodynamics, elaborated-on below. Today, gauge theories
Gauge_theory
Combined real-and-virtual environment
Learning-Based Extended Reality: Making Humans and Machines Speak the Same Visual Language." In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Interactive eXtended Reality, 1–2
Extended_reality
Sound synthesis method involving samples shorter than 0.1 seconds
phenomena and are known in acoustics and signal processing by various names including sound particles, quantum acoustics, sonal atom, grain, glisson, grainlet
Granular_synthesis
Mathematical structures that allow quantum mechanics to be explained
mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics are those mathematical formalisms that permit a rigorous description of quantum mechanics. This mathematical
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics
Intrinsic quantum property of particles
accurate models for the interaction with spin require relativistic quantum mechanics or quantum field theory. The existence of electron spin angular momentum
Spin_(physics)
2017 research paper by Google
Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). Doha, Qatar: Association for Computational Linguistics
Attention_Is_All_You_Need
Thermodynamic process in which no mass or heat is exchanged with surroundings
classical process of energy transfer in the form of heat, but with the relative time scales reversed in the quantum case. Quantum adiabatic processes occur
Adiabatic_process
are an alternative way to define hypothetical non-quantum physical theories, based on the language of category theory, in which one specifies the axioms
Generalized probabilistic theory
Generalized_probabilistic_theory
Creating sequence of numbers that cannot be predicted
Comprehensive Review of Quantum Random Number Generators: Concepts, Classification and the Origin of Randomness". Quantum Information Processing. 22 (12): 439.
Random_number_generation
Quantum refereed game in quantum information processing is a class of games in the general theory of quantum games. It is played between two players, Alice
Quantum_refereed_game
Representation in natural language processing
In natural language processing, a sentence embedding (or document embedding) is a representation of a natural language text as a vector of numbers which
Sentence_embedding
Research institute
was the world's largest Arabic natural language processing model. They have also released a number of large language models under the name 'Falcon',
Technology Innovation Institute
Technology_Innovation_Institute
Study of abstract machines and automata
automata are used in text processing, compilers, and hardware design. Context-free grammar (CFGs) are used in programming languages and artificial intelligence
Automata_theory
U.S. brain and cognitive scientist
areas include Quantum Biology , Cognition Memory, Trauma, Machine Learning, Comprehensive Brain Modeling, Natural Language Processing, Nanotech, Medical
Newton_Howard
Literary genre with philosophical influences from quantum mechanics
Quantum fiction is a genre of speculative fiction that reflects modern experience of the material world and reality as influenced by quantum theory and
Quantum_fiction
Branch of knowledge concerned with building intuition for quantum theory
Quantum foundations is a discipline of science and philosophy of physics that seeks to understand the most counter-intuitive aspects of quantum theory
Quantum_foundations
British linguist and philosopher
stimulus she gave to its research, and through this to the larger natural language processing community: she had wide-ranging concerns, and lateral ideas,
Margaret_Masterman
Disciplines into which the field of engineering is conventionally divided
comprises the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and natural built environments. Electrical engineering comprises the study and application
List_of_engineering_branches
Natural number
of true is equal to 1 in many programming languages. In lambda calculus and computability theory, natural numbers are represented by Church encoding
1
Large language model developed by Google AI
results on a variety of natural language processing tasks, including language modeling, question answering, and natural language inference. The main idea
XLNet
Theory of quantum gravity merging quantum mechanics and general relativity
Loop quantum gravity (LQG) is a theory of quantum gravity that incorporates matter of the Standard Model into the framework established for the intrinsic
Loop_quantum_gravity
Mathematical approach to quantum physics
In quantum mechanics, perturbation theory is a set of approximation schemes directly related to mathematical perturbation for describing a complicated
Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)
Perturbation_theory_(quantum_mechanics)
History of the physical concept
equivalence expanded this understanding by linking mass and energy, and quantum mechanics introduced quantized energy levels. Today, energy is recognized
History_of_energy
Chinese physicist
standard quantum limit: phase super-sensitivity of N-photon interferometers Efficient Scheme for Two-Atom Entanglement and Quantum Information Processing in
Guo_Guangcan
Constructed alien languages
of the sentence; the language has a free word order, which extends to conditional clause, unlike the majority of natural languages, where a fixed word
Heptapod_languages
Formulation of quantum mechanics
The path-integral formulation of quantum mechanics generalizes the action principle of classical mechanics. It replaces the classical notion of a single
Path-integral_formulation
Topics referred to by the same term
anemometry, to measure velocity Latent Dirichlet allocation, in natural language processing Left-displaced abomasum, a condition of ruminants Linear diode
LDA
figurative language - logical language machine learning - Marvin Minsky - metaphor - metonymy - Moral Politics - motor control - morpheme natural language understanding
Index of cognitive science articles
Index_of_cognitive_science_articles
Type of electronic noise
obey Fermi–Dirac statistics. The correct result takes into account the quantum statistics of electrons and reads (at zero temperature) S = 2 e 3 π ℏ |
Shot_noise
Computational model used in machine learning
State-of-the-Art Natural Language Processing". Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations
Neural network (machine learning)
Neural_network_(machine_learning)
Academic fields of study or professions
Interlinguistics Lexicology Linguistic typology Morphology Natural language processing Philosophy of language Philosophy of linguistics Linguistic philosophy Philology
Outline of academic disciplines
Outline_of_academic_disciplines
Description of a quantum-mechanical system
function of a non-relativistic quantum-mechanical system. Its discovery was a significant landmark in the development of quantum mechanics. It is named after
Schrödinger_equation
Series of public disputes between physicists Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein
The Bohr–Einstein debates were a series of public disputes about quantum mechanics between Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr. Their debates are remembered
Bohr–Einstein_debates
Special dagger category that is compact
defined. This forms the basis for a high-level approach to quantum information processing. A dagger compact category is a dagger symmetric monoidal category
Dagger_compact_category
Topics referred to by the same term
symbols of a signature Interpretations of quantum mechanics, a set of statements which attempt to explain how quantum mechanics informs our understanding of
Interpretation
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
State-of-the-Art Natural Language Processing". Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations
Transformer_(deep_learning)
signal processing) (radio frequency propagation) (wave mechanics) Photoelectric effect (Albert Einstein) (electrical phenomena) (foundational quantum physics)
List_of_effects
Application of Darwinian theory to other fields
evolution of language, biologically as well as culturally Quantum Darwinism sees the emergence of classical states in physics as a natural selection of
Universal_Darwinism
Natural language processing software
natural language processing engine built by Speaktoit for its Assistant application. Api.ai allows Internet of Things developers to include natural language
Dialogflow
Type of artificial intelligence system
processing modules. Their design, however, is more entangled with the language model. Specifically, between select transformer blocks of the language
Vision-language_model
System of rules to convert information into another form or representation
In communications and information processing, code is a system of rules to convert information—such as a letter, word, sound, image, or gesture—into another
Code
Base memory unit handled by a computer
fixed-sized datum handled as the natural or historical unit of data by the instruction set or the hardware of a processor. The number of bits or digits in
Word_(computer_architecture)
QUANTUM NATURAL-LANGUAGE-PROCESSING
QUANTUM NATURAL-LANGUAGE-PROCESSING
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Nature; Natural Disposition
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Language
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Sweet Language
Boy/Male
Latin Biblical
Born fourth.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Fourth.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Beautiful Language
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Child Language
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Tongue; Language
Boy/Male
Tamil
Prangel | பà¯à®°à®¾à®‚ஜல
Language
Prangel | பà¯à®°à®¾à®‚ஜல
Boy/Male
Danish, Finnish, French, German, Latin, Shakespearean, Swedish
Born Fifth
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Sweet Language
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Calm
Girl/Female
Tamil
Language
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Langdale, Cumbria, named in Old Norse as ‘long valley’, from lang ‘long’ + dalr ‘valley’.Possibly an Americanized form of Norwegian Langdal, Langdalen, Langdahl, habitational names from any of numerous farmsteads named Langdal(en), having the same etymology as 1.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Language
Biblical
fourth
Girl/Female
Muslim
Nature, Natural disposition
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Language
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Rajasthani, Traditional
Lord Ram's Servant
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Shiva, King of the art of dancing, King among actors
QUANTUM NATURAL-LANGUAGE-PROCESSING
QUANTUM NATURAL-LANGUAGE-PROCESSING
Girl/Female
Indian
God inspired peace of mind, Tranquility, Calmness, Comfort, Ease
Girl/Female
Assamese, Hindu, Indian
Angry
Boy/Male
Arthurian Legend
Keeper of the grail.
Male
Icelandic
Icelandic form of Old Norse Kolr, KOLUR means "black, coal."
Girl/Female
American, British, English, Greek, Jamaican
Bright Friend; Nellie's Friend
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an Anglo-Scandinavian personal name, Sǣfugul, from Old Norse sæfogl ‘seabird’, ‘cormorant’. Though not recorded as a personal name in Scandinavia, it did become common in England after the Norman conquest.
Boy/Male
Gaelic Scottish
Short.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Goddess Saraswati
Girl/Female
American, British, Christian, English, French, German, Indian, Latin, Swedish
Little and Womanly; Manly; Female Version of Charles; Carl; Strong; Free Man; Small Beauty
Girl/Female
Russian American
Name in honour of an early Christian martyr.
QUANTUM NATURAL-LANGUAGE-PROCESSING
QUANTUM NATURAL-LANGUAGE-PROCESSING
QUANTUM NATURAL-LANGUAGE-PROCESSING
QUANTUM NATURAL-LANGUAGE-PROCESSING
QUANTUM NATURAL-LANGUAGE-PROCESSING
a.
Belonging to, to be taken in, or referred to, some system, in which the base is 1; -- said or certain functions or numbers; as, natural numbers, those commencing at 1; natural sines, cosines, etc., those taken in arcs whose radii are 1.
a.
Begotten without the sanction of law; born out of wedlock; illegitimate; bastard; as, a natural child.
pl.
of Quantum
n.
The suggestion, by objects, actions, or conditions, of ideas associated therewith; as, the language of flowers.
v. t.
To communicate by language; to express in language.
a.
Having (such) a nature, temper, or disposition; disposed; -- used in composition; as, good-natured, ill-natured, etc.
a.
Having to do with existing system to things; dealing with, or derived from, the creation, or the world of matter and mind, as known by man; within the scope of human reason or experience; not supernatural; as, a natural law; natural science; history, theology.
a.
Springing from true sentiment; not artifical or exaggerated; -- said of action, delivery, etc.; as, a natural gesture, tone, etc.
n.
Natural affection or reverence.
a.
Resembling the object imitated; true to nature; according to the life; -- said of anything copied or imitated; as, a portrait is natural.
a.
Having a language; skilled in language; -- chiefly used in composition.
a.
Not natural; contrary, or not conforming, to the order of nature; being without natural traits; as, unnatural crimes.
n.
Natural gifts, impulses, etc.
a.
Conformed to the order, laws, or actual facts, of nature; consonant to the methods of nature; according to the stated course of things, or in accordance with the laws which govern events, feelings, etc.; not exceptional or violent; legitimate; normal; regular; as, the natural consequence of crime; a natural death.
n.
The vocabulary and phraseology belonging to an art or department of knowledge; as, medical language; the language of chemistry or theology.
a.
Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing; belonging to native character; according to nature; essential; characteristic; not artifical, foreign, assumed, put on, or acquired; as, the natural growth of animals or plants; the natural motion of a gravitating body; natural strength or disposition; the natural heat of the body; natural color.
a.
Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music.
imp. & p. p.
of Language