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Type of recurrent neural network with random and non-trainable internal structure
Reservoir computing is a framework for computation derived from recurrent neural network theory that maps input signals into higher dimensional computational
Reservoir_computing
Computing by new or unusual methods
Unconventional computing (also known as alternative computing or nonstandard computation) is computing by any of a wide range of new or unusual methods
Unconventional_computing
Property of artificial neural networks
2024, Ziming Liu and co-authors showed a practical application. In reservoir computing a sparse recurrent neural network with fixed weights equipped of
Universal approximation theorem
Universal_approximation_theorem
Field of study in computer science and biology
equation prediction in a reservoir computing framework.[jargon] While researchers are hoping to use OI and biological computing to complement traditional
Organoid_intelligence
Type of reservoir computer
learning rule for RNNs are more and more summarized under the name Reservoir Computing. Schiller and Steil also demonstrated that in conventional training
Echo_state_network
Integrated circuit technology
Neuromorphic computing is a computing approach inspired by the human brain's structure and function. It uses artificial neurons to perform computations
Neuromorphic_computing
Quantum Computing company in Boston, Massachusetts
QuEra Computing Inc. is a quantum computing company based in Boston, Massachusetts. The company develops quantum computers using neutral atoms based on
QuEra_Computing_Inc.
Type of large language model
Dara; Metzler, Donald (2022). "Efficient Transformers: A Survey". ACM Computing Surveys. 55 (6): 109:1–109:28. doi:10.1145/3530811. Zaheer, Manzil; Guruganesh
Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative_pre-trained_transformer
Type of database that uses vectors to represent other data
other types of data, can all be vectorized. These feature vectors may be computed from the raw data using machine learning methods such as feature extraction
Vector_database
Classification of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
propagate over the connections before the learning rule is applied). Reservoir computing is a computation framework that may be viewed as an extension of
Types of artificial neural networks
Types_of_artificial_neural_networks
Deep learning architecture
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Mamba (deep learning architecture)
Mamba_(deep_learning_architecture)
Machine learning technique
{\displaystyle r_{\theta }(x,y)-V_{\xi _{t}}(x)} . That is, the advantage is computed as the difference between the reward (the expected return) and the value
Reinforcement learning from human feedback
Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback
Reverse-engineering neural networks
"Bridging the Black Box: A Survey on Mechanistic Interpretability in AI". ACM Computing Surveys. 58 (8) 210. doi:10.1145/3787104. ISSN 0360-0300. Lindsey, Jack;
Mechanistic_interpretability
Method used to normalize the range of independent variables
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Feature_scaling
Machine-learning and computational-neuroscience conference
at the annual invitation-only Snowbird Meeting on Neural Networks for Computing organized by The California Institute of Technology and Bell Laboratories
Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems
Conference_on_Neural_Information_Processing_Systems
Type of feedforward neural network
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Multilayer_perceptron
Type of machine learning model
Programming". CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1–10. doi:10.1145/3491101.3519729
Large_language_model
Equation known for chaotic behavior
Prediction of Large Spatiotemporally Chaotic Systems from Data: A Reservoir Computing Approach". Physical Review Letters. 120 (2) 024102. Bibcode:2018PhRvL
Kuramoto–Sivashinsky_equation
2018 text-generating language model
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
GPT-1
Academic conference in machine learning
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
International Conference on Learning Representations
International_Conference_on_Learning_Representations
2025 multimodal model by OpenAI
to gpt-5-thinking with a setting that makes use of parallel test-time compute, referred to as gpt-5-thinking-pro. Neuraltrust, a security research company
GPT-5
Model-free reinforcement learning algorithm
2017. It was essentially an approximation of TRPO that does not require computing the Hessian. The KL divergence constraint was approximated by simply clipping
Proximal_policy_optimization
neighbourhood. Reservoir computing causality extends the convergent cross-mapping principle by using a fixed, high-dimensional recurrent network (the reservoir) to
Brain_connectivity_estimators
Deep learning library
November 2025. Mukherjee, Amartya; Dey, Nilanjan (30 May 2019). Smart Computing with Open Source Platforms. CRC Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-1-351-12032-6
PyTorch
2023 text-generating language model
including the process by which the training dataset was constructed, the computing power required, or any hyperparameters such as the learning rate, epoch
GPT-4
Conversational software
virtual assistants. In 1950, Alan Turing published an article entitled "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed what is now called the
Chatbot
Academic conference in machine learning
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
International Conference on Machine Learning
International_Conference_on_Machine_Learning
Type of neural network which utilizes recursion
neural networks is given by the Tree Echo State Network within the reservoir computing paradigm. Extensions to graphs include graph neural network (GNN)
Recursive_neural_network
Smooth approximation of one-hot arg max
{\displaystyle \mathbf {z} =(z_{1},\dotsc ,z_{K})\in \mathbb {R} ^{K}} and computes each component of vector σ ( z ) ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) K {\displaystyle \sigma (\mathbf
Softmax_function
AI platform developed by IBM
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
IBM_Watsonx
2020 text-generating language model
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
GPT-3
Tree-based ensemble machine learning methods
consideration, a number of random cut-points are selected, instead of computing the locally optimal cut-point (based on, e.g., information gain or the
Random_forest
Technique for the generative modeling of a continuous probability distribution
loop as follows: Compute the noise estimate ϵ ← ϵ θ ( x t , t ) {\displaystyle \epsilon \leftarrow \epsilon _{\theta }(x_{t},t)} Compute the original data
Diffusion_model
Machine learning methods using multiple input modalities
text-to-video model. It is a bidirectional masked transformer conditioned on pre-computed text tokens. The generated tokens are then decoded to a video. Models such
Multimodal_learning
Optimization algorithm
1016/j.procs.2015.05.241. Holmes, M. (2023). Introduction to Scientific Computing and Data Analysis, 2nd Ed. Springer. ISBN 978-3-031-22429-4. Abdulkadirov
Gradient_descent
Machine learning technique
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Transfer_learning
Method in natural language processing
"A Neural Probabilistic Language Model". Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing. Vol. 194. Springer. pp. 137–186. doi:10.1007/3-540-33486-6_6. ISBN 978-3-540-30609-2
Word_embedding
Recurrent neural network architecture
Exchange Currency Rate Prediction using a GRU-LSTM Hybrid Network". Soft Computing Letters. 3 100009. doi:10.1016/j.socl.2020.100009. ISSN 2666-2221. Martin
Long_short-term_memory
Software program
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
DeepDream
Machine learning technique
performed. The key goal when using MoE in deep learning is to reduce computing cost. Consequently, for each query, only a small subset of the experts
Mixture_of_experts
Machine learning calibration technique
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Platt_scaling
Software user interface
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Human-in-the-loop
Memory unit used in neural networks
(U_{z}h_{t-1})\\r_{t}&=\sigma (U_{r}h_{t-1})\\\end{aligned}}} Type 3: each gate is computed using only the bias. z t = σ ( b z ) r t = σ ( b r ) {\displaystyle
Gated_recurrent_unit
Type of convolutional neural network
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
U-Net
Set of methods for supervised statistical learning
(\mathbf {x} )=\sum _{i}\alpha _{i}y_{i}k(\mathbf {x} _{i},\mathbf {x} )} . Computing the (soft-margin) SVM classifier amounts to minimizing an expression of
Support_vector_machine
Similarity measure for number sequences
}:=1-{\text{angular distance}}=1-{\frac {2\theta }{\pi }}} Unfortunately, computing the inverse cosine (arccos) function is slow, making the use of the angular
Cosine_similarity
Technique in machine learning
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Curriculum_learning
Type of activation function
"Deep learning with ExtendeD Exponential Linear Unit (DELU)". Neural Computing and Applications. 35 (30): 22705–22724. doi:10.1007/s00521-023-08932-z
Rectified_linear_unit
Models used to produce word embeddings
US 9037464, Mikolov, Tomas; Chen, Kai & Corrado, Gregory S. et al., "Computing numeric representations of words in a high-dimensional space", published
Word2vec
Subset of artificial intelligence
especially in cloud-based environments. Neuromorphic computing refers to a class of computing systems designed to emulate the structure and functionality
Machine_learning
Class of algorithms for pattern analysis
implicit feature space without ever computing the coordinates of the data in that space, but rather by simply computing the inner products between the images
Kernel_method
Machine learning technique
recursive algorithm to combine attention scores across all layers, by computing the dot product of successive attention maps. Because vision transformers
Attention_(machine_learning)
Concept in machine learning
to be present in the pretraining dataset, and computes the log-likelihood of each token, then compute the average of the lowest K of these. If this exceeds
Leakage_(machine_learning)
Class of artificial neural network
recursively computing the partial derivatives, RTRL has a time-complexity of O(number of hidden x number of weights) per time step for computing the Jacobian
Recurrent_neural_network
Reinforcement learning method
algorithms, including deep belief networks, spiking neural networks, and reservoir computing, follow the principles and constraints of the brain and nervous system
Error-driven_learning
Deep neural network for generating raw audio
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
WaveNet
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
descent to generate keys and values for computing the weight changes of the fast neural network which computes answers to queries. This was later shown
Transformer_(deep_learning)
Optimization algorithm for artificial neural networks
network in computing parameter updates. It is an efficient application of the chain rule to neural networks. Backpropagation efficiently computes the gradient
Backpropagation
2019 text-generating language model
days), at approximately $8 per TPU v3 per hour, for a total estimated compute cost of about $43,000. Other sources have cited a training cost of approximately
GPT-2
Programming paradigm
programming has found use in a wide variety of areas, particularly scientific computing and machine learning. One of the early proposals to adopt such a framework
Differentiable_programming
Field of machine learning
\ldots } ) that converge to Q ∗ {\displaystyle Q^{*}} . Computing these functions involves computing expectations over the whole state-space, which is impractical
Reinforcement_learning
Set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables
Yan, Xin; Su, Xiaogang (2009). Linear Regression Analysis: Theory and Computing. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 2–3. ISBN 9789812834102. Freund, Rudolf
Regression_analysis
Measurable property or characteristic
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Feature_(machine_learning)
Deep learning generative model to encode data representation
of the free energy expression, and requires a sampling approximation to compute its expectation value. More recent approaches replace Kullback–Leibler
Variational_autoencoder
Framework for mathematical analysis of machine learning
and the Vapnik-Chervonenkis Dimension". Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery. 36 (4): 929–965. doi:10.1145/76359.76371. S2CID 1138467. M
Probably approximately correct learning
Probably_approximately_correct_learning
Theory of machine learning
In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (May 1992), pages 351–369. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=129712
Computational_learning_theory
Belgian physicist
information theory, nonlinear optics, optical neural networks, and reservoir computing. Serge Massar was born in Zambia in 1970. He obtained a degree in
Serge_Massar
Equation used in neuromorphic engineering
important applications, for instance, in reservoir computing. A network of memristors can serve as a reservoir for nonlinearly transforming an input signal
Caravelli-Traversa-Di Ventra equation
Caravelli-Traversa-Di_Ventra_equation
Type of artificial neural network
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Feedforward_neural_network
Numerical method that reduces the complexity of computationally intensive simulations
The next step is to compute the covariance matrix C C = 1 ( p − 1 ) U T U {\displaystyle C={\frac {1}{(p-1)}}U^{T}U} We then compute the eigenvalues and
Proper orthogonal decomposition
Proper_orthogonal_decomposition
Difficulties arising when analyzing data with many aspects ("dimensions")
Ricardo; Marroquín, José Luis (2001). "Searching in Metric Spaces". ACM Computing Surveys. 33 (3): 273–321. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.100.7845. doi:10.1145/502807
Curse_of_dimensionality
Academic journal
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Journal of Machine Learning Research
Journal_of_Machine_Learning_Research
Machine learning model training problem
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Vanishing_gradient_problem
2023 text-generating language model
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
IBM_Granite
Machine learning model for vision processing
However, computing relationships for every pixel pair in a typical image is prohibitive in terms of memory and computation. Instead, ViT computes relationships
Vision_transformer
Process of automating the application of machine learning
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Automated_machine_learning
Machine learning software library
general-purpose computing on graphics processing units). TensorFlow is available on 64-bit Linux, macOS, Windows, and mobile computing platforms including
TensorFlow
Machine learning strategy
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Active learning (machine learning)
Active_learning_(machine_learning)
Vector quantization algorithm minimizing the sum of squared deviations
reduce the amount of data required while preserving signal quality. As computing power increased, k-means clustering became widely used in pattern recognition
K-means_clustering
Paradigm in machine learning that uses no classification labels
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Unsupervised_learning
Property of a model
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Bias–variance_tradeoff
Computer programming concept
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Temporal_difference_learning
Statistical Markov model
2012.04.018. hdl:10044/1/12611. M. Lukosevicius, H. Jaeger (2009) Reservoir computing approaches to recurrent neural network training, Computer Science
Hidden_Markov_model
Machine learning technique
(1 January 2022). "An intelligent approach for reservoir quality evaluation in tight sandstone reservoir using gradient boosting decision tree algorithm"
Gradient_boosting
Neural network technology
a small window (called a kernel or filter) across the input data and computing the dot product between the values in the kernel and the input at each
Convolutional_layer
Machine learning paradigm
(WREPL). Gama, João (2014). "A Survey on Concept Drift Adaptation". ACM Computing Surveys. 46 (4): 1–37. doi:10.1145/2523813. Xu, K.; Li, Y.; Deng, R.;
Self-supervised_learning
Group of samples that have been tagged with one or more labels
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Labeled_data
Process of analyzing large data sets
knowledge. The premier professional body in the field is the Association for Computing Machinery's (ACM) Special Interest Group (SIG) on Knowledge Discovery
Data_mining
Framework for machine learning
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Statistical_learning_theory
Technique in artificial intelligence
developers found them to be not beneficial. Reflective programming Reservoir computing Geiping, Jonas; McLeish, Sean; Jain, Neel; Kirchenbauer, John; Singh
Feedback_neural_network
3D reconstruction technique
re-training. Although NeRFs had reached high levels of fidelity, their costly compute time made them useless for many applications requiring real-time rendering
Neural_radiance_field
Model-free reinforcement learning algorithm
a partly random policy. "Q" refers to the function that the algorithm computes: the expected reward—that is, the quality—of an action taken in a given
Q-learning
Machine learning algorithm
automatic interaction detection (CHAID). Performs multi-level splits when computing classification trees. MARS: extends decision trees to handle numerical
Decision_tree_learning
Density-based data clustering algorithm
ISSN 0362-5915. S2CID 5156876. "TODS Home". tods.acm.org. Association for Computing Machinery. Retrieved 2020-07-16. Campello, Ricardo J. G. B.; Moulavi,
DBSCAN
Computational model used in machine learning
images. Unsupervised pre-training and increased computing power from GPUs and distributed computing allowed the use of larger networks, particularly
Neural network (machine learning)
Neural_network_(machine_learning)
Type of feedforward neural network
neural networks, so this technique is constrained by the availability of computing resources. It was superior than other commercial courtesy amount reading
Convolutional_neural_network
Extracting features from raw data for machine learning
groups for training models or for use in applications that do not want to compute the features but just retrieve them when it needs them to make predictions
Feature_engineering
Type of reservoir computer
Echo state network: similar concept in recurrent neural network Reservoir computing: the conceptual framework Self-organizing map LiquidC#: Implementation
Liquid_state_machine
connected layer) for alphabet recognition. They proposed a CNN for an optical computing system. Max pooling appears in Fukushima's 1982 publication on the neocognitron
History of artificial neural networks
History_of_artificial_neural_networks
Tuning parameter (hyperparameter) in optimization
Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Boltzmann machine Restricted GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional
Learning_rate
RESERVOIR COMPUTING
RESERVOIR COMPUTING
Boy/Male
Indian
th surah of the holy Quran, Reservoir in paradise
Boy/Male
Muslim
108th surah of the holy Quran, Reservoir in paradise
Boy/Male
Sikh
Favour or fortune of gods Love, Reservoir of Love, Mysterious secrets of Love, Essence of Love (1)
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Favour or Fortune of God's Love; Reservoir of Love; Mysterious Secrets of Love
Surname or Lastname
English (Yorkshire)
English (Yorkshire) : habitational name from Thackray in the parish of Great Timble, West Yorkshire, now submerged in Fewston reservoir. It was named with Old Norse þak ‘thatching’, ‘reeds’ + (v)rá ‘nook’, ‘corner’.
Boy/Male
Sikh
Favour or fortune of gods Love, Reservoir of Love, Mysterious secrets of Love, Essence of Love
Boy/Male
Indian
Favour or fortune of gods Love, Reservoir of Love, Mysterious secrets of Love, Essence of Love
RESERVOIR COMPUTING
RESERVOIR COMPUTING
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
With Beautiful Black Hair
Boy/Male
Sikh
Love
Male
Hebrew
(מַתָּן) Hebrew name MATTAN means "a gift." In the bible, this is the name of a priest of Baal, and the father of Shephatiah.
Female
Danish
, very beautiful; or, beautiful snake.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Fascinating, Attractive
Girl/Female
French, German, Spanish
God of Plenty; Variant of Elizabeth; Pledged to God; Consecrated to God
Girl/Female
English
Manly.
Female
English
Egyptian name QUIBILAH means "peaceful."
Boy/Male
Australian, Hindu, Indian
Peacock
Girl/Female
Muslim
Of noble birth.
RESERVOIR COMPUTING
RESERVOIR COMPUTING
RESERVOIR COMPUTING
RESERVOIR COMPUTING
RESERVOIR COMPUTING
n.
The outlet from a dam or reservoir; also, a cut to divert the flow of water.
n.
A natural reservoir; a hollow place containing water.
n.
The process of washing ore, or of uncovering mineral veins, by a heavy discharge of water from a reservoir; flushing; -- also called booming.
n.
A place where anything is kept in store; especially, a place where water is collected and kept for use when wanted, as to supply a fountain, a canal, or a city by means of aqueducts, or to drive a mill wheel, or the like.
n.
A surface of ground on which water may be caught and collected into a reservoir.
n.
A head or reservoir of water.
n.
A sluiceway or passage for superfluous water in a reservoir, to prevent too great pressure on the dam.
n.
One who reserves.
n.
A reservior in which water accumulates at the bottom of a mine.
n.
A small intercellular space, often containing resin, essential oil, or some other secreted matter.
n.
The quality of being capacious, as of a vessel, a reservoir a bay, the mind, etc.
n.
That which serves, or is used, for receiving and containing something, as a basket, a vase, a bag, a reservoir; a repository.
n.
A reservoir for urine, etc., for manure.
n.
One to, or for, whom anything is reserved; -- contrasted with reservor.
n.
One who reserves; a reserver.
n.
A fife; also, a rude kind of oboe or a bagpipe with an inflated skin for reservoir.
n.
An overfall, or weir, for the escape, or overflow, of superfluous water from a canal, reservoir, pond, or the like.
n.
A structure forming a reservoir for water.
n.
An artificial reservoir or tank for holding water, beer, or other liquids.
n.
The cistern or reservoir made at the lowest point of a mine, from which is pumped the water which accumulates there.