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Controlling biological cells with light
Look up optogenetics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. "Optogenetics: shedding light on the brain's secrets". Scientifica. "Optogenetics: Integrated
Optogenetics
American neuroscientist
strategies for those suffering from addiction. Witten then wanted to apply optogenetics to rat models to explore neural reward circuitry, so she created Th::Cre
Ilana_B._Witten
American veterinarian and academic
to 2024. Since 1986, his academic research on cardiovascular biology, optogenetics, mouse genetics, and ion channel function has been funded by the National
Michael_Kotlikoff
American optogeneticist (born 1971)
optogenetics, and neural circuits of behavior Deisseroth named this field "optogenetics" in 2006 and followed up with the development of optogenetic technologies
Karl_Deisseroth
Austrian neuroscientist (born 1965)
of optogenetics beyond the proof-of-principle stage. In 2015 he received the Heinrich Wieland Prize "for his breakthrough concept of optogenetics and
Gero_Miesenböck
Chinese–American biochemist (born 1981)
Zhang is most well known for his central role in the development of optogenetics and CRISPR technologies. In 2025, he was awarded National Medal of Technology
Feng_Zhang
American neuroscientist (born c. 1981)
Institute for Biological Sciences. Her research has focused on using optogenetics to identify connections in the brain that are involved in innate emotion
Kay_Tye
Autoimmune disease resulting in skeletal muscle weakness
Goldstein PA, Studer L (January 2016). "Functional Connectivity under Optogenetic Control Allows Modeling of Human Neuromuscular Disease". Cell Stem Cell
Myasthenia_gravis
Optogenetics began with methods to alter neuronal activity with light, using e.g. channelrhodopsins. In a broader sense, optogenetic approaches also include
Optogenetic methods to record cellular activity
Optogenetic_methods_to_record_cellular_activity
Class of transport proteins
Science and Medicine for the development of optogenetics. Channelrhodopsins are key tools in optogenetics. The C-terminal end of Channelrhodopsin-2 extends
Channelrhodopsin
Calcium imaging technique
for imaging of multiple interacting brain regions and integration with optogenetics, electrophysiology and more systems-level neuroscience techniques. More
Fiber_photometry
Chinese neuroscientist (born 1956)
Chinese-American neuroscientist, known for his foundational contributions to optogenetics. He is the Edward T. and Ellen K. Dryer Endowed Professor of Ophthalmology
Zhuo-Hua_Pan
American neuroscientist (born 1979)
for his work on optogenetics and expansion microscopy. Boyden joined the MIT faculty in 2007, and continues to develop new optogenetic tools as well as
Edward_Boyden
American neuroscientist (born 1967)
to be known as optogenetics. These techniques were later improved by Karl Deisseroth in 2005; these pioneering studies in optogenetics led to these three
Boris_Zemelman
Branches of science that involve the scientific study of life
key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin
List_of_life_sciences
Biochemical technique
Chemogenetics has recently been favored over optogenetics, and it avoids some of the challenges of optogenetics. Chemogenetics does not require the expensive
Chemogenetics
via the use of optogenetics as in the case of the chloride pump halorhodopsin which functions to hyperpolarize neurons. Before optogenetics can be performed
Photostimulation
Family of transmembrane proteins
U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Optogenetics Resource Center OpenOptogenetics.org, an open wiki about optogenetics.
Halorhodopsin
Academic journal
transcranial direct-current stimulation, ultrasound neuromodulation, and optogenetics. The journal is abstracted and indexed in: BIOSIS Previews Biological
Brain_Stimulation_(journal)
Neuroscientist
of relief for symptoms of mental health disorders through the use of optogenetics. Ramirez graduated from Boston University in 2010 and later earned his
Steve_Ramirez
German biophysicist
of optogenetics". Cell. 184 (21): 5266–5270. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.022. PMID 34562360. S2CID 237622465. Häusser, Michael (2021). "Optogenetics – The
Peter_Hegemann
Redox-active coenzyme
would be unlikely to interfere with the human FAD synthase enzymes. Optogenetics allows control of biological events in a non-invasive manner. The field
Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide
Conjectured means by which memories are stored
on neurons affected by optogenetics, a long-term fear-related memory appears to be recalled. Another study used optogenetics and chemogenetics to control
Engram_(neuropsychology)
Swiss multinational pharmaceutical corporation
would acquire gene-therapy business, Arctos Medical, broadening its optogenetics range. In December, Novartis announced it would purchase Gyroscope Therapeutics
Novartis
Chinese-American neuroscientist
executive control."Dan uses the mouse as her model organism combined with optogenetics, imaging, virus-mediated circuit tracing, and electrophysiology. Dan
Yang_Dan_(neuroscientist)
with the discovery of channelrhodopsins, which opened the new field of optogenetics. Early in 1995, Georg Nagel and Ernst Bamberg demonstrated that a microbial
Georg_Nagel
Bulgarian–American engineer and academic
optogenetics: a strategy to control biological processes using light. She was among the first scientists to extend the applications of optogenetics to
Emilia_Entcheva
Photoluminescent particles
light. Moreover, the utilization of upconversion nanocrystal-mediated optogenetics has enabled the stimulation of deep-brain neurons in mouse brains. This
Upconverting_nanoparticles
Species of alga
proteins and others like them are increasingly widely used in the field of optogenetics. The genome of C. reinhardtii is significant for mitochondrial study
Chlamydomonas_reinhardtii
Indian-German biologist
Nishith (2018-07-12). "Illuminating pathogen–host intimacy through optogenetics". PLOS Pathogens. 14 (7) e1007046. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007046.
Nishith_Gupta
American neuroscientist
the University of California San Francisco. Gunaydin helped discover optogenetics in the lab of Karl Deisseroth and now uses this technique in combination
Lisa_Gunaydin
Colour between violet and cyan on the visible spectrum of light
inefficient, but still widely used by scientists for applications including optogenetics, Raman spectroscopy, and particle image velocimetry, due to their superior
Blue
Class of proteins
(2015-01-20). "Controlling fertilization and cAMP signaling in sperm by optogenetics". eLife. 4 e05161. doi:10.7554/eLife.05161. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 4298566
Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase
Photoactivated_adenylyl_cyclase
potassium channels and tools for on-demand suppression of excitability (optogenetics and chemogenetics).[citation needed] Adenosine is an inhibitory nucleoside
Gene_therapy_for_epilepsy
American neuroscientist and biomedical engineer
California Institute of Technology. She develops neurotechnologies, including optogenetics CLARITY tissue clearing, and gene delivery vectors. She has been awarded
Viviana_Gradinaru
Private medical school in Stanford, California, US
Bioengineering and of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, pioneer of optogenetics, winner of the 2016 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences William C. Dement
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford_University_School_of_Medicine
Selective artificial removal of memories or associations from the mind
taken. A way of selectively erasing memories may be possible through optogenetics, a type of gene therapy that targets specific neurons. In 2017, researchers
Memory_erasure
Short-range wireless technology standard
Graeme; Degenaar, Patrick (2015). "Wireless data and power transfer of an optogenetic implantable visual cortex stimulator". 2015 37th Annual International
Bluetooth
Canadian Neuroscientist
used like optogenetics to cause synaptic level and behavioral changes in mice, a finding that increases the translational potential of optogenetic studies
Meaghan_Creed
German physicist
organic dyes, luminescent polymers, and photoreceptor proteins relevant to optogenetics. He is a Fellow of Optica (formerly the Optical Society of America).
Alfons_Penzkofer
Study of neural function
investigate the function of specific receptors in neurons and glia. Optogenetics and chemogenetics allow specific activation of neurons to study their
Neurophysiology
light-gated ion channels to turn on cell firing and these are part of optogenetic induction models of epilepsy. Sarkisian, Matthew R. (31 May 2001). "Overview
Animal_models_of_epilepsy
American academic
microstructure. Together with Karl Deisseroth, Delp pioneered the use of optogenetics to control activity in the peripheral nervous system leading to important
Scott_L._Delp
Set of neuroscience techniques
spinal cord through the use of imaging, immunohistochemistry, molecular & optogenetics, stem cell and cellular biology, engineering, neurophysiology and nanotechnology
Brain_mapping
Taiwanese-American biochemist and bioengineer
Stanford University has engineered proteins with novel functions for optogenetics, chemogenetics, and synthetic biology. Notable inventions include: Red
Michael_Z._Lin
Mirror-based electronic display technology
Modulation Multivariate optical computing Digital Holographic Tomography Optogenetics Flip-disc display US patent 3746911, Nathanson et al, "Electrostatically
Digital_micromirror_device
Interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering
of applications in biocomputing, bioenergy, biofuels, bioremediation, optogenetics, and medicine, it involves the standardisation of DNA components, engineering
Synthetic_biology
Biotechnology company
emerging field of optogenetics and retinal coding. Through the collaboration, AGTC and Bionic Sight will to develop a new optogenetic therapy that leverages
Applied Genetic Technologies Corporation
Applied_Genetic_Technologies_Corporation
presynaptic terminals by fluorescence microscopy. GluSnFRs are a class of optogenetic sensors used in neuroscience research. In brain tissue, two-photon microscopy
Glutamate-sensitive fluorescent reporter
Glutamate-sensitive_fluorescent_reporter
Model for the development of seizures
a new model to develop kindling in the neocortex was developed using optogenetics (light) instead of passing electrical current. In 2021, "optokindling"
Kindling_model_of_epilepsy
Gradual retinal degeneration leading to progressive sight loss
pigmentosa, based on the evidence available at that time. In 2021 an optogenetics application of the protein Channelrhodopsin in a human patient was reported
Retinitis_pigmentosa
Protein
PMID 29108650. Adam Y, Kim JJ, Lou S, et al. (2019). "Voltage imaging and optogenetics reveal behaviour-dependent changes in hippocampal dynamics". Nature.
Genetically encoded voltage indicator
Genetically_encoded_voltage_indicator
Indian-American neurosurgeon and writer (1977–2015)
PMID 23551457. S2CID 46274667. Kalanithi, P. S.; Henderson, J. M. (2012). "Optogenetic Neuromodulation". Emerging Horizons in Neuromodulation – New Frontiers
Paul_Kalanithi
Family of archaea
archaerhodopsins. Mutants of Archaerhodopsin-3 (AR3) are used as tools in optogenetics for neuroscience research. The term archaerhodopsin is a portmanteau
Archaerhodopsin
Fighting, Fleeing, Feeding and Fucking
nerve cells operate so intimately that signals may get misinterpreted. Optogenetic stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus in male mice resulted in
Four_Fs_(evolution)
Japanese scientist (born 1939)
of FXS symptoms in the mouse model. Tonegawa was an early adopter of optogenetics and biotechnology in neuroscience research, leading to his groundbreaking
Susumu_Tonegawa
Gene editing method
F, Nakajima T, Sato M (July 2015). "Photoactivatable CRISPR-Cas9 for optogenetic genome editing". Nature Biotechnology. 33 (7): 755–760. doi:10.1038/nbt
CRISPR_gene_editing
German neuroscientist
nucleus accumbens projection in the inhibition of feeding behaviors. Using optogenetics, they found that stimulating the pIC caused aversive behaviors as well
Nadine_Gogolla
Color between orange and green on the visible spectrum of light
and 594 nm have recently become more widespread thanks to the field of optogenetics. Stars of spectral classes F and G have color temperatures that make
Yellow
American neuroscientist
Italy-based biotechnology company OptogeniX, which sells equipment for optogenetics studies. Sabatini's work has contributed to understanding the biochemical
Bernardo_L._Sabatini
Study of biological and neural mechanisma in behaviour
or Proton pumps are the two classes of proteins used for inhibitory optogenetics, achieving inhibition by increasing cytoplasmic levels of halides (Cl−
Behavioral_neuroscience
Structure at the rear of the vertebrate brain, beneath the cerebrum
Medina JF (February 2014). "Precise control of movement kinematics by optogenetic inhibition of Purkinje cell activity". Journal of Neuroscience. 34 (6):
Cerebellum
Group of neural structures responsible for motivation and desire
also lie in the heterogenous functionality of reward related regions. Optogenetic stimulation of the mPFC as a whole produces antidepressant effects. This
Reward_system
Israeli psychoneuroimmunologist
Rolls first used optogenetics to dissect the role of sleep in memory consolidation. By activating orexin neurons optogenetically, Rolls was able to
Asya_Rolls
Open question in philosophy of how abstract minds interact with physical bodies
K.; de Lecea L. (2007). "Neural substrates of awakening probed with optogenetic control of hypocretin neurons". Nature. 450 (7168): 420–4. Bibcode:2007Natur
Mind–body_problem
Cutaneous receptor in the human eye
remained unknown. Recently optogenetic studies revealed their role in sexual stimulation and mating behavior in mice: "Optogenetic activation of male Krause
Bulboid_corpuscle
American award in biology and medicine
The discovery has greatly enlarged and strengthened the new field of optogenetics. Channelrhodopsins also provide a high potential for biomedical applications
Wiley_Prize
American neuroscientist and author
research methods such as computational modeling, in vitroelectrophysiology, optogenetics, and human psychophysics to conduct research observing how individual
Dean_Buonomano
MRI procedure that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow
same task. More recent characterization of the BOLD signal has used optogenetic techniques in rodents to precisely control neuronal firing while simultaneously
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Vertebrate brain region
neurons have also been demonstrated as critical for social memory under optogenetic control in mice. In the early 20th century, the widely held view was
Hippocampus
Branch of neuroscience
the local connections or mutual arrangement (tiling) between neurons. Optogenetics uses transgenic constitutive and site-specific expression (normally in
Neuroanatomy
American psychiatric neuroscientist
influencing downstream brain region. By combining genetic analysis with optogenetic, Lobo has identified divergent roles in nucleus accumbens projection
Mary_Kay_Lobo
Chemical substance that enables neurotransmission
1521238113. PMC 4791010. PMID 26831103. Previous work has demonstrated that optogenetically stimulating D1 MSNs promotes reward, whereas stimulating D2 MSNs produces
Neurotransmitter
Electrodes to record the activity of hundreds of neurons in the brain
"Neuropixels Opto: Combining high-resolution electrophysiology and optogenetics". bioRxiv 10.1101/2025.02.04.636286. Paulk, Angelique C.; Kfir, Yoav;
Neuropixels
Hypothesis that reality could be a computer simulation
Intelligence amplification Isolated brain Neuroprosthetics Neurotechnology Optogenetics Sensory substitution Stentrode Synthetic telepathy Scientific phenomena
Simulation_hypothesis
Medical intervention
H.; Kreitzer, Anatol C. (July 2019). "Thermal constraints on in vivo optogenetic manipulations". Nature Neuroscience. 22 (7): 1061–1065. doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0422-3
Transcranial focused ultrasound
Transcranial_focused_ultrasound
American neuroscientist
specific optogenetics. Following this paper, Cardin and a team of researchers developed a protocol to both stimulate neurons optogenetically and record
Jessica_Cardin
Type of electrode
Hippocampus of Behaving Mice Coupled with Four-Point-Irradiation Closed-Loop Optogenetics: A Technique to Study the Contribution of Hippocampal SWR Events to Learning"
Tetrode_(biology)
Series of neuroscience books published by Elsevier
Progress in Brain Research Cover of volume 196, Optogenetics, 2012 Edited by Stephen Waxman, Donald G. Stein, Dick Swaab, Howard Fields Language English
Progress_in_Brain_Research
Technology that interfaces with the nervous system to monitor or modify neural function
Wu, X. et al. Sono-optogenetics facilitated by a circulationdelivered rechargeable light source for minimally invasive optogenetics. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Neurotechnology
American neuroscientist
neurotransmitter release and his contributions to the development of optogenetics, a tool to control neural activity using light. He is best known as the
George_J._Augustine
South Korean neuroscientist and neuroimmunologist
finding, Choi stimulated random ensembles of piriform neurons, using optogenetics, and paired stimulation with an unconditioned stimulus, either shock
Gloria_Choi
with genetics (e.g. optogenetics, chemogenetics, etc.), and each technology has strengths and limits. For example, optogenetics has advantages in that
Magnetogenetics
Junction between motor neuron and muscle fiber
stem cells. In this model presynaptic motor neurons are activated by optogenetics and in response synaptically connected muscle fibers twitch upon light
Neuromuscular_junction
Overview of and topical guide to brain mapping
endoscopic and multi-modality imaging), immunohistochemistry, molecular and optogenetics, stem cell and cellular biology, engineering (material, electrical and
Outline_of_brain_mapping
Scientific study of the nervous system
neuroimaging (e.g., fMRI, PET, SPECT), EEG, MEG, electrophysiology, optogenetics and human genetic analysis combined with sophisticated experimental techniques
Neuroscience
Form of programmed cell death
PMID 9989411. S2CID 204991081. Jewhurst K, Levin M, McLaughlin KA (2014). "Optogenetic Control of Apoptosis in Targeted Tissues of Xenopus laevis Embryos".
Apoptosis
Science institute in South Korea
January 17, 2024. "Controlling the messenger with blue light: A new optogenetic tool to manipulate target messenger RNA in living cells". Institute for
Institute_for_Basic_Science
Neuroscientist of addiction and depression
Nestler EJ (2010). "Cell type specific loss of BDNF signaling mimics optogenetic control of cocaine reward". Science. 330 (6002): 385–390. Bibcode:2010Sci
Eric_J._Nestler
Branch of neuroscience
viral vectors, pharmacology, in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology, optogenetics, in vivo imaging, and behavioral analysis. Modeling has become an essential
Molecular_cellular_cognition
Distinct, flexible appendage to the torso of an animal
spinal cord and can directly contact tail motor neurons. Experimental optogenetic activation of this pathway showed that tail movements were most strongly
Tail
Brain structures in the forebrain
RE; Hussain Shuler, MG; Petersen, CC; Kepecs, A (14 October 2015). "Optogenetic Dissection of the Basal Forebrain Neuromodulatory Control of Cortical
Basal_forebrain
One of six awards by the Wolf Foundation
States for sight-saving and vision restoration to blind people using optogenetics. 2025 Pamela J. Bjorkman United States for pioneering innovative strategies
Wolf_Prize_in_Medicine
American comedian (born 1979)
Professor Blastoff, also saying he wanted to use a recorded episode on Optogenetics as his first episode. "Welcome to Bridgetown (2015) - IMDb". IMDb. "The
David_Huntsberger
Pathologic overview
Nitish V (eds.). Optical Techniques in Neurosurgery, Neurophotonics, and Optogenetics II. Vol. 9305. p. 930504. Bibcode:2015SPIE.9305E..04P. doi:10.1117/12
Pathology of multiple sclerosis
Pathology_of_multiple_sclerosis
Research institute in Germany
laboratory experiments are combined with state-of-the-art methods such as optogenetics, connectomics or machine learning. Scientific research at the Max Planck
Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence
Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biological_Intelligence
Biomedical and genomic research center
Cell Observatory. Feng Zhang is a professor at MIT who contributed to optogenetics and genome editing (CRISPR) technologies. Former core members include:
Broad_Institute
Class of light-gated ion channels
manipulate brain activity in mice, fruit flies and other model organisms (Optogenetics). Neurons expressing anion-conducting channelrhodopsins are silenced
Anion-conducting channelrhodopsin
Anion-conducting_channelrhodopsin
new DNA synthesis by recording light exposure into bacterial DNA via optogenetic circuits. The 'biological camera' extends chemical and electrical interface
2023_in_science
Region of the basal forebrain
the nucleus accumbens as well, but evidence from pharmacological and optogenetics studies is conflicting. Furthermore, a subset of NAcc MSNs express both
Nucleus_accumbens
OPTOGENETICS
OPTOGENETICS
OPTOGENETICS
OPTOGENETICS
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Mythological, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Telugu
Fair Complexioned; Avtar of Lord Krishna; Part of Lord Shiva; One of the Names of Ganesh; A Fair One; Husband of Gauri (Parvati); Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Hindu
Awakening, Perception
Boy/Male
Indian
The praised one
Girl/Female
Slavic
Works for the people.
Girl/Female
Egyptian
Name of a queen.
Boy/Male
English American German
Cuts the nap of woolen cloth. 'Shireman' In medieval times the shireman served as governor-judge...
Girl/Female
Norse
Forever strong.
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Japanese, Swedish
Princess; Essence
Girl/Female
Indian
Purity; Spotlight
Girl/Female
English
From Denmark. Also a.
OPTOGENETICS
OPTOGENETICS
OPTOGENETICS
OPTOGENETICS
OPTOGENETICS