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Academic journal
Methods". Nature Protocols Bioinformatics List of scientific journals in biology ISCB Bioinformatics Core Competencies "For Authors : Nature Methods"
Nature_Methods
Scientific journal
October 28, 2025. "Nature Reviews Methods Primers: About the Editors". nature.com. Retrieved October 28, 2025. "Nature Reviews Methods Primers". MIAR: Information
Nature Reviews Methods Primers
Nature_Reviews_Methods_Primers
Examines sequence information from individual cells
sequencing". Nature Methods. 11 (1): 18. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2771. PMID 24524131. S2CID 5252333. "Method of the year 2013". Nature Methods. 11 (1): 1. January
Single-cell_sequencing
Range of methods designed for assigning cell types
Visible Embryo Project Spatial biology "Method of the Year 2020: spatially resolved transcriptomics". Nature Methods. 18 (1): 1. January 2021. doi:10
Spatial_transcriptomics
British scientific journal
journals, including Nature Neuroscience, Nature Biotechnology, Nature Methods, the Nature Clinical Practice series of journals, Nature Structural & Molecular
Nature_(journal)
Lab technique in cellular biology
sequencing-based methods. These progressed from Sanger sequencing of Expressed sequence tag libraries, to chemical tag-based methods (e.g., serial analysis
RNA-Seq
Biological analysis approach
cells in the tissue. The number of Spatial Omics methods published still lags behind the number of methods published for Single-Cell multiomics, but the
Multiomics
Series of techniques in optical microscopy
resolvable in time. These methods include super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) and all single-molecule localization methods (SMLM), such as SPDM
Super-resolution_microscopy
Proposed hypothetical arcology
ultra-modern and technological living and interaction with wildlife and nature. Methods of transportation within the X-Seed would most likely include Maglev
X-Seed_4000
Controlling biological cells with light
with light". Nature Methods. 8 (1): 24–25. doi:10.1038/nmeth.f.323. S2CID 5808517. Editorial: "Method of the Year 2010". Nature Methods. 8 (1): 1. 2010
Optogenetics
Artificial intelligence program by DeepMind
numerous computational methods to predict the 3D structures of proteins from their amino acid sequences, accuracy of such methods in best possible scenario
AlphaFold
Electron microscopy technique
structure determination of biomolecules in solution." Nature Methods also named cryo-EM as the "Method of the Year" in 2015. In the 1960s, transmission electron
Cryo-electron_microscopy
Biomolecule consisting of chains of amino acid residues
under a light microscope, other methods have to be employed to determine their structure. Common experimental methods include X-ray crystallography and
Protein
Calcium imaging technique
of circuit dynamics at multiple sites across the mammalian brain". Nature Methods. 13 (4): 325–328. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3770. ISSN 1548-7105. PMC 5717315
Fiber_photometry
Subfield
imaging methods include multiple techniques combining spatial information with omics data. They include spatial transcriptomics (Nature Method of the Year
Spatial_biology
Fluorescence microscopy technique
1155/2012/206238. PMC 3335623. PMID 22567307. Editorial: "Method of the Year 2014". Nature Methods. 12 (1): 1. 30 December 2014. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3251. PMID 25699311
Light sheet fluorescence microscopy
Light_sheet_fluorescence_microscopy
Study of RNA transcripts
arrays, and later reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) methods, but these methods are laborious and can only capture a tiny subsection of a transcriptome
Transcriptomics_technologies
Open-source image-processing software
lineages in larval Drosophila brains. Fiji was prominently featured in Nature Methods review supplement on visualization. The lattice fringe spacing of CdSe
Fiji_(software)
Large-scale study of proteins
common in molecular biology, other methods have been developed as well, that do not rely on an antibody. These methods offer various advantages, for instance
Proteomics
American chemist and academic
Allison Doerr is the chief editor of the academic journal Nature Methods and an American chemist. She began working there in 2005 and was elevated to chief
Allison_Doerr
Method in molecular biology
or 3C-based methods) are a set of molecular biology methods used to analyze the spatial organization of chromatin in a cell. These methods quantify the
Chromosome conformation capture
Chromosome_conformation_capture
Molecular biology technique
profiling of open chromatin, DNA-binding proteins and nucleosome position". Nature Methods. 10 (12): 1213–8. Bibcode:2013NatCB..10.1213B. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2688
ATAC-seq
Scientific method
concentrations. Light field microscopy methods extend functional readout of neural activity capabilities in 3D volumes. Methods such as fiber photometry, miniscopes
Calcium_imaging
Class of transport proteins
2006). "Channelrhodopsin-2 and optical control of excitable cells". Nature Methods. 3 (10): 785–792. doi:10.1038/nmeth936. PMID 16990810. S2CID 15096826
Channelrhodopsin
Type of genetic engineering
nucleases (TALENs) and engineered meganucleases—were selected by Nature Methods as the 2011 Method of the Year. The CRISPR-Cas system was selected by Science
Genome_editing
1739–40 book by David Hume
A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects (1739–40) is a book by Scottish philosopher
A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature
Type of CRISPR tool
"RNA-guided gene activation by CRISPR-Cas9-based transcription factors". Nature Methods. 10 (10): 973–6. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2600. PMC 3911785. PMID 23892895
CRISPR_activation
Analysis technique of genes
correction methods developed for bulk sequencing data were observed to perform poorly. Consequently, researchers developed statistical methods to correct
Single-cell_transcriptomics
Fluorescence microscopy imaging method
optical super-resolution microscopy methods, and were featured as Methods of the Year for 2008 by the Nature Methods journal. The development of PALM as
Photoactivated localization microscopy
Photoactivated_localization_microscopy
American chemist (born 1959)
within". Nature Methods. 7 (10): 780–781. doi:10.1038/nmeth1010-780a. PMID 20936771. S2CID 31249789. "Nanobiotechnology: Tiny cell transistor". Nature. 466
Charles_M._Lieber
DNA sequencing
generation sequencing, also known as next-generation sequencing methods. These methods emerged in 2008, characterized by technologies such as nanopore
Third-generation_sequencing
Subset of artificial intelligence
uninformed (unsupervised) method will easily be outperformed by other supervised methods, while in a typical KDD task, supervised methods cannot be used due
Machine_learning
Molecular biology techniques
interaction networks using methods of graph theory or statistical methods. The goal of these studies is to understand the nature of interactions in the context
Methods to investigate protein–protein interactions
Methods_to_investigate_protein–protein_interactions
Type of unintended effects of genetic modification techniques
Currently there are plenty of biased and unbiased methods for such a screen and only two in vitro methods. All of these are listed below: In case of normal
Off-target_genome_editing
Protein that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet light
Tsien RY (Dec 2005). "A guide to choosing fluorescent proteins" (PDF). Nature Methods. 2 (12): 905–9. doi:10.1038/nmeth819. PMID 16299475. S2CID 10024284
Green_fluorescent_protein
Type of base-pair DNA sequence
Church GM (2013). "Cas9 as a versatile tool for engineering biology". Nature Methods. 10 (10): 957–963. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2649. PMC 4051438. PMID 24076990
Protospacer_adjacent_motif
Lineage of cells that evades senescence and continues dividing
"Cell-line authentication demystified". Technology Feature. Nature Methods (Paper "Nature Reprint Collection, Technology Features" (Nov 2014)). 11 (5):
Immortalised_cell_line
Field of study
"epiGBS: reference-free reduced representation bisulfite sequencing". Nature Methods. 13 (4): 322–324. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3763. PMID 26855363. S2CID 10457615
Epigenomics
Utilizing polymers to examine small biological samples
microscopy with conventional antibodies and fluorescent proteins". Nature Methods. 13 (6): 485–8. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3833. PMC 4929147. PMID 27064647.
Expansion_microscopy
Material world and its phenomena
method in the last several centuries, nature became the passive reality, organized and moved by divine laws. With the Industrial Revolution, nature increasingly
Nature
Immunology Nature India Nature Italy Nature Machine Intelligence Nature Materials Nature Medicine Nature Metabolism Nature Methods Nature Microbiology Nature Nanotechnology
List of Nature Research journals
List_of_Nature_Research_journals
Group of methods in synthetic biology
long-overlap-based assembly methods developed in recent years. One of the most commonly used methods, the Gibson assembly method, was developed in 2009, and
Artificial_gene_synthesis
Study of living cells using time-lapse microscopy
(2012-01-01). "Methods for Cell and Particle Tracking". Imaging and Spectroscopic Analysis of Living Cells - Optical and Spectroscopic Techniques. Methods in Enzymology
Live-cell_imaging
Genomic analysis technique
Silvio (July 2017). "Comparison of computational methods for Hi-C data analysis". Nature Methods. 14 (7): 679–685. doi:10.1038/nmeth.4325. ISSN 1548-7105
Hi-C (genomic analysis technique)
Hi-C_(genomic_analysis_technique)
Zagury, J. F. O. (2011). "A linear complexity phasing method for thousands of genomes". Nature Methods. 9 (2): 179–181. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1785. PMID 22138821
Haplotype_estimation
Microbial protein found in Streptococcus pyogenes M1 GAS
(October 2013). "Cas9 as a versatile tool for engineering biology". Nature Methods. 10 (10): 957–963. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2649. PMC 4051438. PMID 24076990
Cas9
Genetically encoded calcium indicator
activity in worms, flies and mice with improved GCaMP calcium indicators". Nature Methods. 6 (12): 875–81. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1398. PMC 2858873. PMID 19898485
GCaMP
Antibody fragment
(June 2012). "A simple, versatile method for GFP-based super-resolution microscopy via nanobodies". Nature Methods. 9 (6): 582–584. doi:10.1038/nmeth
Single-domain_antibody
American neuroscientist (born 1979)
2014). "Independent optical excitation of distinct neural populations". Nature Methods. 11 (3): 338–346. Bibcode:2014NatCB..11..338K. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2836
Edward_Boyden
Methodology for biomedical research
S.; Zhuang, X. (2022-02-10). "High-content CRISPR screening". Nature Reviews Methods Primers. 2 (1) 9. doi:10.1038/s43586-022-00098-7. ISSN 2662-8449
Optical_pooled_screening
American computer scientist and software engineer
lawsuit. Academic researchers raised criticisms of the Nature paper's results and disclosure of methods. In 2023, Professors Chung-Kuan Cheng and Andrew Kahng
Jeff_Dean
Sequencing of all the exons of a genome
Anne M. Bowcock; Michael Lovett (2005). "Direct Genomic Selection". Nature Methods. 1 (2): 63–69. doi:10.1038/nmeth0105-63. PMID 16152676. S2CID 667227
Exome_sequencing
Study of genes found in the environment
biology". Nature Methods. 5 (1): 16–8. doi:10.1038/nmeth1156. PMID 18165802. S2CID 1465786. "Metagenomics versus Moore's law". Nature Methods. 6 (9): 623
Metagenomics
American bioengineer
Brophy JA, Voigt CA (2014). "Principles of genetic circuit design". Nature Methods. 11 (5): 508–20. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2926. PMC 4230274. PMID 24781324
Christopher_Voigt
Neuroimaging technique to differentiate neurons
W.; Sanes, J. R. (2013). "Improved tools for the Brainbow toolbox". Nature Methods. 10 (6): 540–547. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2450. PMC 3713494. PMID 23817127
Brainbow
Artificial biochemical receptors only responsive to predesigned drugs
BL (August 2008). "Engineering GPCR signaling pathways with RASSLs". Nature Methods. 5 (8): 673–8. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1232. PMC 2703467. PMID 18668035. Armbruster
Receptor activated solely by a synthetic ligand
Receptor_activated_solely_by_a_synthetic_ligand
American chemist
evolution of APEX2 for electron microscopy and proximity labeling". Nature Methods. 12 (1): 51–4. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3179. PMC 4296904. PMID 25419960. Rhee
Alice_Y._Ting
DNA / RNA sequencing technique
Watson M (April 2015). "Successful test launch for nanopore sequencing". Nature Methods. 12 (4): 303–4. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3327. PMID 25825834. S2CID 5604121
Nanopore_sequencing
Study of biochemical processes in an individual cell
proteomics: antibody-based methods, fluorescent protein-based methods, and mass spectroscopy-based methods. The antibody based methods use designed antibodies
Single-cell_analysis
by multiple-point constraints. Similar to penalty methods, mortar methods are explicit in their nature, i.e. they require the contacting surfaces to be
Mortar_methods
Study of general and fundamental questions
that promote different principles, theories, or methods. Philosophers use a great variety of methods to arrive at philosophical knowledge. They include
Philosophy
Approach to finding numerical solutions of ordinary differential equations
This makes the Euler method less accurate than higher-order techniques such as Runge–Kutta methods and linear multistep methods, for which the local truncation
Euler_method
Method of species identification using a short section of DNA
DNA barcode for identifying species. Molecular methods are especially useful when traditional methods are not applicable. DNA barcoding has great applicability
DNA_barcoding
American biologist
Nostrand, GA Pratt, AA Shishkin, C Gelboin-Burkhart, MY Fang, et al. Nature Methods 13(6): 508–514 (2016). "A large-scale binding and functional map of
Gene_Yeo
Ultrasound technique
Tanter M (July 2011). "Functional ultrasound imaging of the brain". Nature Methods. 8 (8): 662–664. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1641. PMID 21725300. Tanter M, Fink
Functional_ultrasound_imaging
Chinese-American biophysicist (born 1972)
imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM)". Nature Methods. 3 (10): 793–796. doi:10.1038/nmeth929. PMC 2700296. PMID 16896339.
Xiaowei_Zhuang
Research tool in genomics
(February 2012). "A bioinformatics method identifies prominent off-targeted transcripts in RNAi screens". Nature Methods. 9 (4): 363–6. doi:10.1038/nmeth
Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens
Genome-wide_CRISPR-Cas9_knockout_screens
New Zealand biophysicist
Biophysics Society in 2012. Marx, Vivien (2014-08-28). "Richard Neutze". Nature Methods. 11 (9): 877. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3074. ISSN 1548-7091. PMID 25317451
Richard_Neutze
Laboratory technique
imaging of tumor tissues with subcellular resolution by mass cytometry". Nature Methods. 11 (4): 417–422. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2869. ISSN 1548-7091. PMID 24584193
Mass_cytometry
Software in bioinformatics
assembly". Nature Biotechnology. 29 (11): 987–991. doi:10.1038/nbt.2023. PMC 5531759. PMID 22068540. "DIMACS Workshop on Combinatorial Methods for DNA Mapping
De_novo_sequence_assemblers
Study of fundamental reality
theories. Due to the abstract nature of its topic, metaphysics has received criticisms questioning the reliability of its methods and the meaningfulness of
Metaphysics
Process of determining the nucleic acid sequence
using laborious methods based on two-dimensional chromatography. Following the development of fluorescence-based sequencing methods with a DNA sequencer
DNA_sequencing
1937 book of essays by Aldous Huxley
Ends and Means (an Enquiry Into the Nature of Ideals and Into the Methods Employed for Their Realization) is a book of essays written by Aldous Huxley
Ends_and_Means
Kind of single molecule imaging
Several data analysis methods have been developed to analyze the data, such as thresholding methods, Hidden Markov Model (HMM) methods, and transition point
Single-molecule_FRET
Type of mass spectrometry
Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics: An Overview". Quantitative Methods in Proteomics. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 893. pp. 85–100. doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-885-6_7
Tandem_mass_spectrometry
most frequent methods of suicide. Deliberate self-poisoning is one of the main methods of attempted suicide. Due to its non-violent nature, it is common
Suicide_by_poisoning
Genetics, Nature Geoscience, Nature Immunology, Nature Materials, Nature Medicine, Nature Methods, Nature Nanotechnology, Nature Neuroscience, Nature Photonics
List of cities by scientific output
List_of_cities_by_scientific_output
Technique used for light microscopy
LD (March 2015). "A general method to improve fluorophores for live-cell and single-molecule microscopy". Nature Methods. 12 (3): 244–250. doi:10.1038/nmeth
Immunofluorescence
activation kinetics and localization for imaging synaptic transmission". Nature Methods. 20 (6): 925–934. doi:10.1038/s41592-023-01863-6. PMC 10250197. Hefendehl
Glutamate-sensitive fluorescent reporter
Glutamate-sensitive_fluorescent_reporter
Complete set of molecular interactions in a biological cell
using computational methods (see section above). There have been several efforts to map eukaryotic interactomes through HTP methods. While no biological
Interactome
DNA sequencing method
exploration and discovery, the editors of Nature Methods named long-read sequencing technology its method of the year for 2022. CCS can be useful to
Circular_consensus_sequencing
Biological molecules used for experiment calibration
(November 2005). "The External RNA Controls Consortium: a progress report". Nature Methods. 2 (10): 731–734. doi:10.1038/nmeth1005-731. PMID 16200073. Kivioja
Spike-in_controls
Mathematical program specifications
systems, and type theory. Formal methods can be applied at various points through the development process. Formal methods may be used to give a formal description
Formal_methods
image. All major segmentation methods have been reported on cell images, from simple thresholding to level set methods. Because there are multiple image
Bioimage_informatics
Concept in inferential statistics
2013). "Points of significance: Significance, P values and t-tests". Nature Methods. 10 (11): 1041–1042. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2698. PMID 24344377. Sham, Pak
Statistical_significance
Huson (2015). "Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND". Nature Methods. 12 (1): 59–60. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3176. PMID 25402007. S2CID 5346781
List of sequence alignment software
List_of_sequence_alignment_software
Patented molecular cloning method
"Enzymatic assembly of DNA molecules up to several hundred kilobases". Nature Methods. 6 (5): 343–345. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1318. PMID 19363495. S2CID 1351008
Gibson_assembly
the most widespread methods for isolating nucleic acids from biological samples and is known as a simple, rapid, and reliable method for the small-scale
Boom_method
American cardiothoracic surgeon
Tissue-Engineered Blood Vessels for Adult Arterial Revascularization". Nature Methods. 12: 361–365. doi:10.1038/nm1364. PMC 1513140. Jia, Fangjun (2010).
Robert_C._Robbins
(November 2018). "A call for public archives for biological image data". Nature Methods. 15 (11): 849–854. doi:10.1038/s41592-018-0195-8. PMC 6884425. PMID 30377375
List_of_biological_databases
Romanian-American scientist
doi:10.1016/j.stem.2016.02.011. PMID 26942851. "Method of the Year 2017: Organoids". Nature Methods. 15: 1. 3 January 2018. doi:10.1038/nmeth.4575. Paşca
Sergiu_P._Pașca
Cellular biology lab technique
method has been shown to be as accurate as flow cytometry (a gold standard) by the groups that developed it. It is currently one of the main methods,
CITE-Seq
Artificial enzymes
Without methods to account for this "context dependence", the standard modular assembly procedure often fails. Numerous selection methods have been
Zinc-finger_nuclease
Academic journal
Nature Protocols, published by the Nature Publishing Group, is an on-line scientific journal publishing methods in a recipe-style format. The journal
Nature_Protocols
Biotechnological procedure
biotechnological refinement of conventional polymerase chain reaction methods that can be used to directly quantify and clonally amplify nucleic acids
Digital polymerase chain reaction
Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction
Computational analysis of large, complex sets of biological data
) is an interdisciplinary field of science that develops computational methods and software tools for understanding biological data, especially when the
Bioinformatics
Method used in molecular biology
Jernej; Zavolan, Mihaela (2021-03-04). "CLIP and complementary methods". Nature Reviews Methods Primers. 1 (1) 20: 1–23. doi:10.1038/s43586-021-00018-1. ISSN 2662-8449
Cross-linking immunoprecipitation
Cross-linking_immunoprecipitation
Single cell RNA sequencing method
CROP-seq (CRISPR droplet sequencing) method as a preprint on bioRxiv, which was subsequently published in Nature Methods in 2017. CROP-seq introduced a key
Perturb-seq
Nerve fiber part
optimized fluorescent probe for visualizing glutamate neurotransmission". Nature Methods. 10 (2): 162–170. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2333. PMC 4469972. PMID 23314171
Axon_terminal
Method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA
computational analysis methods are required. To predict DNA-binding sites from ChIP-seq read count data, peak calling methods have been developed. One
ChIP_sequencing
NATURE METHODS
NATURE METHODS
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu
Feature; Future
Girl/Female
French
Born at Christmas.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Sacrifice
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Clever' Skilful; Beautiful; Charming
Girl/Female
Indian
Guardian
Female
French
French form of Latin Laura, LAURE means "laurel."
Boy/Male
African, Hindu, Indian
Of the Natine Tribe
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
An Expert in Dances
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Nature; Natural Disposition
Male
Swedish
Danish and Swedish form of Scandinavian Tore, TURE means "thunder."
Male
Turkish
Turkish form of Mongolian Baatar, BATUR means "warrior."
Boy/Male
Sikh
Warner, Eyes
Girl/Female
Muslim
Guardian
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Eyes
Male
Swedish
Swedish name derived from Old Norse stúra, STURE means "obstinate."
Female
Italian
Italian form of Latin Natalia, NATALE means "birthday," or in Church Latin "Christmas day."
Female
English
English color name AZURE means "sky blue."
Boy/Male
British, English
A Planet
Girl/Female
Muslim
Nature, Natural disposition
Girl/Female
Indian
Sacrifice
NATURE METHODS
NATURE METHODS
Male
Spanish
Spanish form of Latin Valentinus, VALENTÃN means "healthy, strong."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil, Telugu
Learned; Shiva
Boy/Male
Muslim
Birth, Birthday
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Helper; Protector
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Lightning
Girl/Female
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim
Shining
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Servant of Allah
Girl/Female
Hindu
The beautiful and intelligent
Boy/Male
Hindu
Shinning, Decoration, Light
Girl/Female
Hindu
NATURE METHODS
NATURE METHODS
NATURE METHODS
NATURE METHODS
NATURE METHODS
v. i.
To advance toward maturity; to become ripe; as, wine matures by age; the judgment matures by age and experience.
a.
Good-natured; kind.
v. t.
To endow with a nature or qualities; to refer to nature.
superl.
Of or pertaining to a condition of full development; as, a man of mature years.
imp. & p. p.
of Mature
a.
Found in nature; not artificial; as native sodium chloride.
v. t.
To endow with natural qualities.
a.
Resembling the object imitated; true to nature; according to the life; -- said of anything copied or imitated; as, a portrait is natural.
a.
Having (such) a nature, temper, or disposition; disposed; -- used in composition; as, good-natured, ill-natured, etc.
n.
Physical constitution or existence; the vital powers; the natural life.
a.
Conformed to the order, laws, or actual facts, of nature; consonant to the methods of nature; according to the stated course of things, or in accordance with the laws which govern events, feelings, etc.; not exceptional or violent; legitimate; normal; regular; as, the natural consequence of crime; a natural death.
a.
Connected by nature; united in nature; inborn; inherent; natural.
a.
Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing; belonging to native character; according to nature; essential; characteristic; not artifical, foreign, assumed, put on, or acquired; as, the natural growth of animals or plants; the natural motion of a gravitating body; natural strength or disposition; the natural heat of the body; natural color.
a.
Found in nature uncombined with other elements; as, native silver.
n.
Natural affection or reverence.
n.
The contrary of nature; that which is unnatural.
a.
Dictated by, or indicating, ill nature; spiteful.
superl.
Characteristic of the species; belonging to one's nature; natural; native.
n.
Conformity to that which is natural, as distinguished from that which is artifical, or forced, or remote from actual experience.
v. t.
To change the nature of; to invest with a different or contrary nature.