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Imaging systems using changes in phase
Phase-contrast X-ray imaging or phase-sensitive X-ray imaging is a general term for different technical methods that use information concerning changes
Phase-contrast_X-ray_imaging
Imaging method
Phase-contrast imaging is a method of imaging that has a range of different applications. It measures differences in the refractive index of different
Phase-contrast_imaging
Optical microscopy technique
Phase-contrast imaging Phase-contrast X-ray imaging "The phase contrast microscope". Nobel Media AB. Zernike, F. (1955). "How I Discovered Phase Contrast"
Phase-contrast_microscopy
Single-shot multi-contrast x-ray imaging is an efficient and a robust x-ray imaging technique which is used to obtain three different and complementary
Single-shot multi-contrast X-ray imaging
Single-shot_multi-contrast_X-ray_imaging
Type of microscope that uses X-rays
detector to detect X-rays that pass through the specimen. It is a contrast imaging technology using the difference in absorption of soft X-rays in the water
X-ray_microscope
Measurement method using interference of waves
elementary discussion, see Phase-contrast x-ray imaging (introduction). For a more in-depth review, see Phase-contrast X-ray imaging.) It has become an important
Interferometry
Vacuum tube that converts electrical input power into X-rays
radiography, the imaging of partly opaque objects with penetrating radiation. In contrast to other sources of ionizing radiation, X-rays are only produced
X-ray_tube
Australian scientist
Australian physicist known for his contributions to the field of Phase-contrast X-ray imaging. Wilkins' parents were originally from Brno, Czechoslovakia,
Stephen_W._Wilkins
Japanese physicist
Tohoku University known for his contributions to the field of phase-contrast X-ray imaging. Born in 1962 in Toyama Prefecture, Momose graduated with a Master's
Atsushi_Momose
German physicist
development of Phase-contrast X-ray imaging and its applications in biomedical research. Pfeiffer contributed to the extension of known imaging modalities
Franz_Pfeiffer_(physicist)
Medical imaging technique
Contrast CT, or contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT), is X-ray computed tomography (CT) using radiocontrast. Radiocontrasts for X-ray CT are generally
Contrast_CT
Conference on X-Ray Microscopy (XRM) is a biennial international conference on X-ray imaging. The scope includes a range of topics in X-ray imaging, both in
International Conference on X-Ray Microscopy
International_Conference_on_X-Ray_Microscopy
Medical imaging procedure
1970s, CT has become an important tool in medical imaging to supplement conventional X-ray imaging and medical ultrasonography. It has more recently been
CT_scan
Branch of optics
X-ray diffraction, X-ray crystallography, X-ray fluorescence, small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray microscopy, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, and X-ray
X-ray_optics
Mathematical function in general imaging
function. The contrast in HRTEM comes from interference in the image plane between the phases of scattered electron waves with the phase of the transmitted
Contrast_transfer_function
Formation of 2D images using X-rays
radiography, is a form of radiography and medical imaging that produces two-dimensional images by X-ray radiation. Projectional radiography is not the same
Projectional_radiography
Ancient Roman villa in Herculanum/Ercolano
(2015). "Revealing letters in rolled Herculaneum papyri by X-ray phase-contrast imaging". Nature Communications. 6 5895: 5. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.5895M
Villa_of_the_Papyri
Form of electromagnetic radiation
[citation needed] Phase-contrast X-ray imaging refers to a variety of techniques that use phase information of an X-ray beam to form the image. Due to its good
X-ray
Multinational X-ray research laser facility in Germany
from classical phase-contrast X-ray imaging to coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI) and with applications, e.g. in strain imaging inside nanostructured
European_XFEL
Production of an image when X-rays strike a fluorescent screen
an imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the interior of an object. In its primary application of medical imaging, a
Fluoroscopy
Method of microscopic imaging
demonstrated with visible light, X-rays, electrons and extreme-ultraviolet radiation, enabling quantitative phase contrast imaging across nine orders of magnitude
Ptychography
Visible difference in brightness or color
Contrast is the difference in luminance or color that makes an object (or its representation in an image or display) distinguishable from a background
Contrast_(vision)
Medical imaging technique
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to generate pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes inside
Magnetic_resonance_imaging
Study of living cells using time-lapse microscopy
intrinsic imaging contrast for transparent or phase objects, measurements of RI tomograms can provide label-free quantitative imaging of microscopic phase objects
Live-cell_imaging
Swedish physicist (born 1955)
than conventional X-ray tubes. This is useful in techniques such as Phase-contrast X-ray imaging, Small-angle X-ray scattering, and X-ray crystallography
Hans_Hertz
Interference pattern
Wen, Han (2016). "A universal moiré effect and application in X-ray phase-contrast imaging". Nature Physics. 12 (9): 830–834. Bibcode:2016NatPh..12..830M
Moiré_pattern
X-ray 3D imaging method
both in medical imaging and in industrial computed tomography. In general, there are two types of scanner setups. In one setup, the X-ray source and detector
X-ray_microtomography
Property in optics
Schlieren deflectometry Optical properties of water and ice Phase-contrast X-ray imaging Prism-coupling refractometry Velocity factor One consequence
Refractive_index
Particle accelerator designed to produce intense x-ray beams
Synchrotron X-rays can be used for traditional X-ray imaging, phase-contrast X-ray imaging, and tomography. The Ångström-scale wavelength of X-rays enables
Synchrotron_light_source
Medical imaging technique
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique mostly used in radiology and nuclear medicine in order to investigate the anatomy and physiology
Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
Physics_of_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Synchrotron X-ray diffraction-based imaging technique
using synchrotron X-ray diffraction-based imaging. The technique works by using scattered X-rays to create a high degree of contrast, and by measuring
Dark-field_X-ray_microscopy
Algorithmic imaging methods that reconstruct quantitative phase and amplitude
components with phase-retrieval and computational algorithms. Major approaches include coherent diffractive imaging (CDI), ptychography (X-ray and electron)
Computational_microscopy
Technique used for determining crystal structures and identifying mineral compounds
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the structure causes a beam
X-ray_crystallography
Dutch physicist (1888–1966)
Ornstein Coherence theory Fourier optics Live cell imaging Optical aberration Phase-contrast X-ray imaging Physical optics Tolansky, S. (1967). "Frits Zernike
Frits_Zernike
Imaging mode of electron microscopes
microscopy is that image formation relies on phase contrast. In phase-contrast imaging, contrast is not intuitively interpretable, as the image is influenced
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy
High-resolution_transmission_electron_microscopy
Scanning microscopy using thin samples and transmitted electrons
analytical techniques such as Z-contrast annular dark-field imaging, and spectroscopic mapping by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, or electron
Scanning transmission electron microscopy
Scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy
Viewing of objects which are too small to be seen with the naked eye
the life and physical sciences. X-ray microscopy is three-dimensional and non-destructive, allowing for repeated imaging of the same sample for in situ
Microscopy
Elastic interaction of x-rays with electrons
X-ray diffraction is a generic term for phenomena associated with changes in the direction of X-ray beams due to interactions with the electrons around
X-ray_diffraction
Algorithmic determination of wave cycle parts
finding the phase that satisfies a set of constraints for a measured amplitude. Important applications of phase retrieval include X-ray crystallography
Phase_retrieval
Process for assessing human fertility
causes of infertility. Some use a combination of imaging such as an X-ray or ultrasound with a contrast agent to visualize anatomic structures within the
Fertility_testing
History of radiation-based medical imaging
diagnostics. While X-ray radiography achieved tremendous success in the early 1900s, it had a significant limitation: projection-based imaging lacked depth
History of computed tomography
History_of_computed_tomography
Field imaging uses the specular, reflected, (0,0) beam to form an image. Also known as phase or interference contrast imaging, bright field imaging makes
Low-energy electron microscopy
Low-energy_electron_microscopy
X-rays or HEX-rays are very hard X-rays, with typical energies of 80–1000 keV (1 MeV), about one order of magnitude higher than conventional X-rays used
High-energy_X-rays
Australian medical technology company
process and enhance X-ray and Computed Tomography (CT) images. Airflow is measured throughout all regions of the lung, across all phases of the breath—providing
4DMedical
Scanning electron microscope with a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber
vacuum electron microscopy. Charge contrast imaging is a scanning electron microscope imaging mode which can produce images of otherwise invisible microstructures
Environmental scanning electron microscope
Environmental_scanning_electron_microscope
Sensor-controlled optical focus
achieved by phase detection or contrast measurement. Phase detection (PD) is achieved by dividing the incoming light into pairs of images and comparing
Autofocus
Respiratory system imaging
tomography scan protocols used in medical imaging to evaluate the lungs and search for lung disorders. Contrast agents are sometimes used in CT scans of
Computed tomography of the chest
Computed_tomography_of_the_chest
Technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body
Medical imaging is the technique and process of imaging the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation
Medical_imaging
Study of metals using microscopy
been performed using x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques for many years. XRD can be used to determine the percentages of various phases present in a specimen
Metallography
Scrolls from ancient Italy
Daniel (2015). "Revealing letters in rolled Herculaneum papyri by X-ray phase-contrast imaging". Nature Communications. 6 5895. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.5895M
Herculaneum_papyri
X-ray imaging technique
an imaging technique based on Bragg diffraction. Diffraction topographic images ("topographies") record the intensity profile of a beam of X-rays (or
Diffraction_topography
Type of microscope with electrons as a source of illumination
photons due to the electron beam Charge contrast imaging - using how charging varies with position to produce images CryoEM - using frozen samples, almost
Electron_microscope
Breast imaging technique
medical x-ray imaging. Photon-counting mammography improves dose efficiency compared to conventional technologies, and enables spectral imaging. Conventional
Photon-counting_mammography
American multinational medical technology company
divisions: Medical imaging, which includes molecular imaging, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, women’s health screening and X-ray systems; Ultrasound;
GE_HealthCare
Advanced X-ray spectroscopy technique
Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) is an advanced X-ray spectroscopy technique. In the last two decades RIXS has been widely exploited to study
Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering
Resonant_inelastic_X-ray_scattering
2008–2012 group of superhero films
Universe: Phase One – Avengers Assembled" was announced for release on September 25, 2012. It includes all six films on Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D, in a replica
Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One
Marvel_Cinematic_Universe:_Phase_One
compound Ti11Se4, which has been inaccessible by X-ray crystallography. Since CIP on single HREM images works only smoothly for layer-structures with at
Crystallographic image processing
Crystallographic_image_processing
Type of electron microscope
characteristic X-rays and light (cathodoluminescence) (CL), absorbed current (specimen current) and transmitted electrons. Secondary electron imaging and back-scattered
Scanning_electron_microscope
Scattering from arrays of atoms
that crystalline solids produced surprising patterns of reflected X-rays (in contrast to those produced with, for instance, a liquid). They found that
Bragg's_law
Imaging and diffraction using electrons that pass through samples
electrons that pass through them ("phase contrast"), the energy lost by electrons on passing through the sample ("spectrum imaging") and more. Each mechanism
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission_electron_microscopy
Particle data acquisition technique
approach including 3DXRD, X-ray diffraction contrast tomography (DCT) and high energy X-ray diffraction microscopy (HEDM) X-ray diffraction computed tomography
X-ray diffraction computed tomography
X-ray_diffraction_computed_tomography
Technique to characterize materials using X-ray radiation
X-ray spectroscopy is a general term for several spectroscopic techniques for characterization of materials by using x-ray radiation. When an electron
X-ray_spectroscopy
Method of utilizing water in magnetic resonance imaging
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), has been used extensively to map white matter tractography in the brain. In diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), the intensity
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging
Diffusion-weighted_magnetic_resonance_imaging
identified accurately. Abdominal imaging is associated with many potential uses for the different phases of contrast CT. The majority of abdominal and
Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis
Computed_tomography_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis
intrinsic imaging contrast for transparent or phase objects, measurements of RI tomograms can provide label-free quantitative imaging of microscopic phase objects
Holotomography
Alloys with high proportions of several metals
the combination of electron microscopy (including both imaging and elemental analysis) with X-ray diffraction provides a powerful approach for unravelling
High-entropy_alloy
Injection of EM radiation into a solid, resulting in bond breakage
molecules. Laser engraving Laser cutting Tunnel ionization Coherent x-ray diffraction imaging Hashida, M.; Mishima, H.; Tokita, S.; Sakabe, S. (2009). "Non-thermal
Coulomb_explosion
American physicist
chemistry, voltage imaging based on vibrational potential, and X-ray phase-contrast imaging. Diebold earned his Ph.D. in physics from Boston College in 1974
Gerald_Diebold
Refractive property of materials
index, so there is no extraordinary ray. In the second case the extraordinary ray propagates at a different phase velocity (corresponding to ne) but still
Birefringence
Group of techniques based on MRI to image blood vessels
based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to image blood vessels. Magnetic resonance angiography is used to generate images of arteries (and less commonly
Magnetic resonance angiography
Magnetic_resonance_angiography
Medical intervention
X-ray tomography, DEXA or magnetic resonance imaging. Spatial resolution is better in high frequency ultrasound transducers than most other imaging modalities
Medical_ultrasound
Italian healthcare company
CEO of Bracco Imaging. The company’s portfolio includes pharmaceutical products for diagnostic imaging, including contrast agents for X-ray, Computed Tomography
Bracco_(company)
Federal government agency for scientific research in Australia
Relenza flu drug Sirosmelt lance "Softly" woollens detergent Phase-contrast X-ray imaging Method to use titanium in 3D printing UltraBattery Essential
CSIRO
Interference phenomenon of waves
Diffractometer Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction Fiber diffraction Fraunhofer diffraction equation Fresnel imager Fresnel number Fresnel zone Kikuchi
Diffraction
Herculaneum papyrus read through means of AI
January 2015). "Revealing letters in rolled Herculaneum papyri by X-ray phase-contrast imaging". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 5895. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.5895M
PHerc._Paris._4
States of matter for water as a solid
LLNL team used x-ray crystallography on laser-shocked water droplets to determine that the oxygen ions enter a face-centered-cubic phase, which was dubbed
Phases_of_ice
Biomedical imaging technology
T2-weighted imaging is mainly used to detect myocardial edema which may develop in acute myocarditis or infarction. Phase-contrast imaging uses bipolar
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Scientific instrument for observing small objects
phase contrast by Frits Zernike in 1953, and differential interference contrast illumination by Georges Nomarski in 1955; both of which allow imaging
Microscope
Automated X-ray inspection robot
for in the imaging process. In the 5DX system the rotating x-ray source is produced by scanning a high energy electron beam around an x-ray producing target
5DX
Data manipulation in radiology
"The k-trajectory formulation of the NMR imaging process with applications in analysis and synthesis of imaging methods". Medical Physics. 10 (5): 610–621
K-space in magnetic resonance imaging
K-space_in_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Microscope imaging technique
microscope imaging contrast mechanism for visualization of cell and tissue structure and function. A second-harmonic microscope obtains contrasts from variations
Second-harmonic imaging microscopy
Second-harmonic_imaging_microscopy
German physicist
application in two- and three-dimensional imaging of biological samples. Schmahl founded the Institute for X-ray Physics at the University of Göttingen and
Günter_Schmahl
Particle accelerator
Weitkamp Citations: 12,812 Research Areas: X-ray imaging, microtomography, X-ray microscopy, X-ray phase contrast imaging Laurent Nahon Citations: 12,133 Research
SOLEIL
back-scattered electron (BSE) brightness and x-ray count rate information is converted into mineral phases. QEMSCAN data includes bulk mineralogy and calculated
QEMSCAN
Australian physicist
for his research in X-ray optics, X-ray free electron laser science, novel approaches to microscopy and X-ray phase contrast imaging. Nugent was born in
Keith_Nugent
field of X-rays and imaging techniques 2006; 178(8), p. 753–756. Richard J. Vetter, Magdalena S. Stoeva: Radiation Protection in Medical Imaging and Radiation
History of radiation protection
History_of_radiation_protection
Study of solid materials' properties and composition
crystallinity and the lattice parameters of a sample. X-ray diffraction is also used due to its imaging capabilities and speed of data generation. The latter
Solid-state_chemistry
Backend For Bolometer Array ABRIXAS – (observing program) A BRoadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey AC – (catalog) Catalogue Astrographique ACE – (spacecraft)
List_of_astronomy_acronyms
expressed it in terms of irradiance and phase: 2 π λ ∂ ∂ z I ( x , y , z ) = − ∇ x , y ⋅ [ I ( x , y , z ) ∇ x , y Φ ] , {\displaystyle {\frac {2\pi }{\lambda
Transport-of-intensity equation
Transport-of-intensity_equation
Scanning electron microscopy technique
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), cathodoluminescence (CL), and wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS) for advanced phase identification
Electron backscatter diffraction
Electron_backscatter_diffraction
History of research by Augustin-Jean Fresnel
that if two parallel rays were reflected or refracted at other than the prescribed angle, they would no longer have the same phase in a common perpendicular
Fresnel's_physical_optics
Device for measuring a physical quantity
image. Scanning acoustic microscope Scanning probe microscope Atomic force microscope (AFM) Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) Focus variation X-ray
List_of_measuring_instruments
Mathematical image techniques
confocal microscopy, X-ray computed tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging or other techniques. Similar to the other DIC techniques, the images must exhibit a
Digital image correlation and tracking
Digital_image_correlation_and_tracking
Vacuum tube used to display images
ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, which emit electron beams, which are directed and controlled to display images on
Cathode_ray_tube
Non-destructive method of accessing scrolls
January 2015). "Revealing letters in rolled Herculaneum papyri by X-ray phase-contrast imaging". Nature Communications. 6 (1) 5895. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.5895M
Virtual_unfolding
Galaxy in the constellation Virgo
pages ESA/Hubble images of M87 Messier 87 on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images Solar elemental
Messier_87
Chemical element with atomic number 64 (Gd)
"Chapter 2. Gadolinium(III)-Based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A Re-Appraisal". Metal Ions in Bio-Imaging Techniques. Springer. pp. 39–70
Gadolinium
Averaging technique for electron diffraction
bright field and dark field imaging, electron tomography, and composition-probing techniques like energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electron
Precession electron diffraction
Precession_electron_diffraction
Method to determine atomic positions in solids using an electron microscope
X-ray crystallography is determining phases in the diffraction pattern. Because of the complexity of X-ray lenses, it is difficult to form an image of
Electron_crystallography
Imaging technology
hand-held imaging systems has enabled clinical use of MSOT for imaging the breast, vasculature, lymph nodes and skin. Multi-spectral. MSOT collects images at
Multispectral optoacoustic tomography
Multispectral_optoacoustic_tomography
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