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Chemical drug alteration process
Molecular modification is chemical alteration of a known and previously characterized lead compound for the purpose of enhancing its usefulness as a drug
Molecular_modification
Class of chemical compounds
acyldepsipeptide antibiotics reveal its activation mechanism". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 17 (4): 471–8. doi:10.1038/nsmb.1787. PMID 20305655. S2CID 20029980
Acyldepsipeptide_antibiotics
Chemical changes in proteins following their translation from mRNA
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are the covalent processes of changing proteins following their synthesis, and release from ribosomes. PTMs are
Post-translational modification
Post-translational_modification
Medical intervention
becomes 106 Gy per event. With a large, localized dose in situ for molecular modification, the most obvious target molecule is the DNA duplex (where the complementary
Auger_therapy
Branch of biology that studies biological systems at the molecular level
Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular structures and chemical processes that are the basis of biological activity
Molecular_biology
Class of enzymes that divide DNA
These enzymes are routinely used for DNA modification in laboratories, and they are a vital tool in molecular cloning. The term restriction enzyme originated
Restriction_enzyme
RNA processing within a biological cell
There are many types of post-transcriptional modifications achieved through a diverse class of molecular mechanisms. One example is the conversion of
Post-transcriptional modification
Post-transcriptional_modification
Chemical compound
of two suggested methods of deactivating organic carcinogens by molecular modification". Carcinogenesis. 3 (11): 1277–1282. doi:10.1093/carcin/3.11.1277
3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine
3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine
nucleosomes, the modification of exposed parts of their polypeptide chains is used to regulate gene expression by marking them with molecular labels that signal
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (0–L)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(0–L)
Ultralong-acting basal insulin analogue
with once-weekly dosing. Its long duration of action results from molecular modifications that increase reversible albumin binding and reduce insulin receptor
Insulin_icodec
Fibre modification is a research field in which researchers aim at developing and applying technologies to impart new properties to natural fibres such
Fiber_modification
Molecular-scale artificial or biological device
Molecular machines are a class of molecules typically described as an assembly of a discrete number of molecular components intended to produce mechanical
Molecular_machine
Protein family around which DNA winds to form nucleosomes
(lateral) surface of chromatin regulation by histone modifications". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 20 (6): 657–61. doi:10.1038/nsmb.2581. PMID 23739170
Histone
of cellular and molecular biology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in the study of cell biology, molecular biology, and related
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(M–Z)
Manipulation of an organism's genome
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology
Genetic_engineering
Study of DNA modifications that do not change its sequence
"Ultrasensitive gene regulation by positive feedback loops in nucleosome modification". Molecular Systems Biology. 4 (1) 182. doi:10.1038/msb.2008.21. PMC 2387233
Epigenetics
Chemical modification refers to a number of various processes involving the alteration of the chemical constitution or structure of molecules. Chemical
Chemical_modification
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding
Gene
Family of large biological molecules
the nucleotide modification. rRNAs and tRNAs are extensively modified, but snRNAs and mRNAs can also be the target of base modification. RNA can also be
RNA
Post-translational modifications involving monoamines
as a post-translational modification until 2003, when Diego Walther and colleagues at the Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics revealed that serotonylation
Monoaminylation
Pharmaceutical compound
hospital before intravenous (IV) access could be obtained. Further molecular modification (changing the benzene ring of RUC-2 to a pyridine ring) yielded
Zalunfiban
ISBN 978-1-000-60388-0. Retrieved 22 October 2025. MOLECULAR MODIFICATION: Homologation: A process of increasing the molecular chain length of molecule by a constant
Methylene_shuffle
Chemical compound
the culmination of a lengthy process of rational, structure-based molecular modification of a lead compound known to have PARP inhibitor activity. Among
Silmitasertib
Therapy using ionizing radiation, usually to treat cancer
very high dose at the molecular level using AT aims for in situ molecular modifications involving molecular breakages and molecular re-arrangements such
Radiation_therapy
Post-translational modification involving the monoamine serotonin
as a post-translational modification until 2003, when Diego Walther and colleagues at the Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics revealed that serotonylation
Serotonylation
Change in the heritable traits of populations
(increasing organisms' evolvability). Adaptation occurs through the gradual modification of existing structures. Consequently, structures with similar internal
Evolution
The term modifications in genetics refers to both naturally occurring and engineered changes in DNA. Incidental, or natural, mutations occur following
Modifications_(genetics)
Explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system
The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It is often stated as "DNA makes RNA, and
Central dogma of molecular biology
Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology
structural modifications. Single point changes in the molecule pairs are termed a chemical transformation or Molecular transformation. Each molecular pair is
Matched molecular pair analysis
Matched_molecular_pair_analysis
portals and servers containing information on nucleic acid modification. RNA modification occurs in all living organisms, and is one of the most evolutionarily
Nucleic acid modification databases
Nucleic_acid_modification_databases
anti-modification bias that were refuted in peer-reviewed articles elsewhere. Flachowsky concluded in a 2005 review that food with a one-gene modification
Genetically modified food controversies
Genetically_modified_food_controversies
Surface modification involves the fundamentals of physicochemical interactions between the biomaterial and the physiological environment at the molecular, cellular
Surface modification of biomaterials with proteins
Surface_modification_of_biomaterials_with_proteins
Visualization and modelling software
Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD) is a molecular modelling and visualization computer program. VMD is developed mainly as a tool to view and analyze the
Visual_Molecular_Dynamics
Type of enzymes
Histone-modifying enzymes are enzymes involved in the modification of histone substrates after protein translation and affect cellular processes including
Histone-modifying_enzymes
Post-translational histone modifications involving monoamines
as a post-translational modification until 2003, when Diego Walther and colleagues at the Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics revealed that serotonylation
Histone_monoaminylation
Assembly of proteins inside biological cells
2017). "Post-transcriptional gene regulation by mRNA modifications". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 18 (1): 31–42. doi:10.1038/nrm.2016.132
Protein_biosynthesis
Molecular process
RNA editing (also RNA modification) is a molecular process through which some cells can make discrete changes to specific nucleotide sequences within an
RNA_editing
Modification of histones by addition of methyl groups
Misregulation of H3K4, H3K27, and H4K20 are associated with cancers. This modification alters the properties of the nucleosome and affects its interactions
Histone_methylation
Transfer process in genetics
(transformation is susceptible to DNase). Transduction is a common tool used by molecular biologists to stably introduce a foreign gene into a host cell's genome
Transduction_(genetics)
Physiological molecule and therapeutic drug
Chemical modifications to HA can improve certain properties such as biocompatibility, permeation, and sustained drug release. Common modification sites include
Hyaluronic_acid
Human protein-coding gene
up from 6 exons. The unmodified protein has 358 amino acids, predicted molecular weight of 40kDa, charge of -11, and isoelectric point of 5. 44 prolines
C19orf67
Nowak, Robert Ashurst, Roya Maboudian, Molecular vapor deposition (MVD) – a new method for the surface modification of nano-fabricated devices, Hilton Head
Molecular_vapor_deposition
Invention of new medications based on knowledge of a biological target
Lists of investigational drugs Medicinal chemistry Molecular design software Molecular modification Retrometabolic drug design Madsen U, Krogsgaard-Larsen
Drug_design
Variant of one theory of evolution
The nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution is a modification of the neutral theory of molecular evolution that accounts for the fact that not all
Nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution
Nearly_neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution
Basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes
"Histone H4 lysine 91 acetylation a core domain modification associated with chromatin assembly". Molecular Cell. 18 (1): 123–130. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005
Nucleosome
Chemical compound
clinometaborite. The main forms of metaboric acid are: Modification III, or trimeric, with the molecular formula H3B3O6. The molecule has C3h symmetry, with
Metaboric_acid
Knowledgebase of protein termini
distinguishes proteolysis from many highly studied posttranslational modifications. Proteases are tightly interconnected in the protease web and their
TopFIND
Program for simulating chemical structures
of software for molecular mechanics modeling Molecular design software Kenny, Peter W.; Sadowski, Jens (2005). "Structure Modification in Chemical Databases"
Molecule_editor
Bozdagi, O; Shapiro, L; Huntley, GW; Benson, DL; Colman, DR (2000). "Molecular modification of N-cadherin in response to synaptic activity". Neuron. 25 (1):
Cadherin–catenin complex in learning and memory
Cadherin–catenin_complex_in_learning_and_memory
FDA identifier in the Global Substance Registration System
Identifier (UNII) is an alphanumeric identifier linked to a substance's molecular structure or descriptive information and is generated by the Global Substance
Unique_Ingredient_Identifier
Synthetic opioid analgesic
Keats AS, Telford J (1964). "Narcotic Antagonists as Analgesics". Molecular Modification in Drug Design. Advances in Chemistry. Vol. 45. pp. 170–176. doi:10
Alazocine
TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes) is a method in molecular biology that allows directed identification of mutations in a specific gene
TILLING_(molecular_biology)
Technologies to genetically improve human bodies
enhancement, human genetic modification or human genetic engineering refers to human enhancement by means of a genetic modification. This could be done in
Human_genetic_enhancement
Study of viruses
sedimentation coefficient and are not removed by the procedure. In these cases a modification of centrifugation, called buoyant density centrifugation, is used. In
Virology
Biological process
where the "A" and "a" alleles happen to be near the exact location of a molecular recombination event. Thus, it is possible to measure the frequency with
Gene_conversion
Histone methylation on tail of histone H3
H3K4me3 is an epigenetic modification to the DNA packaging protein Histone H3 that indicates tri-methylation at the 4th lysine residue of the histone H3
H3K4me3
Act of modifying the surface of a material
Surface modification is the act of modifying the surface of a material by bringing physical, chemical or biological characteristics different from the
Surface_modification
Defense system in bacteria and archaea
The restriction modification system (RM system) is found in bacteria and archaea, and provides a defense against foreign DNA, such as that borne by bacteriophages
Restriction modification system
Restriction_modification_system
Man-made molecular machines
Synthetic molecular motors are molecular machines capable of continuous directional rotation under an energy input. Although the term "molecular motor" has
Synthetic_molecular_motor
Short chains of 2–50 amino acids
longer, continuous, unbranched peptide chain. Polypeptides that have a molecular mass of 10,000 Da or more are called proteins. Chains of fewer than twenty
Peptide
Biochemical changes to RNA
Within the field of molecular biology, the epitranscriptome includes all the biochemical modifications of the RNA (the transcriptome) within a cell. In
Epitranscriptome
Organism altered by genetic engineering
Genetic modification can include the introduction of new genes or enhancing, altering, or knocking out endogenous genes. In some genetic modifications, genes
Genetically_modified_organism
Molecules connected due to their topology
mechanical bonding in catenanes and rotaxanes: isomerism, modification, catalysis and molecular machines for synthesis" (PDF). Chemical Communications.
Mechanically interlocked molecular architectures
Mechanically_interlocked_molecular_architectures
Class of terpenes
the molecular formula C15H24. Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes may be cyclic or contain rings, including many combinations. Biochemical modifications such
Sesquiterpene
Linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein
from cleavage, phosphorylation is perhaps the most important chemical modification of proteins. A phosphate group can be attached to the sidechain hydroxyl
Protein_primary_structure
Molecule that performs a logical operation
A molecular logic gate is a molecule that performs a logical operation based on at least one physical or chemical inputs and a single output. The field
Molecular_logic_gate
Organisms capable of living at high altitudes
adaptations in native highlanders involve modification in the oxygen transport system of the blood, especially molecular changes in the structure and functions
Organisms_at_high_altitude
Replacement, insertion, or deletion of a single DNA or RNA nucleotide
mutations—single‑base changes in the DNA sequence—are one of the most common molecular causes of human disease. By altering a single nucleotide, these mutations
Point_mutation
Substance composed of macromolecules with repeating structural units
composed of macromolecules. A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition
Polymer
Family of proteins which attach to other proteins to modify them
ubiquitin-like protein Hay RT (April 2005). "SUMO: a history of modification". Molecular Cell. 18 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.03.012. PMID 15808504
SUMO_protein
Conversion of a gene's sequence into a mature gene product or products
MX (January 2010). "CUCU modification of mRNA promotes decapping and transcript degradation in Aspergillus nidulans". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 30
Gene_expression
Large-scale study of proteins
profiling". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 4 (4): 384–393. doi:10.1074/mcp.R500009-MCP200. PMID 15695805. Jensen ON (February 2004). "Modification-specific
Proteomics
Tol-DCs can be induced by chemicals, pathological conditions or molecular modifications. Certain pathogens are capable of hijacking host immune tolerance
Tolerogenic_dendritic_cell
posttranslational modification of protein cysteine residues by the addition of glutathione, the most abundant and important low-molecular-mass thiol within
S-Glutathionylation
Organic compounds containing amine and carboxylic groups
Hirschey MD (May 2021). "Discovering the landscape of protein modifications". Molecular Cell. 81 (9): 1868–1878. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2021.03.015. PMC 8106652
Amino_acid
chemical methods, used to reduce the filler size and implement molecular modifications at the same time. These treatments show effectiveness in the cases
Lignocellulosic filler reinforced polymer
Lignocellulosic_filler_reinforced_polymer
Scientific society in South Korea
for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (KSBMB; Korean: 생화학분자생물학회) is a scholarly association of Korean biochemists and molecular biologists with approximately
Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Korean_Society_for_Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology
Most abundant structural protein in animals
Golgi apparatus. Modification and secretion: In the Golgi apparatus, the procollagen goes through one last post-translational modification, adding oligosaccharides
Collagen
Histone methylation on tail of histone H3 associated with enhancers
2007). "Multivalent engagement of chromatin modifications by linked binding modules". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 8 (12): 983–94. doi:10.1038/nrm2298
H3K4me1
Type of chemical compound
Molecular gyroscopes are chemical compounds or supramolecular complexes containing two or more concentric or co-axial portions that rotate freely compared
Molecular_gyroscope
Photoluminescent particles
C.; Xu, S. (2011). "Upconversion nanoparticles: Synthesis, surface modification and biological applications". Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and
Upconverting_nanoparticles
Functional group which changes a molecule's ability to absorb light
part of the molecule where the energy difference between two different molecular orbitals falls within the range of the visible spectrum and hence absorbs
Auxochrome
Changes in the plant stem for adaption
Aerial stem modifications are modifications to the aerial stems, vegetative buds and floral buds of plants growing in different conditions and which perform
Aerial_stem_modification
Post-translational modification involving the monoamine histamine
as a post-translational modification until 2003, when Diego Walther and colleagues at the Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics revealed that serotonylation
Histaminylation
Chemical processing technique
is a chemical processing technique that removes material one atomic or molecular layer at a time. Manufacturers apply the technique in semiconductor fabrication
Single_layer_etching
Histone acetylation on the tail of histone H3
H3K27ac is an epigenetic modification to the DNA packaging protein histone H3. It is a mark that indicates acetylation of the lysine residue at N-terminal
H3K27ac
Molecular Interaction Maps, also known as MIMs, is a graphic notation to depict cellular and molecular interactions. It was created by Kurt W. Kohn in
Molecular_Interaction_Maps
Species of bacterium
clindamycin, although increasing resistance, due to both efflux and target modification, has been documented in some geographic regions. Aminoglycosides are
Streptococcus_dysgalactiae
Chromosome 3 open reading frame 52
disordered region, a transmembrane region, and a major polyA site. The molecular weight is of 24.3 kDa. This protein is predicted to be localized primarily
C3orf52
a standard ruler. The growth rate of structure, useful for testing modifications to general relativity, can also be measured using redshift space distortions
Intensity_mapping
Animal that has been genetically modified
trait are not bred, is a precursor to the modern concept of genetic modification Various advancements in genetics allowed humans to directly alter the
Genetically_modified_animal
Graduate-level standardized test in the US
Bioinformatics Proteomics Molecular evolution D. Genome Maintenance DNA replication DNA damage and repair DNA modification DNA recombination and gene
GRE Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test
GRE_Biochemistry,_Cell_and_Molecular_Biology_Test
Scientific journal
includes biological activities and interactions, molecular associations, chemical and biological modifications, and functional properties as well as development
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
International_Journal_of_Biological_Macromolecules
Chemical reaction between identical molecules to produce ions
A.; Fitch, A.N.; Gates, P.N. (1993). "Crystal and Molecular structure of a metastable modification of phosphorus pentachloride". Journal of the Chemical
Molecular_autoionization
Molecular dynamics software package
Building with Energy Refinement (AMBER) is the name of a widely used molecular dynamics software package originally developed by Peter Kollman's group
AMBER
Legal agreement in U.S. anti-trust litigation
In United States telecommunication law, the Modification of Final Judgment (MFJ) is the August 24, 1982 consent decree concerning the antitrust lawsuit
Modification of Final Judgment
Modification_of_Final_Judgment
Chemical compound
interaction between cyclophilin A and GTP-bound RAS. Subsequent covalent modification of the mutant Asp12 residue affords selectivity over wild-type RAS. As
Zoldonrasib
Swiss microbiologist and molecular biologist (1936–2014)
leading to the discovery of restriction and modification enzymes that have subsequently become essential molecular biology tools. These enzymes result in cleavage
Daisy_Roulland-Dussoix
8-protein complex forming the core of nucleosomes
In molecular biology, a histone octamer is the eight-protein complex found at the center of a nucleosome core particle. It consists of two copies of each
Histone_octamer
Term in molecular biology
consensus site is a term in molecular biology that refers to a site on a protein that is often modified in a particular way. Modifications may be N- or O- linked
Consensus_site
MOLECULAR MODIFICATION
MOLECULAR MODIFICATION
Surname or Lastname
Chinese
Chinese : variant of Tang 2.Chinese : variant of Tang 3.Chinese : from a modification of the character Zhong (). In the Xia dynasty (2205–1766 bc), there existed a senior adviser whose name was Zhonggu. Much later, in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 ad), some descendants settled along a river that became known as the Tong Family river. As the Manchus moved southwards, some took up residence by this river and they too adopted Tong as their surname.Chinese : from Lao Tong, the ‘style name’ given to a son of Zhuan Xu, legendary emperor of the 26th century bc. Two of his sons became important advisers to the next emperor, Ku. Some descendants of Lao Tong adopted a character from his style name as their surname.Chinese : see also Dong.English : metonymic occupational name for a maker or user of tongs (Old English tang(e)), or a habitational name from one of the places named with this word (there are examples in Lancashire, Shropshire, and West Yorkshire), from their situation by a fork in a road or river, considered as resembling a pair of tongs.English : topographic name for someone who lived on a tongue of land, or a habitational name from a place named with this word (Old English tunge, Old Norse tunga), for example Tonge in Leicestershire.Dutch : from a short form of the personal name Antonius (see Anthony). It could also be from Dutch tong ‘tongue’ and hence a nickname for a chatterbox or scold, or possibly a shortening of Van Tongeren, a habitational name for someone from Tongeren in the province of Gelderland.
Girl/Female
African, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Kenyan, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Small; Atom; Black; Molecule; Seed
Boy/Male
Finnish, Indian, Sanskrit
Molecule; Particle; Earth; Born of Dust
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Supportive; Modification of the Name Saranya
MOLECULAR MODIFICATION
MOLECULAR MODIFICATION
Male
Polish
Czech and Polish form of Greek Iakob, JAKUB means "supplanter."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, Traditional
The Sun Light of the World; Lord Vishnu
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Chinese, Greek
Most Beautiful; Diminutive of Calista
Boy/Male
Arabic
White
Girl/Female
Muslim
Angel
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Threshold
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
A King
Girl/Female
Tamil
Fortunate
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Power of Supreme Wonder
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Servant of the Omniscient
MOLECULAR MODIFICATION
MOLECULAR MODIFICATION
MOLECULAR MODIFICATION
MOLECULAR MODIFICATION
MOLECULAR MODIFICATION
n.
Butane, each molecule of which has four carbon atoms.
n.
A palmitate derived from three molecules of palmitic acid.
n. pl.
Microscopic organic particles, molecular granules, powdered inorganic substances, etc., which in form, size, and grouping resemble bacteria.
a.
Having five atoms in the molecule.
a.
Having six atoms in the molecule.
adv.
With molecules; in the manner of molecules.
a.
Pertaining to, connected with, produced by, or consisting of, molecules; as, molecular forces; molecular groups of atoms, etc.
n.
One of the small particles or organic molecules of protoplasm.
n.
A minute particle; an atom; a molecule.
a.
Adapted to be used with only one eye at a time; as, a monocular microscope.
a.
Having only one eye; with one eye only; as, monocular vision.
n.
The smallest part of any substance which possesses the characteristic properties and qualities of that substance, and which can exist alone in a free state.
n.
The state of consisting of molecules; the state or quality of being molecular.
n.
An imbibing or reception by molecular or chemical action; as, the absorption of light, heat, electricity, etc.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or seated in, one eye; monocular.
a.
Between molecules; situated, or acting, between the molecules of bodies.
n.
The molecular attraction exerted between bodies in contact. See Cohesion.
n.
One of the very small invisible particles of which all matter is supposed to consist.
a.
Monocular.
n.
A group of atoms so united and combined by chemical affinity that they form a complete, integrated whole, being the smallest portion of any particular compound that can exist in a free state; as, a molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen. Cf. Atom.