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Function characterizing the interactions between photons and quarks
The photon structure function, in quantum field theory, describes the quark content of the photon. While the photon is a massless boson, through certain
Photon_structure_function
Probability density function in physics
The structure function, like the fragmentation function, is a probability density function in physics. It is somewhat analogous to the structure factor
Structure_function
Elementary particle or quantum of light
according to asymptotic freedom in QCD. That flux is described by the photon structure function. A review by Nisius (2000) presented a comprehensive comparison
Photon
Branch of particle physics concerning interactions between two photons
quark content of the photon is described by the photon structure function, experimentally analyzed in deep-inelastic electron–photon scattering. Single
Two-photon_physics
Function approximating net physical effect
Atomic form factor Electric form factor Magnetic form factor Photon structure function Quantum field theory Standard Model Quantum mechanics Special
Form factor (quantum field theory)
Form_factor_(quantum_field_theory)
Model of hadrons
Hadronization Jet (particle physics) Particle shower Proton structure function Photon structure function SLAC bag model Feynman, R. P. (1969). "The Behavior of
Parton_(particle_physics)
Technique in quantum optics
A single-photon source is a light source that emits light as single particles or photons. Single-photon sources are distinct from coherent light sources
Single-photon_source
Simultaneous absorption of two photons by a molecule
two-photon absorption (TPA or 2PA), also called two-photon excitation or non-linear absorption, is the simultaneous absorption of two photons of identical
Two-photon_absorption
Type of energy
in a semiconductor the minimum photon energy would actually correspond to the valence band edge rather than work function. Of course, the photoelectric
Work_function
Effective particle coupling beyond tree level
In quantum electrodynamics, the vertex function describes the coupling between a photon and an electron beyond the leading order of perturbation theory
Vertex_function
Fluorescence imaging technique
point spread function of the excitation. The concept of two-photon excitation is based on the idea that two photons, of comparably lower photon energy than
Two-photon excitation microscopy
Two-photon_excitation_microscopy
Physics phenomenon
emits a photon. He noted that the experimenter's choice of which measurement to make on the box would change what can be predicted about the photon, even
Quantum_entanglement
Physics experiment
represents the fine structure, and the coarser structure represents diffraction by the individual slits as described by the sinc function. Similar calculations
Double-slit_experiment
Creation of particle-antiparticle pair from a neutral boson
proton and an antiproton. Pair production often refers specifically to a photon creating an electron–positron pair near a nucleus. As energy must be conserved
Pair_production
Particle accelerator
The Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory (in Lemont, Illinois) is a storage-ring-based high-energy X-ray light source facility.
Advanced_Photon_Source
Study of electronic structures
Time-resolved two-photon photoelectron (2PPE) spectroscopy is a time-resolved spectroscopy technique which is used to study electronic structure and electronic
Two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy
Two-photon_photoelectron_spectroscopy
Optical process
absorption (ESA) and photon avalanche (PA). Such processes can be observed in materials with very different sizes and structures, including optical fibers
Photon_upconversion
shortcomings identified by Friedman and others. Matter creation Photon structure function Sakurai, J.J (1960). "Theory of strong interactions". Annals of
Vector_meson_dominance
Nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique
amount of biological activity rather than the structure of the body. This is measured by detecting photon emissions from decaying radionuclides and then
Single-photon emission computed tomography
Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography
Astrophysical models for the formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies
atoms, the photons no longer interacted with them and were free to propagate for the next 13.8 billion years; we currently detect those photons redshifted
Structure_formation
Family of solutions to related differential equations
X-ray crystallography of helical structures, including DNA and the alpha helix of proteins Probability density function of product of two normally distributed
Bessel_function
Physical model of propagating energy
most dyes. Retinal is an exception. When a photon is absorbed, the retinal permanently changes structure from cis to trans, and requires a protein to
Electromagnetic_radiation
Analytical technique
X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) in physics and chemistry, is a novel technique that exploits a coherent X-ray synchrotron beam to measure
X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy
X-ray_photon_correlation_spectroscopy
Computer graphics method
rendering a particular pixel. The photon map is implemented using a spatial structure such as a k-d tree or hash grid. Photon mapping is biased, because it
Path_tracing
Emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation hits a material
also change because the probability that each photon results in an emitted electron is a function of photon energy[citation needed]. An increase in the
Photoelectric_effect
Interference effect of two photons
The Hong–Ou–Mandel effect is a two-photon interference effect in quantum optics that was demonstrated in 1987 by Chung Ki Hong (Korean: 홍정기), Zheyu Jeff
Hong–Ou–Mandel_effect
Quantum explanation of electromagnetic polarization
Photon polarization is the quantum mechanical description of the classical polarized sinusoidal plane electromagnetic wave. An individual photon can be
Photon_polarization
Solid-state photodetector
A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), also called Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (G-APD or GM-APD) is a solid-state photodetector within the same family
Single-photon_avalanche_diode
Three-photon microscopy (3PEF) is a high-resolution fluorescence microscopy based on nonlinear excitation effect. Different from two-photon excitation
Three-photon_microscopy
Branch of physics
constant. As bosons, photons follow the Bose–Einstein distribution function (fph). Photons possess the widest range of energy among the principal carriers
Heat_transfer_physics
Phenomenon in nuclear and particle physics
This happens because the particle used to probe the nucleus —usually a photon or gluon— can briefly transform into other particles that live long enough
Nuclear_shadowing
Describes the range of energies of an electron within the solid
other electrons, photons, etc. The above assumptions are broken in a number of important practical situations, and the use of band structure requires one
Electronic_band_structure
Laser technology
measuring the second order intensity correlation function. The spontaneous emission rate of the emitted photons can be enhanced by integrating the quantum dot
Quantum dot single-photon source
Quantum_dot_single-photon_source
Quantifies strength of electromagnetic interaction
moment of the electron. Other methods include the A.C. Josephson effect and photon recoil in atom interferometry. There is general agreement for the value
Fine-structure_constant
Part of a molecule responsible for its color
capture certain photons as the electrons resonate along a certain distance of p-orbitals - similar to how a radio antenna detects photons along its length
Chromophore
Physical constant in quantum mechanics
fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and
Planck_constant
Electromagnetic radiation due to deceleration of charged particles
includes synchrotron radiation (i.e., photon emission by a relativistic particle), cyclotron radiation (i.e., photon emission by a non-relativistic particle)
Bremsstrahlung
History and future of the universe
nuclei) and relativistic radiation (photons) become equal, the Jeans length, which determines the smallest structures that can form (due to competition
Chronology_of_the_universe
Function describing the distribution of galaxies in the universe
Ripley's K and Besag's L function Correlation function in statistics Spatial point process Peebles, P.J.E. 1980, The large scale structure of the universe Theuns
Correlation function (astronomy)
Correlation_function_(astronomy)
Maximum theoretical efficiency of a solar cell
Queisser calculate Qc to be 1700 photons per second per square centimetre for silicon at 300K. Absorption of a photon creates an electron-hole pair, which
Shockley–Queisser_limit
All of space observable from the Earth at the present
reported that extragalactic background light (EBL) amounted to 4×1084 photons. As the universe's expansion is accelerating, all currently observable
Observable_universe
Form of electromagnetic radiation
crystallography, hybrid photon counting detectors are widely used. Since Röntgen's discovery that X-rays can identify bone structures, X-rays have been used
X-ray
Twenty-first letter in the Greek alphabet
nouns. In lexical-functional grammar, the function that maps elements from the c-structure to the f-structure. In ecology, site survival probability, or
Phi
Theoretical framework in physics
emits a photon even without the action of an external electromagnetic field. Theoretically, the Schrödinger equation could not describe photons and was
Quantum_field_theory
Mathematical description of quantum state
Fourier transform. Some particles, like electrons and photons, have nonzero spin, and the wave function for such particles includes spin as an intrinsic,
Wave_function
Response of an optical system to a point source of light
The point spread function (PSF) describes the response of a focused optical imaging system to an idealized point source of light. In casual terms, for
Point_spread_function
Quantum field theory of electromagnetism
phenomena involving electrically charged particles interacting by exchange of photons, and represents the quantum counterpart of classical electromagnetism giving
Quantum_electrodynamics
Measurement of X-ray absorption of a material as a function of energy
exists at the central atom. The wavelength changes as a function of the energy of the incoming photon. The phase and amplitude of the backscattered wave are
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
Extended_X-ray_absorption_fine_structure
Different states of quantum systems
or absorbed photons to provide information on the material analyzed, including information on the energy levels and electronic structure of materials
Energy_level
Protein used by single-celled organisms
nine stages are: bR + photon → K ⇌ L ⇌ M1 ⇌ M2 ⇌ M2' ⇌ N ⇌ N' ⇌ O ⇌ bR Bacteriorhodopsin in the ground state absorbs a photon and the retinal changes
Bacteriorhodopsin
Type of event in the early universe
are photon decoupling and neutrino decoupling, as these led to the cosmic microwave background and cosmic neutrino background, respectively. Photon decoupling
Decoupling_(cosmology)
Spectral density of light emitted by a black body
with being the energy of a single photon. The average energy in a mode can be obtained from the partition function: ⟨ E ⟩ = − d log ( Z ) d β = ε 2
Planck's_law
Space propulsion method using Sun radiation
Solar sails (also known as lightsails, light sails, and photon sails) are a method of spacecraft propulsion using radiation pressure exerted by sunlight
Solar_sail
Energy quantum particles contribute to themselves
Green's function methods and Green's function (many-body theory) of interacting low-energy excitations on the basis of electronic band structure calculations
Self-energy
Process during the early universe
universe, and heated photons. Since electron–positron annihilation occurred after neutrino decoupling, neutrinos did not heat alongside photons when electrons
Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis
Cosmological epoch c. 370,000 years after the Big Bang
neutral hydrogen, and atoms became energetically favored. Photon decoupling, the time when photons began to travel freely through the universe without interacting
Recombination_(cosmology)
Energy range in a solid where no electron states exist
the help of the Mathieu functions. Every solid has its own characteristic energy-band structure. This variation in band structure is responsible for the
Band_gap
Smallest unit of a chemical element
difference matching the energy of the interacting photon. The emitted photon and the interacting photon then move off in parallel and with matching phases
Atom
Elementary particle with negative charge
corresponds to equal probabilities. Bosons, such as the photon, have symmetric wave functions instead. In the case of antisymmetry, solutions of the wave
Electron
Branch of physics
with a doubled frequency (half the wavelength), two photons are destroyed, creating a single photon at two times the frequency. Third-harmonic generation
Nonlinear_optics
Technique for determining size distribution of particles
fluctuations are usually analyzed using the intensity or photon autocorrelation function (also known as photon correlation spectroscopy – PCS or quasi-elastic
Dynamic_light_scattering
Phenomenon of redshift in cosmology
a property of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) in which photons from the CMB are gravitationally redshifted, causing the CMB spectrum to
Sachs–Wolfe_effect
Photoreceptor cells that can function in lower light better than cone cells
to a single photon of light and is about 100 times more sensitive to a single photon than cones. Since rods require less light to function than cones,
Rod_cell
German national research center
astroparticle physics and photon science research to explore the fundamental relationships between the structure, dynamics and function of matter. In cooperation
DESY
Thermodynamically open system which is not in equilibrium
excitation in matter can cost some additional amount of energy from the incoming photon, which leads to a more subtle generalization of the standard quantum dissipative
Dissipative_system
Surface which converts light into electrons via the photoelectric effect
A photocathode is a surface engineered to convert light (photons) into electrons using the photoelectric effect. Photocathodes are important in accelerator
Photocathode
Effect in quantum electrodynamics
hydrogen atom. The Lamb shift is caused by interactions between the virtual photons created through vacuum energy fluctuations and the electron as it moves
Lamb_shift
Principle and applications of MINFLUX microscopy
a structured excitation beam with at least one intensity minimum – typically a doughnut-shaped beam with a central intensity zero – to elicit photon emission
Minflux
knowledge concerning galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and the large-scale structure of the universe. 5th century BC – Democritus proposes that the bright
Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure
Timeline_of_knowledge_about_galaxies,_clusters_of_galaxies,_and_large-scale_structure
Type of quantum state
influence on the photon number distribution of the light wave and its phase distribution as well. For amplitude squeezed light the photon number distribution
Squeezed_coherent_state
Types of energy range in a solid where no electron states can exist
band and the valence band; an electron can directly emit a photon. In an "indirect" gap, a photon cannot be emitted because the electron must pass through
Direct_and_indirect_band_gaps
Particle accelerator designed to produce intense x-ray beams
the beam that are needed to stimulate the high energy electrons to emit photons. The major applications of synchrotron light are in condensed matter physics
Synchrotron_light_source
Physical process in cosmology
In modern cosmological theory, diffusion damping, also called photon diffusion damping, is a physical process which reduced density inequalities (anisotropies)
Diffusion_damping
Function that encodes the dependence of a coupling parameter on the energy scale
the photon propagator at high energies. They determined the variation of the electromagnetic coupling in QED by considering the scaling structure, and
Beta_function_(physics)
Function describing an electron in an atom
mechanics, an atomic orbital is a function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom. This function describes an electron's charge
Atomic_orbital
Photosystem II primary donor
molecule. P680 receives excitation energy either by directly absorbing a photon of suitable frequency or indirectly from other chlorophylls within photosystem
P680
Renormalization scheme in quantum field theory
fermion propagator, the form of the photon propagator inspired by the free photon field will be compared to the photon propagator calculated up to a certain
On-shell renormalization scheme
On-shell_renormalization_scheme
Everything in space and time
minutes of the photon epoch. For the remainder of the photon epoch the universe contained a hot dense plasma of nuclei, electrons and photons. About 380,000
Universe
Number of available physical states per energy unit
electrons, photons, or phonons, and can be given as a function of either energy or the wave vector k. To convert between the DOS as a function of the energy
Density_of_states
Quasiparticles arising from EM wave coupling
normal modes of a given material or structure arising from the strong coupling of the bare modes, which are the photon and the dipolar oscillation. Bosonic
Polariton
Measurement of kinetic energy spectra
is measured and subtracted from the photon energy of the exciting radiation, and the difference is the work function. Often, the sample is electrically
Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
Ultraviolet_photoelectron_spectroscopy
Mathematical description in crystallography
to the other as needed. The static structure factor is measured without resolving the energy of scattered photons/electrons/neutrons. Energy-resolved
Structure_factor
Quantum-mechanical version of computer memory
Sciences developed a solid-state quantum memory and demonstrated the photon computing function using time and frequency. Based on this research, a large-scale
Quantum_memory
Description of physical properties at the atomic and subatomic scale
experiment that include detectors at the slits find that each detected photon passes through one slit (as would a classical particle), and not through
Quantum_mechanics
Quasiparticle of mechanical vibrations
of as quantized sound waves, similar to the way photons are quantized light waves, but unlike photons, phonons are vibrations in a lattice of atoms. Phonons
Phonon
Spatial distortion in cosmology
distorted when their positions are plotted as a function of their redshift rather than as a function of their distance. The effect is due to the peculiar
Redshift-space_distortions
Trace radiation from the early universe
of structures at late time. The CMB contains the vast majority of photons in the universe by a factor of 400 to 1; the number density of photons in the
Cosmic_microwave_background
Experimental technique to determine the distribution of electrons in solids
crystalline solid. It is based on the photoelectric effect, in which an incoming photon of sufficient energy ejects an electron from the surface of a material.
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Angle-resolved_photoemission_spectroscopy
Method in physics used to deal with infinities
charge. In quantum field theory a cloud of virtual particles, such as photons, positrons, and others surrounds and interacts with the initial electron
Renormalization
Surface Sensitive equivalent
photoabsorption by detecting in the intensity of Auger electrons as a function of the incident photon energy. Surface sensitivity is achieved by the interpretation
Surface-extended X-ray absorption fine structure
Surface-extended_X-ray_absorption_fine_structure
Interpretation of quantum mechanics
the polarization of two photons. When the photon is created, it has an indeterminate polarization. If a stream of these photons is passed through a polarization
Many-minds_interpretation
Specific quantum state of a quantum harmonic oscillator
emitted by many such sources that are in phase. Actually, the picture of one photon being in-phase with another is not valid in quantum theory. Laser radiation
Coherent_state
Malagasy physicist
Shore, G.M.; Veneziano, G. (1993). "A sum rule for the polarised photon structure function g1γ". Nuclear Physics B. 391 (1–2). Elsevier BV: 69–99. Bibcode:1993NuPhB
Stephan_Narison
Type of neuroepithelial cell
visual system to transduce color. The function of the photoreceptor cell is to convert the light information of the photon into a form of information communicable
Photoreceptor_cell
where h f {\displaystyle hf} is the incident photon energy, ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } the work function of the material. Since the kinetic energy of ejected
Laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Laser-based_angle-resolved_photoemission_spectroscopy
Cosmological process in the early universe
ionizing photons during the epoch of reionization. For most scenarios, this would require the log-slope of the UV galaxy luminosity function, often denoted
Reionization
Structural units of protein involved in photosynthesis
subunits in order to allow PSII to function properly again. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, PSII absorbs a photon to produce a so-called high energy
Photosystem
Sensors of light or other electromagnetic energy
photodetector Spectral response: The response of a photodetector as a function of photon frequency. Grouped by mechanism, photodetectors include the following
Photodetector
binary fate: Either it is struck by some incident photons and becomes "exposed", or it is missed by the photon bombardment and remains "unexposed". In the subsequent
Oversampled binary image sensor
Oversampled_binary_image_sensor
Fluctuations in the density of the normal matter of the universe
plasma of electrons and baryons (which include protons and neutrons). Photons (light particles) travelling in this universe were essentially trapped
Baryon_acoustic_oscillations
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PHOTON STRUCTURE-FUNCTION
PHOTON STRUCTURE-FUNCTION
PHOTON STRUCTURE-FUNCTION
PHOTON STRUCTURE-FUNCTION
PHOTON STRUCTURE-FUNCTION
PHOTON STRUCTURE-FUNCTION
PHOTON STRUCTURE-FUNCTION
PHOTON STRUCTURE-FUNCTION
PHOTON STRUCTURE-FUNCTION
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