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Method of industrial polymerization
Solution polymerization is a method of industrial polymerization. In this procedure, a monomer is dissolved in a non-reactive solvent that contains a catalyst
Solution_polymerization
Homogeneous mixture containing dissolved polymers
Polymer solutions are solutions containing dissolved polymers. These may exist as liquid solutions (e.g. in aqueous solution), or as solid solutions (e
Polymer_solution
Chemical reaction to form polymer chains
include emulsion polymerization, solution polymerization, suspension polymerization, and precipitation polymerization. Although the polymer dispersity and
Polymerization
Polymers that absorb and retain extremely large amounts of liquid
superabsorbent polymers are made using one of three primary methods: gel polymerization, suspension polymerization or solution polymerization. Each of the
Superabsorbent_polymer
Lattice model of polymer solutions
Flory–Huggins solution theory is a lattice model of the thermodynamics of polymer solutions which takes account of the great dissimilarity in molecular
Flory–Huggins_solution_theory
Synthetic rubber polymer
additives can be removed from the polymer. Solution-SBR is produced by an anionic polymerization process. Polymerization is initiated by alkyl lithium compounds
Styrene-butadiene
Polymerization reaction among insoluble monomers in a solution
In polymer chemistry, emulsion polymerization is a type of radical polymerization that usually starts with an emulsion incorporating water, monomers, and
Emulsion_polymerization
Substance composed of macromolecules with repeating structural units
network. During the polymerization process, some chemical groups may be lost from each monomer. This happens in the polymerization of PET polyester. The
Polymer
Polymerization process involving free radicals as repeating units
In polymer chemistry, radical polymerization (RP) is a method of polymerization by which a polymer forms by the successive addition of a radical to building
Radical_polymerization
Anionic polyelectrolyte polymer
polyacrylate, like solution polymerization in water, inverse emulsion polymerization, inverse suspension polymerization, plasma polymerization, and pressure-induced
Sodium_polyacrylate
Temperature below which components of a mixture are miscible
case of polymer solutions, the LCST also depends on polymer degree of polymerization, polydispersity and branching as well as on the polymer's composition
Lower critical solution temperature
Lower_critical_solution_temperature
Chemical process
Bulk polymerization or mass polymerization is carried out by adding a soluble radical initiator to pure monomer in liquid state. The initiator should
Bulk_polymerization
Homogeneous mixture of a solute and a solvent
In chemistry, a solution is defined by IUPAC as "A liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance, when for convenience one (or more) substance
Solution_(chemistry)
Chemistry subdiscipline
Institute of NYU). Polymers are high molecular mass compounds formed by polymerization of monomers. They are synthesized by the polymerization process and can
Polymer_chemistry
The polymer solution casting process utilizes a mandrel, or inner diameter mold, that is immersed in a tank of polymer solution or liquid plastic that
Polymer_solution_casting
Critical temperature of miscibility in a mixture
lower temperatures. The UCST and LCST of polymer mixtures generally depend on polymer degree of polymerization and polydispersity. The seminal statistical
Upper critical solution temperature
Upper_critical_solution_temperature
including interface polymerization, solution polymerization, and a variety of other synthesis methods. Interface polymerization is the most common bottom-up
Two-dimensional_polymer
Precipitation reaction among monomers dissolved in solution
the polymer. As the polymerization reaction proceeds, particles of polymer form, creating a non-homogeneous solution. In dispersion polymerization these
Dispersion_polymerization
Substance whose dissolved ions conduct electricity
needed] Electrolyte solutions can also result from the dissolution of some biological (e.g., DNA, polypeptides) or synthetic polymers (e.g., polystyrene
Electrolyte
Polymeric arrays of repeating units connected by non-covalent bonds
entangled in solution. Monomers undergoing supramolecular polymerization are considered to be in equilibrium with the growing polymers, and thermodynamic
Supramolecular_polymer
Polymerization mechanism
Chain-growth polymerization (AE) or chain-growth polymerisation (BE) is a polymerization technique where monomer molecules add onto the active site on
Chain-growth_polymerization
Chemical compound
Yamashita, Tsuyoshi (2001-10-01). "Chain Transfer to Polymer in Free-Radical Solution Polymerization of 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate Studied by NMR Spectroscopy"
2-Ethylhexyl_acrylate
Alkene (C8H16)
primarily as a co-monomer in production of polyethylene via the solution polymerization process. Several useful structural isomers of the octenes are obtained
Octene
Polymer showing drastic changes in physical properties with temperature
molecule (for polymer solutions m1 is approximately equal to the degree of polymerization and m2=1) φ = volume fraction of the polymer and the solvent
Temperature-responsive polymer
Temperature-responsive_polymer
Living polymerization, the synthesis of polymers with specific architectures becomes more and more facile. Architectures such as star polymers, comb polymers
Polymer_architecture
Chain-growth polymerization without the ability to terminate
In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been
Living_polymerization
Chemical compound
polymerization and is readily functionalized making it useful in a variety of applications. PNIPA dissolves in water, however, when these solutions are
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
Transparent thermoplastic, commonly called acrylic
emulsion polymerization, solution polymerization, and bulk polymerization. Generally, radical initiation is used (including living polymerization methods)
Poly(methyl_methacrylate)
Polymer derived from more than one species of monomer
all of which are formed by chain-growth polymerization. Another production mechanism is step-growth polymerization, which is used to produce the nylon-12/6/66
Copolymer
American Company
in the agriculture, building and infrastructure, fluorinated solutions, polymer solutions, and data communications sectors. It was founded in 1953 and
Orbia
Type of polymerization reaction mechanism
In polymer chemistry, step-growth polymerization is a type of polymerization mechanism in which bi-functional or multifunctional monomers react to form
Step-growth_polymerization
Chain polymerization involving cyclic monomers
polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization in which the terminus of a polymer chain attacks cyclic monomers
Ring-opening_polymerization
Water-soluble polymer
chemical-mechanical planarization process as an emulsifier and disintegrant for solution polymerization to increase resolution in photoresists for cathode-ray tubes (CRT)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Field of physics that studies polymers
Monitoring of Polymerization Reactions", Macromolecules 1998, 31(21), 7226-7238 des Cloiseaux, Jacques; Jannink, Gerard (1991). Polymers in Solution. Oxford
Polymer_physics
Polymerization after alignment of monomers by crystallisation
Topochemical polymerization is a polymerization method performed by monomers aligned in the crystal state. In this process, the monomers are crystallised
Topochemical_polymerization
Type of polymerization occurring at the interface of two immiscible phases
Interfacial polymerization is a type of step-growth polymerization in which polymerization occurs at the interface between two immiscible phases (generally
Interfacial_polymerization
Type of chain polymerization
Living radical polymerization Living free radical polymerization Controlled/"living" radical polymerization Controlled radical polymerization Reversible deactivation
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
Reversible-deactivation_radical_polymerization
Polymerization reaction among monomers suspended in a liquid
suspension polymerization have diameters usually exceeding 10 μm. In polymer chemistry, suspension polymerization is a heterogeneous radical polymerization process
Suspension_polymerization
(removing the water group from two carboxyl groups), and solution polymerization (reacting in a solution). The chemical structure and composition of polyanhydrides
Polyanhydride
American chemist (1910–1985)
earliest work in polymer science was in the area of polymerization kinetics at the DuPont Experimental Station. In condensation polymerization, he challenged
Paul_Flory
Anionic polyelectrolyte polymer
like any acrylate polymer, is usually synthesized through a process known as free radical polymerization, though graft polymerization may also be used
Polyacrylic_acid
Partial alignment of polymer molecular chains
resulting polymer. When a certain degree of polymerization is reached, the polymerized and partially crystallized product precipitates out of the solution. The
Crystallization_of_polymers
including polymer surfaces. A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating subunits bound together by covalent bonds. In dilute solution, polymers form
Polymer_adsorption
Chemical reaction that produces polymers
addition−fragmentation chain transfer or RAFT polymerization is one of several kinds of reversible deactivation radical polymerization. It makes use of a chain transfer
Reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization
Reversible_addition−fragmentation_chain-transfer_polymerization
Bonds linking one polymer chain to another
"Experiments: PVA polymer slime". Education: Inspiring your teaching and learning. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2022. A solution of polyvinyl
Cross-link
Chemical compound
the smallest polyoxymethylene, the polymerization product of formaldehyde with a typical degree of polymerization of 8–100 units. Paraformaldehyde commonly
Paraformaldehyde
Scientific experiment
step-growth polymerization and provides students and other observers with a hands-on demonstration of the preparation of a synthetic polymer. The nylon
Nylon_rope_trick
Thermoplastic polymer
and Robert Banks first demonstrated the polymerization of propylene in 1951. The stereoselective polymerization to the isotactic was discovered by Giulio
Polypropylene
Chemical process
reaction that generates a crosslinked network of polymers through radical polymerization or cationic polymerization. UV curing is adaptable to printing, coating
UV_curing
Equation in polymer science
"Shape of threadlike molecules in solution, and relationship between solution viscosity and molecular weight". Polymer Journal. 44 (1): 5–10. doi:10.1038/pj
Mark–Houwink_equation
Movement of the active site on one growing polymer chain to another molecule
polymerization. Chain transfer reactions occur in most forms of addition polymerization including radical polymerization, ring-opening polymerization
Chain_transfer
Polymer produced via a condensation reaction
polymerization are chain polymerization and polyaddition, both of which give addition polymers. IUPAC definition Polycondensation: a polymerization in
Condensation_polymer
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is an example of a reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. Like its counterpart, ATRA, or atom transfer
Atom transfer radical polymerization
Atom_transfer_radical_polymerization
Catalyst transfer polymerization (CTP), or catalyst transfer polycondensation, is a type of living chain-growth polymerization that is used for synthesizing
Catalyst transfer polymerization
Catalyst_transfer_polymerization
Concrete as an aesthetic enhancement
and permanent solution. Polymer cement overlays, consisting of a proprietary blend of Portland cements, various aggregates and polymer resins, were introduced
Decorative_concrete
Category of polymers, in which the monomers are joined together by ester links
Progress in Polymer Science. 30 (10): 949–81. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2005.06.010. Nuyken O, Pask SD (April 2013). "Ring-Opening Polymerization—An Introductory
Polyester
Alteration in the polymer properties under the influence of environmental factors
plastic polymers. The major chemical changes are oxidation and chain scission, leading to a reduction in the molecular weight and degree of polymerization of
Polymer_degradation
Subfield of materials science concerned with polymers
Polymer science or macromolecular science is a subfield of chemistry and materials science concerned with polymers, primarily synthetic polymers such as
Polymer_science
Lithium-ion battery using a polymer electrolyte
Hyun-Kon (May 2019). "Gel Polymer Electrolytes: Gel/Solid Polymer Electrolytes Characterized by In Situ Gelation or Polymerization for Electrochemical Energy
Lithium_polymer_battery
Idealised bead–spring model of polymer dynamics
proposed for dilute solutions, the model also describes polymer melts whose chain length is below the entanglement threshold. A flexible polymer is represented
Rouse_model
Material composed of at least two polymers mixed together
joint polymerization of more than one kind of polymer. A new polymers modification process, based on a simple mechanical mixture of two polymers first
Polymer_blend
Manufacturing of polymer fibres
of the polymer is higher than its degradation temperature, the polymer must undergo solution spinning techniques for fiber formation. The polymer is first
Spinning_(polymers)
Measure of heterogeneity of particle or molecular sizes
synthetic polymers, it can vary greatly due to reactant ratio, how close the polymerization went to completion, etc. For typical addition polymerization, Đ can
Dispersity
Chemical process by which polymeric materials are hardened
of thermosetting polymers, the term "curing" can be used for all the processes where a solid product is obtained from a liquid solution, such as with PVC
Curing_(chemistry)
Soft water-rich polymer gel
and form free radicals, which will begin a polymerization reaction that forms crosslinks between polymer strands. This reaction will cease if the light
Hydrogel
Attachment of side chains to the backbone chain of a polymer
thermosets or interpenetrating polymer networks. A dendrimer is a repetitively branched compound. In free radical polymerization, branching occurs when a chain
Branching_(polymer_chemistry)
polymerization reactions have been successfully used to prepare PIMs of sufficient mass to form self-standing films. These involve a polymerization reaction
Polymers of intrinsic microporosity
Polymers_of_intrinsic_microporosity
Method of radical polymerization
Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization is a method of radical polymerization that makes use of an alkoxyamine initiator to generate polymers with well controlled
Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization
Nitroxide-mediated_radical_polymerization
Organic Polymer
during polymerization. Exhaustive Soxhlet extraction after polymerization with polar solvents was found to effectively fractionate the polymer and remove
Polythiophene
Form of polyaniline
preforming polymerization in dilute aniline solutions. Chemical oxidative polymerization is a traditional and commonly used method for the polymerization of aniline
Polyaniline_nanofibers
Polymers whose repeating units bear an electrolyte group
aqueous solutions (water), making the polymers charged. Polyelectrolyte properties are thus similar to both electrolytes (salts) and polymers (high molecular
Polyelectrolyte
Substances which prevent monomers from self-polymerizing
In polymer chemistry, polymerisation inhibitors (US: polymerization inhibitors) are chemical compounds added to monomers to prevent their self-polymerisation
Polymerisation_inhibitor
Chemical compound
solid. It is used in the creation of the polymer poly(diiododiacetylene) (PIDA) by undergoing 1,4 polymerization. It is a small linear molecule related
Diiodobutadiyne
reversible-deactivation polymerization RDP. Living free radical polymerization is a type of living polymerization where the active polymer chain end is a free
Living free-radical polymerization
Living_free-radical_polymerization
Chemical compound
emulsion or solution polymerization. The commercial product can be stabilized by the addition of 50 ppm hydroquinone monoethyl ether. The polymerization of MeAN
Methacrylonitrile
Chemical compound
Controlled polymerization techniques, such as RAFT and NMP can be used for the direct polymerization of MAA. In contrast, polymerization of acidic monomers
Poly(methacrylic_acid)
Polymer with synthetic molecular receptor
radical or other polymerization initiator, 5) porogenic solvent and 6) extraction solvent. According to polymerization method and final polymer format one or
Molecularly_imprinted_polymer
Chemical compound
mesitylene, Used in large excess, it activates precatalysts for alkene polymerization. MAO is prepared by the incomplete hydrolysis of trimethylaluminium
Methylaluminoxane
Central Public Sector Undertaking pvy ltd
380 km (236 mi) from Delhi). GAIL has a world-class "Sclairtech" solution polymerization process licensed from M/s Nova Chemicals, Canada to produce LLDPE
GAIL
Subgroup of polymers
the solutions in where the polycondensation can occur at their interface. More commonly, these polymers are synthesized from low temperature solution polycondensation
Cardo_polymer
Chemical solution in solid form
drug and polymer. The number of drug molecules that do behave as solvent (plasticizer) of polymers is small. On a phase diagram a solid solution is represented
Solid_solution
nanoparticle, type of polymer, morphology of the nanoparticle-polymer matrix and other factors. PNCs are commonly prepared via in-situ polymerization, melt extrusion
Polymer_nanocomposite
reaction by-products and water from polymers. When exiting a reactor after a polymerization reaction, many polymers still contain undesired low-molecular
Polymer_devolatilization
Organic polymer made of the repeating unit [C2H2]
cryogenics to produce usable polymers. Gas-phase polymerization typically produces irregular cuprene, whereas liquid-phase polymerization, conducted at −78 °C
Polyacetylene
Highly viscous liquid exhibiting a kind of semi-solid behavior
concentrated polymer solutions f(ϕ), where ϕ is polymer volume fraction. Suppose the initial gel has a polymer volume fraction of ϕ0, the polymer volume fraction
Gel
mediated radical polymerization. About half of all commercial polymers are produced by radical polymerization. Radical polymerization (RP) reactions have
Cobalt-mediated radical polymerization
Cobalt-mediated_radical_polymerization
Chain polymerization in which active centers are ions or ion pairs
Appl. Chem., 2008, 80(10), 2163-2193 In polymer chemistry, ionic polymerization is a chain-growth polymerization in which active centers are ions or ion
Ionic_polymerization
Protein family
reversibly forms a polydisperse distribution of rod-shaped polymers in solution. Polymerization buries receptor-binding sites of MIP-1, thus depolymerization
Macrophage inflammatory protein
Macrophage_inflammatory_protein
Type of hydrogel
preventive applications. A variety of different polymerization methods may be utilized for the synthesis of the polymer chains that make up hydrogels. Their properties
Self-healing_hydrogels
Plasma polymerization (or glow discharge polymerization) uses plasma sources to generate a gas discharge that provides energy to activate or fragment gaseous
Plasma_polymerization
Function in polymer chemistry
degree of polymerization and molar mass, and there is always a distribution around an average value. The molar mass distribution of a polymer may be modified
Molar_mass_distribution
Antiseptic solution
used to obtain povidone–iodine: exposing the polymer to iodine vapors [36], mixing PVP and iodine solutions [37], and heating dry PVP and iodine samples
Povidone-iodine
Chemical compound
alcohol in the US and Western Europe. Unlike most vinyl polymers, PVA is not prepared by polymerization of the corresponding monomer, since the monomer, vinyl
Polyvinyl_alcohol
Most common thermoplastic polymer
Chromium Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization". In Hoff, Ray; Mathers, Robert T. (eds.). Handbook of Transition Metal Polymerization Catalysts. John Wiley &
Polyethylene
Engineering company in Sweden
designing and manufacturing of polymer technology, their main products include seals, hoses and antivibration solutions. According to the Financial Times
Trelleborg_(company)
Chemical compound
chain-growth polymerization of ethylene and vinyl acetate. There are several techniques of polymerization that can be applied to this polymer, such as solution, suspension
Ethylene-vinyl_acetate
Optically transparent and electrically conductive material
is solution polymerized by combining monomer with iron(III) chloride. Once the polymerization is complete the doping is done by exposing the polymer to
Transparent_conducting_film
to relate the reduced viscosity of a dilute polymer solution to the concentration of the polymer in solution. It is named after Maurice L. Huggins. The
Huggins_equation
Material of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids
polypropylene films used in packaging. Spinning: involves transforming a polymer melt or solution into continuous strands 3D printing: involves three-dimensionally
Plastic
Any molecule containing Si=O and Si–OH groups
The degree of polymerization of silicic acids in water solution can be determined by its effect on the freezing point of the solution (cryoscopy). Silicic
Silicic_acid
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SOLUTION POLYMERIZATION
SOLUTION POLYMERIZATION
SOLUTION POLYMERIZATION
SOLUTION POLYMERIZATION
SOLUTION POLYMERIZATION
SOLUTION POLYMERIZATION
SOLUTION POLYMERIZATION
SOLUTION POLYMERIZATION
SOLUTION POLYMERIZATION
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