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Part of a molecule responsible for its color
A chromophore is the part of a molecule responsible for its color. The word is derived from Ancient Greek χρῶμᾰ (chroma) 'color' and -φόρος (phoros) 'carrier
Chromophore
Chemical compound
Larry R. Dalton (2001). "Low Vπ Electrooptic Modulators from CLD-1: Chromophore Design and Synthesis, Material Processing, and Characterization". Chem
CLD_chromophore
Protein that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet light
tool in many forms of biology due to its ability to form an internal chromophore without requiring any accessory cofactors, gene products, or enzymes
Green_fluorescent_protein
Protein used by plants, bacteria and fungi to detect light
chromophore is biliverdin (BV), attached via a longer linker to a cysteine near the N-terminus. Autocatalytic covalent attachment of the chromophore is
Phytochrome
Functional group which changes a molecule's ability to absorb light
(chrōma) 'colour') is a group of atoms attached to a chromophore which modifies the ability of that chromophore to absorb light. They themselves fail to produce
Auxochrome
Chemicals used to whiten or disinfect
up the chromophore. This changes the molecule into a different substance that either does not contain a chromophore or contains a chromophore that does
Bleach
Monomeric red fluorescent protein
range of 550-650 nm. mCherry belongs to the group of fluorescent protein chromophores used as instruments to visualize genes and analyze their functions in
MCherry
Chemical compound
parts, a labile chromophore (the non-protein molecular entity shown at right) and a 113 amino acid protein to which the chromophore is tightly and non-covalently
Neocarzinostatin
System of connected p-orbitals with delocalized electrons in a molecule
form the basis of chromophores, which are light-absorbing parts of a molecule that can cause a compound to be colored. Such chromophores are often present
Conjugated_system
Photochemical energy transfer mechanism
molecules (chromophores). A donor chromophore, initially in its electronic excited state, may transfer energy to an acceptor chromophore through nonradiative
Förster resonance energy transfer
Förster_resonance_energy_transfer
Substance to test chemical acidity
indicators on litmus owe their properties to a 7-hydroxyphenoxazone chromophore. Some fractions of litmus were given specific names including erythrolitmin
Litmus
Physiological process
replenishes the molecule retinal for its use in vision. Retinal is the chromophore of most visual opsins, meaning it captures the photons to begin the phototransduction
Visual_cycle
Skin treatment with flashlamps
resulting light has a spectral range that targets specific structures and chromophores (e.g. melanin in hair, or oxyhemoglobin in blood vessels) that are heated
Intense_pulsed_light
Protein-pigment complex
phycobiliproteins, it is composed of a protein part covalently binding chromophores called phycobilins. In the phycoerythrin family, the most known phycobilins
Phycoerythrin
Vitamin A aldehyde, a polyene chromophore
Retinal (also known as retinaldehyde) is a polyene chromophore. It binds to opsin proteins and forms the chemical basis of visual phototransduction, the
Retinal
Lightest color
up the chromophore. This changes the molecule into a different substance that either does not contain a chromophore, or contains a chromophore that does
White
Soft outer covering organ of vertebrates
Frog gland anatomy– A: Mucous gland (alveolus), B: Chromophore, C: Granular gland (alveolus), D: Connective tissue, E: Stratum corneum, F: Transition
Skin
Concept in physics
and emitting molecules (chromophores) embedded into a transparent solid matrix. When the host matrix contains many chromophores, each will contribute a
Zero-phonon line and phonon sideband
Zero-phonon_line_and_phonon_sideband
Quantum chemistry rule regarding vibronic transitions
the chromophores will move to the excited state. Within this group of chromophores there will be a statistical distribution of solvent-chromophore interaction
Franck–Condon_principle
Synthetic inorganic blue pigment
purple, and orange pigments, all through intentional addition of a chromophore in the trigonal bipyramidal coordination environment. Inorganic blue
YInMn_Blue
Family of proteins
or rhodopsins in a broad sense, are proteins that use retinal as a chromophore for light reception. They are the molecular basis for a variety of light-sensing
Retinylidene_protein
α-allophycocyanin requires an exogenous protein, known as a lyase, to attach the chromophore, phycocyanobilin. Phycocyanobilin is not present in mammalian cells.
SmURFP
Fifth planet from the Sun
sulfur or possibly hydrocarbons. These colourful compounds, known as chromophores, mix with the warmer clouds of the lower deck. The light-coloured zones
Jupiter
Type of dye
In a reactive dye, a chromophore (an atom or group whose presence is responsible for the colour of a compound) contains a substituent that reacts with
Reactive_dye
Biological process to convert light into chemical energy
the reaction centers, proteins that contain photosynthetic pigments or chromophores. In plants, these pigments are chlorophylls (a porphyrin derivative that
Photosynthesis
Chemical compound
the 15th century as the azure-blue chromophore obtained by steam distillation of German chamomile. The chromophore was discovered in yarrow and wormwood
Azulene
Theory of damage from ultraviolet light
DNA damage occurs when a UV-photon is absorbed in the human skin by a chromophore that does not have the ability to convert the energy into harmless heat
Indirect_DNA_damage
Rules predicting maximum absorption wavelengths
used in the calculation are the type of chromophores present, the auxochromes (substituents on the chromophores, and solvent. Examples are conjugated carbonyl
Woodward's_rules
Chemical compound
tetrapyrrole involved in photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and red algae. This chromophore is bound to the phycobiliprotein phycoerythrin, the distal component
Phycourobilin
physics Electromagnetic spectrum Light Rainbow Visible Spectral colors Chromophore Structural coloration Animal coloration Color of chemicals Water Spectral
Lists_of_colors
Genetic mutant of green fluorescent protein
polarizability of the local chromophore environment as well as providing additional electron density into the chromophore. "Venus" contains a novel amino
Yellow_fluorescent_protein
Chemical compound
benzene, biphenyl, para-terphenyl. It is an aromatic hydrocarbon and a chromophore. One possible use is in scintillation counters where it is dissolved
Para-Quaterphenyl
Color change of a chemical substance due to its environment
and insects. The absorption of natural sunlight by chromic materials/chromophores is exploited in solar cells for the production of electrical energy via
Chromism
Process of hair removal by exposure to laser pulses
Grossman discovered that it was possible to selectively target a specific chromophore with a laser to partially damage basal stem cells inside the hair follicles
Laser_hair_removal
Unstable pigments that undergo a chemical change when they absorb light
they absorb light. The term is generally applied to the non-protein chromophore moiety of photosensitive chromoproteins, such as the pigments involved
Photopigment
Chemical compound
lidamycin is an antitumor antibiotic consisting of a complex of an enediyne chromophore and an apoprotein. It shows antibiotic activity against most Gram-positive
C-1027
Process by which light activates retinal cells
absorbed by a chromophore bound to an opsin, which photoisomerizes the chromophore, initiating both the visual cycle, which "resets" the chromophore, and the
Visual_phototransduction
complex between proteins and covalently bound phycobilins that act as chromophores (the light-capturing part). They are most important constituents of the
Phycobiliprotein
Green bile pigment
employed as an IR-emitting chromophore for in vivo imaging. In contrast to fluorescent proteins which form their chromophore through posttranslational
Biliverdin
Class of light-sensitive proteins
G-protein-coupled receptors and a group of proteins made light-sensitive via a chromophore, typically retinal. When bound to retinal, opsins become retinylidene
Opsin
Indian physicist and nanoscientist
In 2021, he became a principal research scientist in the Functional Chromophore group at NIMS' International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
Anirban_Bandyopadhyay
Class of organic compounds
indigenous languages of Peruvian tribes. Quinones are commonly seen in chromophores. They are partly responsible for the yellowing of paper; the oxidation
Quinone
taxa. Common to all LOV proteins is the blue-light sensitive flavin chromophore, which in the signaling state is covalently linked to the protein core
Light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domain
Light-oxygen-voltage-sensing_domain
Addition of a sulfate group to a compound
(HBI) formation (chromophore) Histidine–Tyrosine–Glycine 4-(p-hydroxybenzylidene)-5-imidazolinone (HBI) formation (chromophore) Alanine–Serine–Glycine
Sulfation
Blue organic pigment
Clerodendrum trichotomum, which is native to China and Japan. It has a novel chromophore structure which differs from previously studied plant pigments. The amount
Trichotomine
Range of spectroscopic analysis
requirement is that the sample absorb in the UV–Vis region, i.e. be a chromophore. Absorption spectroscopy is complementary to fluorescence spectroscopy
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
Ultraviolet–visible_spectroscopy
Branch of material physics involving photoelectronic devices
material. They consist of nonlinear optical chromophores in a polymer lattice. The nonlinear optical chromophores can produce Pockels effect. Photoferroelectric
Electro-optics
physics Electromagnetic spectrum Light Rainbow Visible Spectral colors Chromophore Structural coloration Animal coloration Color of chemicals Water Spectral
List_of_colors_(alphabetical)
photoactive protein known to use a carotenoid as the photoresponsive chromophore. The protein consists of two domains, with a single keto-carotenoid molecule
Orange_carotenoid_protein
contain purple chromoprotein shCP with its GFP-like chromophore in the trans-conformation. The chromophore is derived from Glu-63, Tyr-64 and Gly-65 and the
Chromoprotein
oxygen-independent fluorescent protein that binds flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as a chromophore. They were developed from blue-light receptors (so called LOV-domains)
FMN-binding fluorescent protein
FMN-binding_fluorescent_protein
Chemical compound
is of interest as the parent macrocycle related to the cofactor and chromophore in vitamin B12. Its name reflects that it is the "core" of vitamin B12
Corrin
Yellow organic pigment created by plants
molecule and is generally insoluble in water. The presence of the long chromophore of conjugated double bonds (polyene chain) provides the distinctive light-absorbing
Lutein
Chemical compound
Phycocyanobilin is a blue phycobilin, i.e., a tetrapyrrole chromophore found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of red algae, glaucophytes, and
Phycocyanobilin
Agents that emit light after excitation by light
A fluorophore (or fluorochrome, similarly to a chromophore) is a fluorescent chemical compound that can re-emit light upon light excitation. Fluorophores
Fluorophore
Chemical compound
isolated from an Actinomycete in 1992, comprising an ansa-bridged enediyne chromophore (shown) as well as an apoprotein that serves to stabilize the toxin in
Kedarcidin
Light-sensitive receptor protein
pocket for a ligand. The ligand for rhodopsin is the vitamin A-based chromophore 11-cis-retinal, which lies horizontally to the cell membrane and is covalently
Rhodopsin
Ability of a colorant or material to withstand change due to light exposure
subject. The part of a molecule responsible for its color is called the chromophore. Light encountering a painted surface can either alter or break the chemical
Lightfastness
Chemical compound
out essential functions. For example, the 11-cis-retinal isomer is the chromophore of rhodopsin, the vertebrate photoreceptor molecule. Rhodopsin is composed
Retinol
Class of pigment proteins in photosynthesising organisms
in certain insects. They refer to any protein that contains a bilin chromophore. In plants and algae, the main function of biliproteins is to make the
Biliprotein
the amino functional groups. This single large conjugated system is a chromophore with strong absorption in visible spectrum, giving this compound its
Crystal_violet_lactone
American biochemist and Nobel laureate (1952–2016)
GFP-development involved by Tsien: 1994: Tsien showed the mechanism that GFP chromophore is formed in a chemical reaction which requires oxygen but without help
Roger_Y._Tsien
Perception caused by wavelengths of light
azure (distinct from blue in Russian and Italian, but not English). Chromophore Color analysis Color in Chinese culture Color mapping Complementary colors
Color
Form of phototherapy
result in target-cell death (only within the illuminated area). When a chromophore molecule, such as a cyclic tetrapyrrolic molecule, absorbs a photon,
Photodynamic_therapy
inhomogeneously broadened features normally associated with spectra of chromophores in liquids and amorphous solids. The effect was first described by Eduard
Shpolskii_matrix
Chemical compound
Basic Red 18 is a cationic azo dye used for coloring textiles. The chromophore is the cation, which contains many functional groups, but most prominently
Basic_Red_18
Molecular photophysics selection rule
aggregates, disordered thin films, and covalently linked dimers, where chromophores align to enhance electronic coupling between the singlet and double triplet
Singlet_fission
Family of transmembrane proteins
It functions as light-driven proton pumps with the help of retinal chromophore at the active site. The light-driven proton pump gives bacteria energy
Proteorhodopsin
Edible fungus
stearate, the blue lipophilic azulene pigment from L. indigo. The part of the molecule responsible for its color (chromophore) is highlighted in blue.
Lactarius_indigo
Family of archaea
membrane, in which they are expressed, includes bacterioruberin, a second chromophore thought to protect against photobleaching. Also, bR lacks the omega loop
Archaerhodopsin
Chemical complex
complex of a carrier protein (MdpA) and a chromophore isolated from Actinomadura madurae. The chromophore has an enediyne structure and is an antibiotic
Maduropeptin
Photoactivatable fluorescent protein
modification resulting from a break in the peptide backbone near the chromophore. Eos was first discovered as a tetrameric protein in the stony coral
Eos_(protein)
Light-capturing molecules in algae
not in green algae and plants). Most of their molecules consist of a chromophore which makes them coloured. They are unique among the photosynthetic pigments
Phycobilin
Molecular photoreceptors
non-protein chromophore (sometimes referred as photopigment, even so photopigment may also refer to the photoreceptor as a whole). The chromophore reacts to
Photoreceptor_protein
Chemical element with atomic number 25 (Mn)
Serendipity to Rational Design: Tuning the Blue Trigonal Bipyramidal Mn 3+ Chromophore to Violet and Purple through Application of Chemical Pressure". Inorganic
Manganese
Rule of colour composition in heraldic design
physics Electromagnetic spectrum Light Rainbow Visible Spectral colors Chromophore Structural coloration Animal coloration Color of chemicals Water Spectral
Rule_of_tincture
Mammalian protein found in humans
S2CID 22770145. Rahmanzadeh R, Hüttmann G, Gerdes J, Scholzen T (June 2007). "Chromophore-assisted light inactivation of pKi-67 leads to inhibition of ribosomal
Proliferation marker protein Ki-67
Proliferation_marker_protein_Ki-67
Dyes added to identify fuels
traditional dyes and normally multiple chain length variations of the chromophore are found within a typical commercial liquid petroleum dye. For instance
Fuel_dye
Colour between violet and cyan on the visible spectrum of light
stanate: Co2SnO4) and Prussian blue (milori blue: primarily Fe7(CN)18). The chromophore in blue glass and glazes is cobalt(II). Diverse cobalt(II) salts such
Blue
Reversible chemical transformation by absorption of electromagnetic radiation
ring-opening, forming a colorful isomer. When the UV source is removed, the chromophore gradually relax to their colorless ground state, the carbon-oxygen bond
Photochromism
Chemotherapy medication
production, hence contributing to its cytotoxicity. The planar aromatic chromophore portion of the molecule intercalates between two base pairs of the DNA
Doxorubicin
2013 video game
Unity engine would be used for the game. It would also be renamed to Chromophore: The Two Brothers. This was to avoid confusion with Brothers: A Tale
Two_Brothers_(video_game)
Powder used to add or alter colour
colloquially, non-azo pigments. Azo pigments are compounds whose properties as chromophores result primarily from the delocalization of electrons originating from
Pigment
Synthetic dye
Picrate Ethanol Mono-Solvate: The First Crystal Structures of a Mauveine Chromophore and a Synthetic Derivative". Journal of Chemical Research. 39 (12): 711–718
Mauveine
Device for measuring chemicals
detected using traditional UV/Vis approaches due to their lack of a chromophore. The CAD can measure all non-volatile and many semi-volatile analytes
Charged_aerosol_detector
Science dealing with natural and artificial gemstone materials
selective absorption of light in the gem material. Coloring agents or chromophores show bands in the spectroscope and indicate which element is responsible
Gemology
Atom(s) in a molecule which give it luminescent properties
the latter term has been frequently used in the chemical literature. Chromophore Fluorophore Phosphor Kricka, Larry J. (2003), Optical Methods: A Guide
Luminophore
Geology. Minerals and stones
of its essential chemical formula. In imperial topaz, the principal chromophores identified by spectroscopic research are: Chromium (Cr3+) — responsible
Imperial_topaz
Substance used as a blue dye and as a medication
as an antimicrobial agent. It is classified as an azine dye, and the chromophore is a cation, the anion is often unspecified. New methylene blue contains
New_methylene_blue
Gradual retinal degeneration leading to progressive sight loss
disrupts the protein's conjunction with 11-cis-retinal to induce proper chromophore formation. Additional mutants in this pigment-encoding gene affect protein
Retinitis_pigmentosa
Chemical compound
composed of 6-14 amino acids. The chain of amino acids is built onto the chromophore core, and is synthesized via non-ribosomal peptide synthesis. As is common
Pyoverdine
Optical process
species, the emitter (or annihilator). Emitters are typically polyaromatic chromophores with large singlet-triplet energy splitting, such as anthracene and its
Photon_upconversion
Protein tag
and an external chromophore, dark until combination with its cognate protein tag. Chromophores span from naturally occurring chromophores, e.g., flavin
Fluorescence-activating and absorption-shifting tag
Fluorescence-activating_and_absorption-shifting_tag
InterPro Domain
evolutionary conserved protein domain. This domain binds a light harvesting chromophore that enhanced the spectrum of photolyase or cryptochrome light absorption
DNA photolyase N-terminal domain
DNA_photolyase_N-terminal_domain
Induced shape change in macromolecules
that may induce such changes include temperature, pH, voltage, light in chromophores, ion concentration, phosphorylation, or the binding of a ligand. Many
Conformational_change
Clorox brand cleaning product
Myristamine Oxide Tetrapotassium EDTA Ethanol Polyoxyalkylene Substituted Chromophore (Yellow) Fragrance Ingredient (CAS number withheld) Limonene Water Ethanalomine
Formula_409
α-helix. The chromophore is formed autocatalytically from residues Cys62, Tyr63 and Gly64. The on state of the dronpa molecule has the chromophore in a cis
Dronpa
Reactive dye based on carbene chemistry
A benzophenone is functionalised with a chromophore or group that can be easily converted to a chromophore at a later stage. The functionalised benzophenone
Carbene_dye
Branch of physics
approaches used in the past to enhance nonlinearities include extending chromophore π-systems, adjusting bond length alternation, inducing intramolecular
Nonlinear_optics
after a pulsed excitation to analyse the decay statistics of an excited chromophore. The main application of FIDSAM is the discrimination of unspecific autofluorescent
Fluorescence intensity decay shape microscopy
Fluorescence_intensity_decay_shape_microscopy
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