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OPTOGENETICS

  • Optogenetics
  • Controlling biological cells with light

    Look up optogenetics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. "Optogenetics: shedding light on the brain's secrets". Scientifica. "Optogenetics: Integrated

    Optogenetics

    Optogenetics

  • Karl Deisseroth
  • American optogeneticist (born 1971)

    optogenetics, and neural circuits of behavior Deisseroth named this field "optogenetics" in 2006 and followed up with the development of optogenetic technologies

    Karl Deisseroth

    Karl Deisseroth

    Karl_Deisseroth

  • Ilana B. Witten
  • American neuroscientist

    strategies for those suffering from addiction. Witten then wanted to apply optogenetics to rat models to explore neural reward circuitry, so she created Th::Cre

    Ilana B. Witten

    Ilana_B._Witten

  • Gero Miesenböck
  • Austrian neuroscientist (born 1965)

    of optogenetics beyond the proof-of-principle stage. In 2015 he received the Heinrich Wieland Prize "for his breakthrough concept of optogenetics and

    Gero Miesenböck

    Gero Miesenböck

    Gero_Miesenböck

  • Edward Boyden
  • American neuroscientist (born 1979)

    for his work on optogenetics and expansion microscopy. Boyden joined the MIT faculty in 2007, and continues to develop new optogenetic tools as well as

    Edward Boyden

    Edward_Boyden

  • Michael Kotlikoff
  • American veterinarian and academic

    to 2024. Since 1986, his academic research on cardiovascular biology, optogenetics, mouse genetics, and ion channel function has been funded by the National

    Michael Kotlikoff

    Michael_Kotlikoff

  • Channelrhodopsin
  • Class of transport proteins

    Science and Medicine for the development of optogenetics. Channelrhodopsins are key tools in optogenetics. The C-terminal end of Channelrhodopsin-2 extends

    Channelrhodopsin

    Channelrhodopsin

  • Feng Zhang
  • Chinese–American biochemist (born 1981)

    Zhang is most well known for his central role in the development of optogenetics and CRISPR technologies. In 2025, he was awarded National Medal of Technology

    Feng Zhang

    Feng Zhang

    Feng_Zhang

  • Optogenetic methods to record cellular activity
  • Optogenetics began with methods to alter neuronal activity with light, using e.g. channelrhodopsins. In a broader sense, optogenetic approaches also include

    Optogenetic methods to record cellular activity

    Optogenetic_methods_to_record_cellular_activity

  • Peter Hegemann
  • German biophysicist

    of optogenetics". Cell. 184 (21): 5266–5270. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.022. PMID 34562360. S2CID 237622465. Häusser, Michael (2021). "Optogenetics – The

    Peter Hegemann

    Peter Hegemann

    Peter_Hegemann

  • List of life sciences
  • Branches of science that involve the scientific study of life

    key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin

    List of life sciences

    List of life sciences

    List_of_life_sciences

  • Chemogenetics
  • Biochemical technique

    Chemogenetics has recently been favored over optogenetics, and it avoids some of the challenges of optogenetics. Chemogenetics does not require the expensive

    Chemogenetics

    Chemogenetics

  • Kay Tye
  • American neuroscientist (born c. 1981)

    Institute for Biological Sciences. Her research has focused on using optogenetics to identify connections in the brain that are involved in innate emotion

    Kay Tye

    Kay Tye

    Kay_Tye

  • Lisa Gunaydin
  • American neuroscientist

    the University of California San Francisco. Gunaydin helped discover optogenetics in the lab of Karl Deisseroth and now uses this technique in combination

    Lisa Gunaydin

    Lisa_Gunaydin

  • Georg Nagel
  • with the discovery of channelrhodopsins, which opened the new field of optogenetics. Early in 1995, Georg Nagel and Ernst Bamberg demonstrated that a microbial

    Georg Nagel

    Georg Nagel

    Georg_Nagel

  • Yang Dan (neuroscientist)
  • Chinese-American neuroscientist

    executive control."Dan uses the mouse as her model organism combined with optogenetics, imaging, virus-mediated circuit tracing, and electrophysiology. Dan

    Yang Dan (neuroscientist)

    Yang_Dan_(neuroscientist)

  • Viviana Gradinaru
  • American neuroscientist and biomedical engineer

    California Institute of Technology. She develops neurotechnologies, including optogenetics CLARITY tissue clearing, and gene delivery vectors. She has been awarded

    Viviana Gradinaru

    Viviana Gradinaru

    Viviana_Gradinaru

  • Brain Stimulation (journal)
  • Academic journal

    transcranial direct-current stimulation, ultrasound neuromodulation, and optogenetics. The journal is abstracted and indexed in: BIOSIS Previews Biological

    Brain Stimulation (journal)

    Brain_Stimulation_(journal)

  • Halorhodopsin
  • Family of transmembrane proteins

    U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Optogenetics Resource Center OpenOptogenetics.org, an open wiki about optogenetics.

    Halorhodopsin

    Halorhodopsin

    Halorhodopsin

  • Photostimulation
  • via the use of optogenetics as in the case of the chloride pump halorhodopsin which functions to hyperpolarize neurons. Before optogenetics can be performed

    Photostimulation

    Photostimulation

    Photostimulation

  • Michael Z. Lin
  • Taiwanese-American biochemist and bioengineer

    Stanford University has engineered proteins with novel functions for optogenetics, chemogenetics, and synthetic biology. Notable inventions include: Red

    Michael Z. Lin

    Michael_Z._Lin

  • Nishith Gupta
  • Indian-German biologist

    Nishith (2018-07-12). "Illuminating pathogen–host intimacy through optogenetics". PLOS Pathogens. 14 (7) e1007046. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007046.

    Nishith Gupta

    Nishith Gupta

    Nishith_Gupta

  • Alfons Penzkofer
  • German physicist

    organic dyes, luminescent polymers, and photoreceptor proteins relevant to optogenetics. He is a Fellow of Optica (formerly the Optical Society of America).

    Alfons Penzkofer

    Alfons_Penzkofer

  • Engram (neuropsychology)
  • Conjectured means by which memories are stored

    on neurons affected by optogenetics, a long-term fear-related memory appears to be recalled. Another study used optogenetics and chemogenetics to control

    Engram (neuropsychology)

    Engram_(neuropsychology)

  • Flavin adenine dinucleotide
  • Redox-active coenzyme

    would be unlikely to interfere with the human FAD synthase enzymes. Optogenetics allows control of biological events in a non-invasive manner. The field

    Flavin adenine dinucleotide

    Flavin adenine dinucleotide

    Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide

  • George J. Augustine
  • American neuroscientist

    neurotransmitter release and his contributions to the development of optogenetics, a tool to control neural activity using light. He is best known as the

    George J. Augustine

    George J. Augustine

    George_J._Augustine

  • Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase
  • Class of proteins

    (2015-01-20). "Controlling fertilization and cAMP signaling in sperm by optogenetics". eLife. 4 e05161. doi:10.7554/eLife.05161. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 4298566

    Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase

    Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase

    Photoactivated_adenylyl_cyclase

  • Upconverting nanoparticles
  • Photoluminescent particles

    light. Moreover, the utilization of upconversion nanocrystal-mediated optogenetics has enabled the stimulation of deep-brain neurons in mouse brains. This

    Upconverting nanoparticles

    Upconverting_nanoparticles

  • Fiber photometry
  • Calcium imaging technique

    for imaging of multiple interacting brain regions and integration with optogenetics, electrophysiology and more systems-level neuroscience techniques. More

    Fiber photometry

    Fiber_photometry

  • Emilia Entcheva
  • Bulgarian–American engineer and academic

    optogenetics: a strategy to control biological processes using light. She was among the first scientists to extend the applications of optogenetics to

    Emilia Entcheva

    Emilia Entcheva

    Emilia_Entcheva

  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Autoimmune disease resulting in skeletal muscle weakness

    Goldstein PA, Studer L (January 2016). "Functional Connectivity under Optogenetic Control Allows Modeling of Human Neuromuscular Disease". Cell Stem Cell

    Myasthenia gravis

    Myasthenia gravis

    Myasthenia_gravis

  • Animal models of epilepsy
  • light-gated ion channels to turn on cell firing and these are part of optogenetic induction models of epilepsy. Sarkisian, Matthew R. (31 May 2001). "Overview

    Animal models of epilepsy

    Animal_models_of_epilepsy

  • Steve Ramirez
  • Neuroscientist

    of relief for symptoms of mental health disorders through the use of optogenetics. Ramirez graduated from Boston University in 2010 and later earned his

    Steve Ramirez

    Steve_Ramirez

  • Boris Zemelman
  • American neuroscientist (born 1967)

    to be known as optogenetics. These techniques were later improved by Karl Deisseroth in 2005; these pioneering studies in optogenetics led to these three

    Boris Zemelman

    Boris_Zemelman

  • Gene therapy for epilepsy
  • Medical treatment research

    potassium channels and tools for on-demand suppression of excitability (optogenetics and chemogenetics).[citation needed] Adenosine is an inhibitory nucleoside

    Gene therapy for epilepsy

    Gene_therapy_for_epilepsy

  • Neurophysiology
  • Study of neural function

    investigate the function of specific receptors in neurons and glia. Optogenetics and chemogenetics allow specific activation of neurons to study their

    Neurophysiology

    Neurophysiology

  • Zhuo-Hua Pan
  • Chinese neuroscientist (born 1956)

    Chinese-American neuroscientist, known for his foundational contributions to optogenetics. He is the Edward T. and Ellen K. Dryer Endowed Professor of Ophthalmology

    Zhuo-Hua Pan

    Zhuo-Hua_Pan

  • Neuroscience
  • Scientific study of the nervous system

    neuroimaging (e.g., fMRI, PET, SPECT), EEG, MEG, electrophysiology, optogenetics and human genetic analysis combined with sophisticated experimental techniques

    Neuroscience

    Neuroscience

    Neuroscience

  • Reward system
  • Group of neural structures responsible for motivation and desire

    also lie in the heterogenous functionality of reward related regions. Optogenetic stimulation of the mPFC as a whole produces antidepressant effects. This

    Reward system

    Reward system

    Reward_system

  • Memory erasure
  • Selective artificial removal of memories or associations from the mind

    taken. A way of selectively erasing memories may be possible through optogenetics, a type of gene therapy that targets specific neurons. In 2017, researchers

    Memory erasure

    Memory_erasure

  • 2023 in science
  • new DNA synthesis by recording light exposure into bacterial DNA via optogenetic circuits. The 'biological camera' extends chemical and electrical interface

    2023 in science

    2023_in_science

  • Blue
  • Colour between violet and cyan on the visible spectrum of light

    inefficient, but still widely used by scientists for applications including optogenetics, Raman spectroscopy, and particle image velocimetry, due to their superior

    Blue

    Blue

    Blue

  • Cerebellum
  • Structure at the rear of the vertebrate brain, beneath the cerebrum

    Medina JF (February 2014). "Precise control of movement kinematics by optogenetic inhibition of Purkinje cell activity". Journal of Neuroscience. 34 (6):

    Cerebellum

    Cerebellum

    Cerebellum

  • Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
  • Species of alga

    proteins and others like them are increasingly widely used in the field of optogenetics. The genome of C. reinhardtii is significant for mitochondrial study

    Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

    Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

    Chlamydomonas_reinhardtii

  • Bluetooth
  • Short-range wireless technology standard

    Graeme; Degenaar, Patrick (2015). "Wireless data and power transfer of an optogenetic implantable visual cortex stimulator". 2015 37th Annual International

    Bluetooth

    Bluetooth

    Bluetooth

  • Marc Zimmer
  • 2016 (ISBN 978-1467757843). "Lighting Up the Brain: The Science of Optogenetics." Twenty First Century Books, Minneapolis, 2018 (ISBN 978-1512427523)

    Marc Zimmer

    Marc Zimmer

    Marc_Zimmer

  • CRISPR gene editing
  • Gene editing method

    F, Nakajima T, Sato M (July 2015). "Photoactivatable CRISPR-Cas9 for optogenetic genome editing". Nature Biotechnology. 33 (7): 755–760. doi:10.1038/nbt

    CRISPR gene editing

    CRISPR gene editing

    CRISPR_gene_editing

  • Synthetic biology
  • Interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering

    of applications in biocomputing, bioenergy, biofuels, bioremediation, optogenetics, and medicine, it involves the standardisation of DNA components, engineering

    Synthetic biology

    Synthetic biology

    Synthetic_biology

  • Mind–body problem
  • Open question in philosophy of how abstract minds interact with physical bodies

    K.; de Lecea L. (2007). "Neural substrates of awakening probed with optogenetic control of hypocretin neurons". Nature. 450 (7168): 420–4. Bibcode:2007Natur

    Mind–body problem

    Mind–body problem

    Mind–body_problem

  • Behavioral neuroscience
  • Study of biological and neural mechanisma in behaviour

    or Proton pumps are the two classes of proteins used for inhibitory optogenetics, achieving inhibition by increasing cytoplasmic levels of halides (Cl−

    Behavioral neuroscience

    Behavioral neuroscience

    Behavioral_neuroscience

  • Archaerhodopsin
  • Family of archaea

    archaerhodopsins. Mutants of Archaerhodopsin-3 (AR3) are used as tools in optogenetics for neuroscience research. The term archaerhodopsin is a portmanteau

    Archaerhodopsin

    Archaerhodopsin

    Archaerhodopsin

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging
  • MRI procedure that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow

    same task. More recent characterization of the BOLD signal has used optogenetic techniques in rodents to precisely control neuronal firing while simultaneously

    Functional magnetic resonance imaging

    Functional magnetic resonance imaging

    Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging

  • Novartis
  • Swiss multinational pharmaceutical corporation

    would acquire gene-therapy business, Arctos Medical, broadening its optogenetics range. In December, Novartis announced it would purchase Gyroscope Therapeutics

    Novartis

    Novartis

    Novartis

  • Jessica Cardin
  • American neuroscientist

    specific optogenetics. Following this paper, Cardin and a team of researchers developed a protocol to both stimulate neurons optogenetically and record

    Jessica Cardin

    Jessica_Cardin

  • Outline of brain mapping
  • Overview of and topical guide to brain mapping

    endoscopic and multi-modality imaging), immunohistochemistry, molecular and optogenetics, stem cell and cellular biology, engineering (material, electrical and

    Outline of brain mapping

    Outline_of_brain_mapping

  • Susumu Tonegawa
  • Japanese scientist (born 1939)

    of FXS symptoms in the mouse model. Tonegawa was an early adopter of optogenetics and biotechnology in neuroscience research, leading to his groundbreaking

    Susumu Tonegawa

    Susumu Tonegawa

    Susumu_Tonegawa

  • Brain mapping
  • Set of neuroscience techniques

    spinal cord through the use of imaging, immunohistochemistry, molecular & optogenetics, stem cell and cellular biology, engineering, neurophysiology and nanotechnology

    Brain mapping

    Brain_mapping

  • Meaghan Creed
  • Canadian Neuroscientist

    used like optogenetics to cause synaptic level and behavioral changes in mice, a finding that increases the translational potential of optogenetic studies

    Meaghan Creed

    Meaghan Creed

    Meaghan_Creed

  • Retinitis pigmentosa
  • Gradual retinal degeneration leading to progressive sight loss

    pigmentosa, based on the evidence available at that time. In 2021 an optogenetics application of the protein Channelrhodopsin in a human patient was reported

    Retinitis pigmentosa

    Retinitis pigmentosa

    Retinitis_pigmentosa

  • Four Fs (evolution)
  • Fighting, Fleeing, Feeding and Fucking

    nerve cells operate so intimately that signals may get misinterpreted. Optogenetic stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus in male mice resulted in

    Four Fs (evolution)

    Four_Fs_(evolution)

  • Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
  • Annual science award

    Laureates 2022 Hofschneider, Mark. "Light-sensitive microbial proteins and optogenetics". Lasker Foundation. Retrieved 13 December 2021. Hofschneider, Mark.

    Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research

    Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Research

  • Brain
  • Organ central to the nervous system

    Gut–brain axis List of neuroscience databases Neurological disorder Optogenetics Outline of neuroscience Saladin, Kenneth (2011). Human anatomy (3rd ed

    Brain

    Brain

    Brain

  • Eric J. Nestler
  • Neuroscientist of addiction and depression

    Nestler EJ (2010). "Cell type specific loss of BDNF signaling mimics optogenetic control of cocaine reward". Science. 330 (6002): 385–390. Bibcode:2010Sci

    Eric J. Nestler

    Eric J. Nestler

    Eric_J._Nestler

  • Biology of depression
  • Branch of biology concerning depressive disorders in humans

    such as olfactory bulbectomy or circuit specific manipulations with optogenetics; genetic models such as 5-HT1A knockout or selectively bred animals;

    Biology of depression

    Biology_of_depression

  • Transcranial focused ultrasound
  • Medical intervention

    H.; Kreitzer, Anatol C. (July 2019). "Thermal constraints on in vivo optogenetic manipulations". Nature Neuroscience. 22 (7): 1061–1065. doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0422-3

    Transcranial focused ultrasound

    Transcranial_focused_ultrasound

  • Dean Buonomano
  • American neuroscientist and author

    research methods such as computational modeling, in vitroelectrophysiology, optogenetics, and human psychophysics to conduct research observing how individual

    Dean Buonomano

    Dean_Buonomano

  • Digital micromirror device
  • Mirror-based electronic display technology

    Modulation Multivariate optical computing Digital Holographic Tomography Optogenetics Flip-disc display US patent 3746911, Nathanson et al, "Electrostatically

    Digital micromirror device

    Digital micromirror device

    Digital_micromirror_device

  • Neurotransmitter
  • Chemical substance that enables neurotransmission

    1521238113. PMC 4791010. PMID 26831103. Previous work has demonstrated that optogenetically stimulating D1 MSNs promotes reward, whereas stimulating D2 MSNs produces

    Neurotransmitter

    Neurotransmitter

    Neurotransmitter

  • Mary Kay Lobo
  • American psychiatric neuroscientist

    influencing downstream brain region. By combining genetic analysis with optogenetic, Lobo has identified divergent roles in nucleus accumbens projection

    Mary Kay Lobo

    Mary_Kay_Lobo

  • Nadine Gogolla
  • German neuroscientist

    nucleus accumbens projection in the inhibition of feeding behaviors. Using optogenetics, they found that stimulating the pIC caused aversive behaviors as well

    Nadine Gogolla

    Nadine_Gogolla

  • Paul Kalanithi
  • Indian-American neurosurgeon and writer (1977–2015)

    PMID 23551457. S2CID 46274667. Kalanithi, P. S.; Henderson, J. M. (2012). "Optogenetic Neuromodulation". Emerging Horizons in Neuromodulation – New Frontiers

    Paul Kalanithi

    Paul_Kalanithi

  • LiMETER
  • membrane-tethered peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (ER). LiMETER is an optogenetics tool designed to reversibly label cortical ER or the apposition between

    LiMETER

    LiMETER

  • Halorubrum
  • Genus of archaea

    is used for ATP synthesis. Mutants of AR3 are widely used as tools in optogenetics for neuroscience research. Halorubrum tibetense was first isolated from

    Halorubrum

    Halorubrum

  • Wiley Prize
  • American award in biology and medicine

    The discovery has greatly enlarged and strengthened the new field of optogenetics. Channelrhodopsins also provide a high potential for biomedical applications

    Wiley Prize

    Wiley_Prize

  • Molecular cellular cognition
  • Branch of neuroscience

    viral vectors, pharmacology, in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology, optogenetics, in vivo imaging, and behavioral analysis. Modeling has become an essential

    Molecular cellular cognition

    Molecular_cellular_cognition

  • Neurotechnology
  • Technology that interfaces with the nervous system to monitor or modify neural function

    Wu, X. et al. Sono-optogenetics facilitated by a circulationdelivered rechargeable light source for minimally invasive optogenetics. Proc. Natl. Acad.

    Neurotechnology

    Neurotechnology

  • Yellow
  • Color between orange and green on the visible spectrum of light

    and 594 nm have recently become more widespread thanks to the field of optogenetics. Stars of spectral classes F and G have color temperatures that make

    Yellow

    Yellow

    Yellow

  • Scott L. Delp
  • American academic

    microstructure. Together with Karl Deisseroth, Delp pioneered the use of optogenetics to control activity in the peripheral nervous system leading to important

    Scott L. Delp

    Scott L. Delp

    Scott_L._Delp

  • Applied Genetic Technologies Corporation
  • Biotechnology company

    emerging field of optogenetics and retinal coding. Through the collaboration, AGTC and Bionic Sight will to develop a new optogenetic therapy that leverages

    Applied Genetic Technologies Corporation

    Applied_Genetic_Technologies_Corporation

  • Nucleus accumbens
  • Region of the basal forebrain

    the nucleus accumbens as well, but evidence from pharmacological and optogenetics studies is conflicting. Furthermore, a subset of NAcc MSNs express both

    Nucleus accumbens

    Nucleus accumbens

    Nucleus_accumbens

  • Cryptochrome
  • Class of photoreceptors in plants and animals

    magnetic fields. Cryptochromes have been the focus of several efforts in optogenetics. Employing transfection, initial studies on yeast have capitalized on

    Cryptochrome

    Cryptochrome

    Cryptochrome

  • Hippocampus
  • Vertebrate brain region

    neurons have also been demonstrated as critical for social memory under optogenetic control in mice. In the early 20th century, the widely held view was

    Hippocampus

    Hippocampus

    Hippocampus

  • Basal forebrain
  • Brain structures in the forebrain

    RE; Hussain Shuler, MG; Petersen, CC; Kepecs, A (14 October 2015). "Optogenetic Dissection of the Basal Forebrain Neuromodulatory Control of Cortical

    Basal forebrain

    Basal forebrain

    Basal_forebrain

  • Bernardo L. Sabatini
  • American neuroscientist

    Italy-based biotechnology company OptogeniX, which sells equipment for optogenetics studies. Sabatini's work has contributed to understanding the biochemical

    Bernardo L. Sabatini

    Bernardo_L._Sabatini

  • Berthold Leibinger Zukunftspreis
  • German award

    Deisseroth Stanford University laser in the development and implementation of optogenetics 2021 David N. Payne University of Southampton erbium-doped fiber amplifier

    Berthold Leibinger Zukunftspreis

    Berthold Leibinger Zukunftspreis

    Berthold_Leibinger_Zukunftspreis

  • Simulation hypothesis
  • Hypothesis that reality could be a computer simulation

    Intelligence amplification Isolated brain Neuroprosthetics Neurotechnology Optogenetics Sensory substitution Stentrode Synthetic telepathy Scientific phenomena

    Simulation hypothesis

    Simulation_hypothesis

  • Patricia Limousin
  • French neurologist

    of the Eighth Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank: Advances in Optogenetics, Ethical Issues Affecting DBS Research, Neuromodulatory Approaches for

    Patricia Limousin

    Patricia_Limousin

  • Kindling model of epilepsy
  • Model for the development of seizures

    a new model to develop kindling in the neocortex was developed using optogenetics (light) instead of passing electrical current. In 2021, "optokindling"

    Kindling model of epilepsy

    Kindling_model_of_epilepsy

  • Neuroanatomy
  • Branch of neuroscience

    the local connections or mutual arrangement (tiling) between neurons. Optogenetics uses transgenic constitutive and site-specific expression (normally in

    Neuroanatomy

    Neuroanatomy

    Neuroanatomy

  • Bulboid corpuscle
  • Cutaneous receptor in the human eye

    remained unknown. Recently optogenetic studies revealed their role in sexual stimulation and mating behavior in mice: "Optogenetic activation of male Krause

    Bulboid corpuscle

    Bulboid corpuscle

    Bulboid_corpuscle

  • Genetically encoded voltage indicator
  • Protein

    PMID 29108650. Adam Y, Kim JJ, Lou S, et al. (2019). "Voltage imaging and optogenetics reveal behaviour-dependent changes in hippocampal dynamics". Nature.

    Genetically encoded voltage indicator

    Genetically_encoded_voltage_indicator

  • Memory
  • Faculty of mind to store and retrieve data

    prior memories and artificially implant false memories in mice. Using optogenetics, a team of RIKEN-MIT scientists caused the mice to incorrectly associate

    Memory

    Memory

    Memory

  • Peter Kohl (physiologist)
  • German scientist

    coupling of excitable and nonexcitable cells in the heart revealed by optogenetics". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States

    Peter Kohl (physiologist)

    Peter Kohl (physiologist)

    Peter_Kohl_(physiologist)

  • Magnetogenetics
  • Manipulation of cells using magnetic fields

    with genetics (e.g. optogenetics, chemogenetics, etc.), and each technology has strengths and limits. For example, optogenetics has advantages in that

    Magnetogenetics

    Magnetogenetics

  • José Manuel Rodríguez Delgado
  • Spanish physician, neurophysiologist, and researcher (1915–2011)

    exploited today by emerging disciplines in contemporary neuroscience such as optogenetics. One of his great scientific dreams was to establish a direct communication

    José Manuel Rodríguez Delgado

    José Manuel Rodríguez Delgado

    José_Manuel_Rodríguez_Delgado

  • Apoptosis
  • Form of programmed cell death

    PMID 9989411. S2CID 204991081. Jewhurst K, Levin M, McLaughlin KA (2014). "Optogenetic Control of Apoptosis in Targeted Tissues of Xenopus laevis Embryos".

    Apoptosis

    Apoptosis

    Apoptosis

  • Tetrode (biology)
  • Type of electrode

    Hippocampus of Behaving Mice Coupled with Four-Point-Irradiation Closed-Loop Optogenetics: A Technique to Study the Contribution of Hippocampal SWR Events to Learning"

    Tetrode (biology)

    Tetrode (biology)

    Tetrode_(biology)

  • Neuropixels
  • Electrodes to record the activity of hundreds of neurons in the brain

    "Neuropixels Opto: Combining high-resolution electrophysiology and optogenetics". bioRxiv 10.1101/2025.02.04.636286. Paulk, Angelique C.; Kfir, Yoav;

    Neuropixels

    Neuropixels

  • Anion-conducting channelrhodopsin
  • Class of light-gated ion channels

    manipulate brain activity in mice, fruit flies and other model organisms (Optogenetics). Neurons expressing anion-conducting channelrhodopsins are silenced

    Anion-conducting channelrhodopsin

    Anion-conducting channelrhodopsin

    Anion-conducting_channelrhodopsin

  • Institute for Basic Science
  • Science institute in South Korea

    January 17, 2024. "Controlling the messenger with blue light: A new optogenetic tool to manipulate target messenger RNA in living cells". Institute for

    Institute for Basic Science

    Institute for Basic Science

    Institute_for_Basic_Science

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Online names & meanings

  • Aghamarshan
  • Boy/Male

    Hindu, Indian, Traditional

    Aghamarshan

    Destroyer of Sin

  • HusnAra
  • Girl/Female

    Arabic, Muslim, Parsi

    HusnAra

    Adorned with Beauty

  • ÁNGELA
  • Female

    Spanish

    ÁNGELA

    Spanish feminine form of Latin Angelus, ÁNGELA means "angel, messenger."

  • Fuad
  • Boy/Male

    African, Arabic, German, Indian, Kannada, Lebanese, Marathi, Muslim, Sindhi, Swahili, Turkish

    Fuad

    Heart; Soul

  • Vennmani
  • Boy/Male

    Hindu, Indian

    Vennmani

    White Gem

  • Sathi
  • Boy/Male

    Hindu

    Sathi

    Partner, Chaste woman

  • Anokhpreet
  • Boy/Male

    Indian, Punjabi, Sikh

    Anokhpreet

    Wondrous Love

  • Kama
  • Boy/Male

    Indian, Kannada, Sanskrit

    Kama

    The Golden One; Love

  • Ragvinder
  • Boy/Male

    Hindu

    Ragvinder

    Ragvinder comes from the indian word and it is the second name of Lord Krishna

  • LEONARD
  • Male

    English

    LEONARD

    English form of French Léonard, LEONARD means "lion-strong." 

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