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Item sequences in computational linguistics
An n-gram is a sequence of n adjacent symbols in a particular order. The symbols may be n adjacent letters (including punctuation marks and blanks), syllables
N-gram
Topics referred to by the same term
An n-gram is a sequence of n words, characters, or other linguistic items. n-gram may also refer to: Google Ngram Viewer n-gram language model k-mer, the
N-gram_(disambiguation)
Purely statistical model of language
A word n-gram language model is a statistical model of language which calculates the probability of the next word in a sequence from a fixed size window
Word_n-gram_language_model
Statistical model of language
had previously superseded the purely statistical models, such as the word n-gram language model. Noam Chomsky did pioneering work on language models in the
Language_model
Online search engine
charts the frequencies of any set of search strings using a yearly count of n-grams found in printed sources published between 1500 and 2022 in Google's text
Google_Books_Ngram_Viewer
Algorithm for evaluating the quality of machine-translated text
any integer n ≥ 1 {\displaystyle n\geq 1} , we define the set of its n-grams to be G n ( y ) = { y 1 ⋯ y n , y 2 ⋯ y n + 1 , ⋯ , y K − n + 1 ⋯ y K } {\displaystyle
BLEU
Orthonormalization of a set of vectors
commonly the Euclidean space R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} equipped with the standard inner product. The Gram–Schmidt process takes a finite,
Gram–Schmidt_process
Matrix of inner products of vectors
In linear algebra, the Gram matrix (or Gramian matrix, Gramian) of vectors v 1 , … , v n {\displaystyle v_{1},\dots ,v_{n}} in an inner product space is
Gram_matrix
Type of language model
back-off is a generative n-gram language model that estimates the conditional probability of a word given its history in the n-gram. It accomplishes this
Katz's_back-off_model
Bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test
Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into
Gram-positive_bacteria
Machine translation using artificial neural networks
works together with other researchers, Holger Schwenk replaced the usual n-gram language model with a neural one and estimated phrase translation probabilities
Neural_machine_translation
Metric used for testing NLP models
reference. The following five evaluation metrics are available. ROUGE-N: Overlap of n-grams between the system and reference summaries. ROUGE-1 refers to the
ROUGE_(metric)
Group of bacteria that do not retain the Gram stain used in bacterial differentiation
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that, unlike gram-positive bacteria, do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial
Gram-negative_bacteria
American singer-songwriter (1946–1973)
Connor III (November 5, 1946 – September 19, 1973), known professionally as Gram Parsons, was an American musician. He recorded with the International Submarine
Gram_Parsons
Statistical method
is a method primarily used to calculate the probability distribution of n-grams in a document based on their histories. It is widely considered the most
Kneser–Ney_smoothing
Legendary sword owned by Sigurd
In Germanic mythology, Gram, in Norse legend (Old Norse: Gramr, "ill-tempered"), or Balmung, in the Middle High German epic poem Nibelungenlied, is a magical
Gram_(mythology)
Free and open-source spell and grammar checker
service that does the processing of 'n-grams' data on the server-side. LanguageTool "Premium" also uses n-grams as part of its freemium business model
LanguageTool
Collection and manipulation of items of data to produce meaningful information
United States Bureau of the Census. Google N gram viewer. Retrieved April 28, 2018. V, Jalajakshi; A n, Myna (2022-06-01). "Importance of statistics
Data_processing
Open-source text segmentation library
commonly used one as with ChaSen. In 2007, Google used MeCab to generate n-gram data for a large corpus of Japanese text, which it published on its Google
MeCab
Case of an n-gram, where n is 2
tokens, which are typically letters, syllables, or words. A bigram is an n-gram for n=2. The frequency distribution of every bigram in a string is commonly
Bigram
Special case of the n-gram, where n is 3
Trigrams are a special case of the n-gram, where n is 3. They are often used in natural language processing for performing statistical analysis of texts
Trigram
String matching algorithm
August 2017. Retrieved 2022-06-12. Also called BigGrep. Uses n-grams (not always 3), "N-gram tokenizer | Elasticsearch Guide [8.2] | Elastic". www.elastic
Trigram_search
a method that can address the sparse data and zero-frequency issues in N-gram algorithms. It was first proposed by Ian Witten and Tim Bell in 1991. A
Witten–Bell_discounting
Adjacent characters (tokens) merge-based compression algorithm
1-character-long n-grams (the initial tokens). Then, successively, the most frequent pair of adjacent tokens is merged into a new, longer n-gram and all instances
Byte-pair_encoding
Variant of the metric system
centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS or cgs) is a variant of the metric system based on the centimetre as the unit of length, the gram as the unit
Centimetre–gram–second system of units
Centimetre–gram–second_system_of_units
Overview of and topical guide to natural language processing
Therefore, a 5-gram is an n-gram of 5 letters, syllables, or words. "Eat this" is a 2-gram (also known as a bigram). Bigram – n-gram of 2 tokens. Every sequence
Outline of natural language processing
Outline_of_natural_language_processing
Topics referred to by the same term
(NEVPT) n-entity n-flake n-gram n-group n-monoid n-player game n-skeleton n-slit interferometer n-slit interferometric equation n-sphere n-vector n-vector
N-
Determination of language from a text sample
statistical method by Grefenstette was based on the frequency of short n-grams, which are often function morphemes. For example, "ing" is more common
Language_identification
1596 play often attributed to Shakespeare
Cornélie) is a sufficient body of evidence for comparison, that "rarity" of n-gram patterns is definable and doubtlessly characteristic, and that scenes within
Edward_III_(play)
Models used to produce word embeddings
have some advantages compared to earlier algorithms such as those using n-grams and latent semantic analysis. GloVe was developed by a team at Stanford
Word2vec
Processing of natural language by a computer
algorithm used has a low enough time complexity to be practical. 2003: word n-gram model, at the time the best statistical algorithm, is outperformed by a
Natural_language_processing
Investigative procedure in microbiology
Gram stain (Gram staining or Gram's method) is a method of staining used to classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria and
Gram_stain
n-gram precision adding equal weight to each one, NIST also calculates how informative a particular n-gram is. That is to say, when a correct n-gram is
Evaluation of machine translation
Evaluation_of_machine_translation
Application of linguistics to forensics
for a match. This analyzes for word n-grams, which are strings of words of a certain length (n). The more n-gram words in common, the more similarities
Forensic_linguistics
Metric for evaluating open-ended text generation
Paper Award. Unlike earlier metrics such as BLEU or ROUGE, which rely on n-gram overlap between a candidate and a reference, MAUVE measures how close the
MAUVE_(metric)
Practice of deducing the file type of a bitstream
for well-known representative substrings, the use of byte frequency and n-gram tables, and Bayesian inference. Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)
Content_sniffing
language processing a w-shingling is a set of unique shingles (therefore n-grams) each of which is composed of contiguous subsequences of tokens within
W-shingling
letter about elephants to a speech recognition system. Standard (non-cache) N-gram language models will assign a very low probability to the word "elephant"
Cache_language_model
1995 studio album by William Orbit
Chart in May 2000. The album was originally released in May 1995 on Orbit's N-Gram Recordings label, credited to Orbit alias The Electric Chamber. This version
Pieces_in_a_Modern_Style
Similarity measure for number sequences
among features is quite intuitive. Features such as words, n-grams, or syntactic n-grams can be quite similar, though formally they are considered as
Cosine_similarity
n-gram precision adding equal weight to each one, NIST also calculates how informative a particular n-gram is. That is to say when a correct n-gram is
NIST_(metric)
Topics referred to by the same term
Engram, Canadian football player Evan Engram, American football player N-gram Ingram (disambiguation) Enneagram (disambiguation) This disambiguation page
Engram
Woodworking hand tool
in the book Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary according to google n-gram. This book was written by Edward Henry Knight a mechanical expert in the
Router_plane
Computer program that constructs concordances from text corpora
corpus and a reference corpus to identify statistically distinctive items N-gram analysis, finding frequently recurring word sequences of a specified length
Concordancer
Topics referred to by the same term
recording technology used in hard disk drives In text mining, a token-level n-gram Shingle beach, especially in Europe, a beach composed of pebbles and cobbles
Shingle
Type of hash function
Data mining technique w-shingling Daniel Lemire, Owen Kaser: Recursive n-gram hashing is pairwise independent, at best, Computer Speech & Language 24
Rolling_hash
English musician
of The Chieftains)" "Gently Johnny (Extended Version)" Moorlough Shore N-Gram Recordings (1995) "Moorlough Shore" (LP Mix) – 4.20 "Moorlough Shore" (Eye
Caroline_Lavelle
Automatic Translation Evaluation Model
LEPOR (Length Penalty, Precision, n-gram Position difference Penalty and Recall) is an automatic language independent machine translation evaluation metric
LEPOR
American actor (born 1955)
Allen Kelsey Grammer (born February 21, 1955) is an American actor. He gained fame for his role as the Harvard-educated Boston psychiatrist Dr. Frasier
Kelsey_Grammer
behind the method is that a class-based language model (also called cluster n-gram model), i.e. one where probabilities of words are based on the classes (clusters)
Brown_clustering
Topics referred to by the same term
computational linguistics and probability, Trigrams, are a special case of the n-gram, where n is 3. Trigram may also refer to: Bagua (called Eight Trigrams in English)
Trigram_(disambiguation)
Shapes characteristic of certain bacteria and archaea
are gram negative and coccoid. The gram-negative, coccoid species include: Neisseria cinerea, N. gonorrhoeae, N. polysaccharea, N. lactamica, N. meningitidis
Bacterial cellular morphologies
Bacterial_cellular_morphologies
Machine learning library
preview release of ML.NET included transforms for feature engineering like n-gram creation, and learners to handle binary classification, multi-class classification
ML.NET
English, or morphological information (stems, root, etc.) in Arabic. Like N-gram models, smoothing techniques are necessary in parameter estimation. In particular
Factored_language_model
American singer-songwriter (born 1986)
Aijia Lise Grammer (née Guttman; born June 26, 1986) is an American singer and songwriter from Los Angeles. Her self-released EP under the title Learning
Aijia_Grammer
Geologic formation in Gram, Denmark
The Gram Formation is a geological formation in Gram, Denmark. It preserves fossils dating from the Miocene period. The formation consists of three layers:
Gram_Formation
Data compression technique
user input in the alternate input method program Dasher. Language model n-gram Cleary, J.; Witten, I. (April 1984). "Data Compression Using Adaptive Coding
Prediction by partial matching
Prediction_by_partial_matching
Automatic generation or recognition of paraphrased text
condition" This is achieved by first clustering similar sentences together using n-gram overlap. Recurring patterns are found within clusters by using multi-sequence
Paraphrasing (computational linguistics)
Paraphrasing_(computational_linguistics)
Spell checking feature of many computer software applications
Multi-word sequences are known as n-grams (where n is the number of words in the sequence). A very large database of n-grams up to 5 words in length is available
Spelling_suggestion
Software suite for natural language processing
systems. Discourse representation Lexical analysis: Word and text tokenizer n-gram and collocations Part-of-speech tagger Tree model and Text chunker for capturing
Natural_Language_Toolkit
SI unit of amount of substance
that corresponds to the number of atoms in 12 grams of 12C, which made the molar mass of a compound in grams per mole, numerically equal to the average molecular
Mole_(unit)
Family of speech recognition systems
recognition system making use of hidden Markov acoustic models (HMMs) and an n-gram statistical language model. It was developed by Kai-Fu Lee. Sphinx featured
CMU_Sphinx
Computational technique to find word sequences
verb Phrasal verb Siamese twins (English language) Terminology extraction n-gram analysis Look up collocation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. What is
Collocation_extraction
Frequent occurrence of words next to each other
Idiom (language structure) Irreversible binomial Isocolon Lexical item N-gram Phrasal verb Phraseology Phraseme Sketch Engine Statistically improbable
Collocation
Mathematical function
(t)}{\pi }}} is an integer. A Gram point is a solution g n {\displaystyle g_{n}} of θ ( g n ) = n π . {\displaystyle \theta (g_{n})=n\pi .} These solutions are
Riemann–Siegel_theta_function
Computer science problem
for large alphabets. Longest palindromic substring n-gram, all the possible substrings of length n that are contained in a string Charalampopoulos, Panagiotis;
Longest_common_substring
Former municipality of Denmark
municipalities map Gram tourism information Haderslev municipality's official website (in Danish) 55°17′19″N 9°02′56″E / 55.28861°N 9.04889°E / 55.28861;
Gram_Municipality
Kind of erroneous reductionism
Harper & Brothers. p. 261. Retrieved 15 June 2017. "n-gram of "nothing-buttery"". Google Books n-gram Viewer. Retrieved 15 June 2017. "Oxford English Dictionary"
Greedy_reductionism
Government office in West Bengal
The Gram Panchayat of Sattari or Sattari Gram Panchayat also known as Binodpur Gram Panchayat (abbreviated as BGP), is a government office and local self-government
Binodpur_Gram_Panchayat
Disney cartoon characters
April 21, 2025. Summers, Nick (January 26, 2019). "Sora is all about the 'gram in 'Kingdom Hearts 3'". Engadget. Retrieved April 21, 2025. Dornbush, Jonathon
Chip_'n'_Dale
Species of bacterium
also known as gonococcus (singular) or gonococci (plural), is a species of Gram-negative diplococci bacteria first isolated by Albert Neisser in 1879. An
Neisseria_gonorrhoeae
Application of stylometry to computer code
classification using n-grams reached an accuracy rate of up to 100%, although the rate declined drastically if the profile size exceeded 500 and the n-gram size was
Code_stylometry
Finding strings that approximately match a pattern
algorithms have been presented. Among them are suffix trees, metric trees and n-gram methods. A detailed survey of indexing techniques that allows one to find
Approximate_string_matching
In geometry, the Gram–Euler theorem, Gram-Sommerville, Brianchon-Gram or Gram relation (named after Jørgen Pedersen Gram, Leonhard Euler, Duncan Sommerville
Gram–Euler_theorem
British audio equipment manufacturer
14 March 2012 The usage is not obsolete; see nGrams for "tannoy" compared to "public address" Google nGrams "Goldtrail collapse leaves Britons in Greece
Tannoy
Metric for machine translation output
and the candidate sentence. In order to take these into account, longer n-gram matches are used to compute a penalty p for the alignment. The more mappings
METEOR
Sailing rig configuration
Douglas (1954). Rigs and Rigging of Yachts. W&J Mackay & Co. Ltd. p. 176. "N-gram comparison of 'gaff-rigged', 'gaff rigged', 'gaffrigged', 1900–2008". Google
Gaff_rig
Infinite sum approximating a probability distribution in terms of its cumulants
In probability theory, the Gram–Charlier A series (named in honor of Jørgen Pedersen Gram and Carl Charlier), and the Edgeworth series (named in honor
Edgeworth_series
Ghanaian politician
the ticket of the National Democratic Congress. She succeeded William N. Gram of the Action Congress Party (ACP) who represented the constituency in
Tabitha_Sybil_Quaye
Natural number, composite number
story Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves. Google nGrams Oxford English Dictionary, 1st edition, s.v. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005101 (abundant numbers)"
40_(number)
Grouping texts by similarity
phrases. Commonly used tokenization methods include Bag-of-words model and N-gram model. 2. Stemming and lemmatization Different tokens might carry out similar
Document_clustering
Mass per amount of substance
mass include gram atomic mass for the mass, in grams, of one mole of atoms of an element, and gram molecular mass for the mass, in grams, of one mole
Molar_mass
Large, curved butcher's knife
Preparing, and Cooking a World of Meat, ISBN 1592537766, 2012, pp. 10-11 Google n-gram viewer comparing the frequencies Oxford English Dictionary, 1st edition
Cimeter
American rock band
Destruction: Locked N' Loaded" edition. The boxed set includes 73 songs on four CDs (49 of which were previously unreleased), seven 12-inch 180-gram LPs, remastered
Guns_N'_Roses
Gram Vikas works on six focus areas which are water, livelihoods, sanitation & hygiene, habitat & technologies, village institutions and education. n
Gram_Vikas
Species of legume
Macrotyloma uniflorum (horsegram, also known as horse gram, kulthi bean, gahat, hurali, or Madras gram) is a legume native to tropical southern Asia. Known
Macrotyloma_uniflorum
algorithms: Passive Aggressive feature extraction method for natural language: n-gram Text segmentation Comparison of machine learning software Ryan McDonald
Jubatus
Polymer in bacterial cell walls
peptidoglycan. NAG = N-acetylglucosamine (also called GlcNAc or NAGA), NAM = N-acetylmuramic acid (also called MurNAc or NAMA). Gram-positive cell wall
Peptidoglycan
One thousandth of a second
Measurement. New Oxford Dictionary Google nGrams shows them as much less than 0.5% of "millisecond" nGrams comparison of word frequency of centisecond
Millisecond
were built using WordNet. In addition, RetrievalWare implemented a form of n-gram search (branded as APRP - Adaptive Pattern Recognition Processing), designed
RetrievalWare
Class of nonparametric methods
manipulations of the n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} Gram matrix may be computationally demanding. Through use of a low-rank approximation of the Gram matrix (such
Kernel embedding of distributions
Kernel_embedding_of_distributions
Conversion constant for amount of substance
determination of the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 (12C) before the 2019 revision of the SI, i.e. the gram-to-dalton ratio, g/Da. Both the constant
Avogadro_constant
Gram Panchayat in Bihar, India
Manua is a Gram Panchayat in Hajipur, Vaishali district, Bihar, India. This panchayat is located at 25°45′09.7″N 85°12′08.5″E / 25.752694°N 85.202361°E
Manua_Gram_Panchayat
Genus of bacteria
pathogens: N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae. Neisseria species are Gram-negative bacteria included among the Pseudomonadota, a large group of Gram-negative
Neisseria
International quartet championship – with "Ginger 'n' Jazz" (1987) and "Rumors" (1999). At the age of 22, Gram became the director of the SAI affiliated Top
Peggy_Gram
Protective outer structure of bacterial cells
major categories: a gram-positive type which stains purple during Gram staining and a gram-negative type which stains pink during Gram staining. Either type
Cell_envelope
Series of laptop computers by LG Electronics
The LG Gram (stylized LG gram) is a line of consumer-oriented high-end laptop computers manufactured by LG Electronics, designed to be lightweight. The
LG_Gram
German-Dutch global record label (1962–1999)
PolyGram N.V. was a Dutch-German multinational major music record label and entertainment company formerly based in the Netherlands. It was founded in
PolyGram
American suffragist
Alice M. Gram Robinson (March 16, 1895 – January 24, 1984) was an American suffragist, journalist, and editor. She was the founder, editor, publisher,
Alice_Gram_Robinson
Information retrieval technology
For example, if one search engine allows for quoting of exact strings or n-grams and another does not, the query must be translated to be compatible with
Federated_search
N GRAM
N GRAM
Male
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Lorccán, LORCÃN means "little fierce one."
Male
Gaelic
Gaelic byname DUIBHÃN means "little black one."
Male
Irish
Old Irish Gaelic name BRADÃN means "salmon."
Female
Spanish
Spanish religious name VISITACIÓN means "visitation."
Female
Spanish
Spanish name ASCENCIÓN means "ascension."
Male
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Cathán, CADÃN means "little battle."
Surname or Lastname
Spanish (Truán)
Spanish (Truán) : nickname from truhán ‘knave’, ‘joker’.English (Cornwall) : unexplained; possibly a variant spelling of Trewin.
Male
Irish
Irish Gaelic name ULTÃN means "of Ulster."
Female
Irish
Irish Gaelic name CAILÃN means "girl."
Female
Spanish
Spanish name ENCARNACIÓN means "incarnation."
Male
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name THUÃN means "tamed."
Male
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name VÄ‚N means "cloud" or "male."
Male
Hebrew
Tiberian form of Hebrew Qeynan, QÊNĀN means "possession."
Male
Irish
Irish name ABBÃN means "little abbot."
Male
Spanish
Spanish form of Hebrew Shimown, SIMÓN means "hearkening."
Male
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Gaelic Lomán, LOMMÃN means "little bare one."Â
Male
Spanish
Spanish form of Latin Salomon, SALOMÓN means "peaceable."
Male
Spanish
Spanish form of Latin Romanus, ROMÃN means "Roman."
Male
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Gaelic Tighearnán, TIGERNÃN means "little lord."
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian name, possibly ZOLTÃN means "sultan."Â
N GRAM
N GRAM
Boy/Male
Hindu
Love
Boy/Male
British, English
Place Name; The Awesome One's Meadow
Boy/Male
Tamil
Shitikant | ஷீதீகாஂத
Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian
The Arabian Traveler
Boy/Male
Irish Teutonic English French
Surname.
Boy/Male
Biblical Hebrew
Father of peace.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess Lakshmi, Goddess Durga
Surname or Lastname
English, French, Dutch, Polish, Czech, and Slovenian
English, French, Dutch, Polish, Czech, and Slovenian : from a Germanic personal name (see Bernhard). The popularity of the personal name was greatly increased by virtue of its having been borne by St. Bernard of Clairvaux (c.1090–1153), founder and abbot of the Cistercian monastery at Clairvaux.Americanized form of German Bernhard or any of the other cognates in European languages; for forms see Hanks and Hodges 1988.The first bearer of the name in Canada was from the Lorraine region of France. He is documented in Quebec city in 1666 as Jean Bernard. He and some of his descendants bore the secondary surnames Anse and Hanse, because his original forename must have been Hans (the German equivalent of French Jean, English John). Another bearer, from La Rochelle, is documented in Quebec city in 1676; and a third, from the Poitou region of France, was also documented in Quebec city, in 1713, with the secondary surname Léveillé. Other documented secondary names are Jolicoeur, Larivière, and Lajoie.
Boy/Male
Indian
Sobering Power
Girl/Female
Tamil
N GRAM
N GRAM
N GRAM
N GRAM
N GRAM
n.
See Lecher, n.
n.
See Vanquish, n.
n.
See Intendant, n.
n.
See Stour, n.
n.
See Kilt, n.
n.
See Solar, n.
n.
See Keeve, n.
n.
See Elective, n.
n.
See Jetty, n.
n.
Offset, n., 4.
n.
See Keeve, n.
n.
See Merrymake, n.
n.
See Mad, n.
n.
See Nomad, n.
n.
See Lodge, n.
n.
See Invalid, n.
n.
See Daw, n.
n.
See Hyp, n.
n.
A measure of space equal to half an M (or em); an en.