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Molecular dissociation
Molecular fragmentation (mass spectrometry), or molecular dissociation, occurs both in nature and in experiments. It occurs when a complete molecule is
Molecular fragmentation methods
Molecular_fragmentation_methods
Dissociation of molecular ions
In mass spectrometry, fragmentation is the dissociation of energetically unstable molecular ions formed from passing the molecules mass spectrum. These
Fragmentation (mass spectrometry)
Fragmentation_(mass_spectrometry)
Method of identifying trace chemicals
mass less than the molecular ion are the result of fragmentation of the molecule. Many reaction pathways exist for fragmentation, but only newly formed
Mass_spectral_interpretation
Biochemical method in mass spectrometry
needed] Factors affecting fragmentation are the charge state (the higher charge state, the less energy is needed for fragmentation), mass of the peptide (the
De_novo_peptide_sequencing
Mass spectrometry software
group introduced the concept of fragmentation trees for identification of the molecular formula based on fragmentation mass spectrometry data, also called
SIRIUS_(software)
Cell-free DNA profiling method
features, chromatin fragmentation patterns or properties, can allow high-resolution analyses, as opposed to its alternatives. The method has been shown effective
EPIC-Seq
Type of mass spectrometry
Spectrometry-Based Proteomics: An Overview". Quantitative Methods in Proteomics. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 893. pp. 85–100. doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-885-6_7
Tandem_mass_spectrometry
Cleavage of DNA into tiny pieces during apoptosis
Apoptotic DNA fragmentation is a key feature of apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death. Apoptosis is characterized by the activation of endogenous
Apoptotic_DNA_fragmentation
Separation or breakage of DNA strands into pieces
nuclear DNA. DNA fragmentation is often necessary prior to library construction or subcloning for DNA sequences. A variety of methods involving the mechanical
DNA_fragmentation
Chemical reaction that produces polymers
Reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer or RAFT polymerization is one of several kinds of reversible deactivation radical polymerization. It
Reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization
Reversible_addition−fragmentation_chain-transfer_polymerization
Computational method in Chemistry
modifications in various methods including FMO. There had been other methods related to FMO including the incremental correlation method by H. Stoll (1992)
Fragment_molecular_orbital
Field of science
collisionally activated dissociation - CAD) is a method used to fragment molecular ions in the gas phase. The molecular ions collide with neutral gas molecules
Gas-phase_ion_chemistry
Molecular biology method used to detect DNA fragmentation
deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) is a method for detecting DNA fragmentation by labeling the 3′- hydroxyl termini in the double-strand
TUNEL_assay
Method for detecting large protein polymers
polymers can indicate the efficiency of polymer fragmentation in vivo. The method was created in the Molecular Genetics laboratory of the Russian Cardiology
SDD-AGE
Quality of being toxic to cells
cytological and molecular events, including changes in the cell's refractive index, cytoplasmic shrinkage, nuclear condensation, and fragmentation of DNA into
Cytotoxicity
of cellular and molecular biology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in the study of cell biology, molecular biology, and related
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (0–L)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(0–L)
Ionization technique
However, this method is still a popular ionization technique. This technique is considered a hard (high fragmentation) ionization method, since it uses
Electron_ionization
Biological molecular machines
motor events are stochastic, molecular motors are often modeled with the Fokker–Planck equation or with Monte Carlo methods. These theoretical models are
Molecular_motor
Tandem mass spectrometry method
the first stage of a tandem mass spectrometer and an ion product of a fragmentation reaction of the precursor ions is selected in the second mass spectrometer
Selected_reaction_monitoring
Analytical technique based on determining mass to charge ratio of ions
by the mass of a molecular subunit of interest to the analyst. Ions are detected if they lose that fixed mass during fragmentation. This can be used
Mass_spectrometry
Mass spectrometry method for fragmenting complex macromolecules
advantageous for the fragmentation of longer peptides or even entire proteins. This makes the technique important for top-down proteomics. The method was developed
Electron-transfer dissociation
Electron-transfer_dissociation
Mass spectrometry technique to induce fragmentation of selected ions in the gas phase
spectrometry technique to induce fragmentation of selected ions in the gas phase. The selected ions (typically molecular ions or protonated molecules) are
Collision-induced dissociation
Collision-induced_dissociation
Biochemical technique
Holger; Bachmann, Michael (2012). "Gel Drying Methods". Protein Electrophoresis. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 869. pp. 433–436. doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-821-4_36
SDS-PAGE
Subdiscipline of chemistry, focusing on carbon compounds
chemical tests, called "wet methods", but such tests have been largely displaced by spectroscopic or other computer-intensive methods of analysis. Listed in
Organic_chemistry
Theory that characterizes object complexity
molecule can be obtained directly via spectroscopic methods. This method could be implemented in a fragmentation tandem mass spectrometry instrument to search
Assembly_theory
Technique in mass spectroscopy
alternative technique in cases where EI produces excessive fragmentation of the analyte, causing the molecular-ion peak to be weak or completely absent. The CI
Chemical_ionization
Chemical compound
Isoindoline is a heterocyclic organic compound with the molecular formula C8H9N. The parent compound has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered
Isoindoline
Ionization technique
ionization methods. It is similar in character to electrospray ionization (ESI) in that both techniques are relatively soft (low fragmentation) ways of
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization
In mass spectrometry, data-independent acquisition (DIA) is a method of molecular structure determination in which all ions within a selected m/z range
Data-independent_acquisition
Form of programmed cell death
changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and mRNA decay. The average adult human loses
Apoptosis
Type of chain polymerization
between two radicals is represented as ktx. In all RDRP methods, the theoretical number average molecular weight of obtained polymers, Mn, can be defined by
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
Reversible-deactivation_radical_polymerization
Indian theoretical chemist
implement a class of many-body methods for electronic structure which are now standard works in the field. These methods, collectively called multireference
Debashis_Mukherjee
Chemical reaction
primarily been monitored by the methods: NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and neutron crystallography. Each of these methods have their advantages and drawbacks
Hydrogen–deuterium_exchange
Type of mass spectrometer
structure of the original ion can be deduced from the ion fragmentation information. This method is commonly performed to identify transitions used for quantification
Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer
Triple_quadrupole_mass_spectrometer
Ionization Method
such as hexane can be ionized. The low fragmentation ionization allows for identification based on the molecular mass as protonated [M+H]+ species. This
Soft Ionization by Chemical Reaction in Transfer
Soft_Ionization_by_Chemical_Reaction_in_Transfer
Chemical reaction to form polymer chains
polymerization. Although the polymer dispersity and molecular weight may be improved, these methods may introduce additional processing requirements to
Polymerization
Predictive chemical model
apply a similarity matrix based prediction or an automatic fragmentation scheme into molecular substructures. Furthermore, there exist also approaches using
Quantitative structure–activity relationship
Quantitative_structure–activity_relationship
Degraded DNA fragments circulating in bodily fluids
different purification methods can lead to significantly different cfDNA extraction yields. At the moment, typical purification methods involve collection
Circulating_free_DNA
Analytical method
whereas "soft ionization" is charge by molecular collision with an introduced gas. The molecular fragmentation pattern is dependent upon the electron
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Gas_chromatography–mass_spectrometry
American chemist
XCMS", in Li, Shuzhao (ed.), Computational Methods and Data Analysis for Metabolomics, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 2104, New York, NY: Springer
Gary_Siuzdak
Large-scale study of proteins
still very common in molecular biology, other methods have been developed as well, that do not rely on an antibody. These methods offer various advantages
Proteomics
Chemical byproduct of chloramine
determine its molecular mass, but it was too simple for structural determination from the fragmentation pattern. The ion was found to have the molecular formula
Chloronitramide_anion
Functional group at the extremity of an oligomer or other macromolecule
with other signals. As molecular weight increases, the width of the spectral peaks also increase. As a result of this, methods which rely on resolution
End_group
Method of ion formation
produced by FD have little or no fragmentation because FD is a soft ionization method. They are dominated by molecular radical cations M+. and less often
Field_desorption
Mathematical theory on behavior of connected clusters in a random graph
this fragmentation may be detected using charge detection mass spectroscopy (CDMS) among other single-particle techniques. This is a molecular analog
Percolation_theory
Replacing Fragmentation and Enzymatic Ligation with Click-Chemistry to Prevent Sequence Chimeras". Next Generation Sequencing. Methods in Molecular Biology
ClickSeq
Sequencing of amino acid arrangement in a protein
direct methods of protein sequencing are mass spectrometry and Edman degradation using a protein sequenator (sequencer). Mass spectrometry methods are now
Protein_sequencing
Chemical labels used to quantify biomolecules via mass spectrometry
with the same mass, but yield reporter ions of differing mass after fragmentation. The relative ratio of the measured reporter ions represents the relative
Tandem_mass_tag
Dutch chemist
proteome wide cross-linking experiments, and the development of novel fragmentation methods and the software suite XlinkX. Albert Heck is closely involved in
Albert_J._R._Heck
"RIP: RNA Immunoprecipitation", Polycomb Group Proteins: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 1480, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 73–86
RNA_immunoprecipitation_chip
performed using the fragmentation data to identify the labeled peptides and hence the corresponding proteins. The fragmentation of the attached tag generates
Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation
Isobaric_tag_for_relative_and_absolute_quantitation
Subdiscipline of ecology
Godfrey M. Hewitt, and others. Molecular ecology is related to the fields of population genetics and conservation genetics. Methods frequently include using
Molecular_ecology
Laboratory technique in biochemistry
purification steps beyond standard immunoprecipitation, including partial RNA fragmentation, high-salt washing, SDS-PAGE separation and membrane transfer, and identification
Immunoprecipitation
Protein–Protein Interactions in Living Yeast Cells". Molecular and Cell Biology Methods for Fungi. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 638. pp. 303–17. doi:10
Protein-fragment complementation assay
Protein-fragment_complementation_assay
Economic aspects of plastic manufacturing
Processing methods are selected based on equipment cost, production rate, tooling cost, and build volume. High equipment and tooling cost methods are typically
Economics of plastics processing
Economics_of_plastics_processing
Methylomes", in Vaschetto, Luis M. (ed.), Cereal Genomics: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 2072, New York, NY: Springer US, pp. 119–128
Whole genome bisulfite sequencing
Whole_genome_bisulfite_sequencing
Application of mass spectrometry
spectrometry is an important method for the accurate mass determination and characterization of proteins, and a variety of methods and instrumentations have
Protein_mass_spectrometry
The RI-MP2 method has a GPU enabled component in the latest public release of GAMESS. GAMESS (US) also has a series of fragmentation methods that allow
GAMESS_(US)
Class of arthropods
decomposition of organic matter, but contribute to it indirectly through the fragmentation of organic matter and the control of soil microbial communities. The
Springtail
Partial alignment of polymer molecular chains
Crystallization of polymers is a process associated with partial alignment of their molecular chains. These chains fold together and form ordered regions called lamellae
Crystallization_of_polymers
Scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites
ISBN 4-431-25121-9. Weckwerth W (2006). Metabolomics: Methods And Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology). Humana Press. ISBN 1-588-29561-3. OCLC 493824826
Metabolomics
Numerical technique to simulate behavior of continuous substances
biological soft tissues, fragmentation of gas-filled canisters, dispersion of atmospheric pollutants, multiscale simulations coupling molecular dynamics with MPM
Material_point_method
effect on a sample fragmentation pattern. Since the cost of helium is steady rising some have started to use alternative methods with ambient flowing
Flowing-afterglow mass spectrometry
Flowing-afterglow_mass_spectrometry
Molecular biology technique
In molecular biology, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique that exploits variations in homologous DNA sequences, known as polymorphisms
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
Restriction_fragment_length_polymorphism
Irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a dying cell
necrosis or apoptosis. It is typically followed by karyorrhexis, the fragmentation of the nucleus. The term derives from Ancient Greek πυκνός meaning "thick
Pyknosis
the study of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragmentation patterns. Programmed cell death leads to the non-random fragmentation of DNA, and the resulting fragments
Fragmentomics
Negative ion that accepts electrons
Superelectrophilic anions are a class of molecular ions that exhibit highly electrophilic reaction behavior despite their overall negative charge. Thus
Superelectrophilic_anion
Chemical compound
as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight. The structure of PEG is commonly expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH
Polyethylene_glycol
DNA shuffling, also known as molecular breeding, is an in vitro random recombination method to generate mutant genes for directed evolution and to enable
DNA_shuffling
Species of arthropod
Spain. The species is affected by pesticide contamination and habitat fragmentation. García de Lomas, J.; Sala, J.; Barrios, V.; Prunier, F.; Camacho, A
Triops_gadensis
Application of mass spectrometry to aerosol particles
coupling of pre-separation methods with mass spectrometry. The benefit of this method relative to on-line sampling is greater molecular and structural speciation
Aerosol_mass_spectrometry
Reproduction without a sexual process
spores, such as those of plants and many algae, are produced by meiosis. Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a
Asexual_reproduction
Abrasive blasting technique using sodium bicarbonate
Blasting soda is an extremely friable material that undergoes micro fragmentation on impact, literally exploding away surface materials without damage
Soda_blasting
Discipline in genetics
Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of molecular biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. A genome
Genomics
Method used for sequencing random DNA strands
termination method to obtain reads. Multiple overlapping reads for the target DNA are obtained by performing several rounds of this fragmentation and sequencing
Shotgun_sequencing
Filtration of fluids through porous materials
biological virus shells to random subunit removal (experimentally-verified fragmentation of viruses). Transport in porous media. Spread of diseases. Surface
Percolation
Organic molecular cages represent a unique class of porous materials characterized by their discrete molecular nature and well-defined internal cavities
Organic_molecular_cages
Complex of DNA and protein in eukaryotic cells
Accessibility", in Morse, Randall H. (ed.), Chromatin Remodeling, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 833, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 89–102, doi:10
Chromatin
Genus of annelids
viride". In Rink, Jochen C. (ed.). Planarian Regeneration: Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 2219. Springer. pp. 429–438. Retrieved
Aeolosoma
Study of RNA transcripts
typical high-throughput sequencing methods, transcripts are usually fragmented prior to sequencing. The fragmentation method is a key aspect of sequencing
Transcriptomics_technologies
Practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitats
Major threats to wildlife include habitat destruction, degradation, fragmentation, overexploitation, poaching, pollution, climate change, and the illegal
Wildlife_conservation
Deliberate fragmentation of DNA in preparation for analysis
molecular biology, a restriction digest is a procedure used to prepare DNA for analysis or other processing. It is sometimes termed DNA fragmentation
Restriction_digest
Biological process
conjugation. Other ways of asexual reproduction include parthenogenesis, fragmentation and spore formation that involves only mitosis. Parthenogenesis is the
Reproduction
approach that detects sperm abnormality with a large extent of DNA fragmentation. First described by Evenson in 1980, the assay is a flow cytometric
Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay
Sperm_Chromatin_Structure_Assay
Insoluble protein aggregate with a fibrillar morphology
unsuitable for the most traditional methods for studying protein structures. Recent years have seen progress in experimental methods, including solid-state NMR
Amyloid
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
A structural basis for the regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation". Journal of Molecular Biology. 321 (2): 317–27. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00588-0
DFFA
Principle about evidence
the methods are independent, when one of several methods is in error, it is very unlikely to be in error in the same way as any of the other methods, and
Consilience
Examines sequence information from individual cells
(February 2017). "Comparative Analysis of Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Methods". Molecular Cell. 65 (4): 631–643.e4. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2017.01.023. hdl:10230/34928
Single-cell_sequencing
Concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element
techniques described here is that of fragmentation beams, where the radioactive ions are produced by fragmentation reactions on a fast beam of stable ions
Isotope_separation
Protein-coding gene in humans
related necrosis. In addition, cyclin B1- CDK activates Drp1, causing fragmentation and ensuring mitochondria are distributed to each daughter cell after
DNM1L
Spectroscopy of quantized rotational states of gases
Keenan, M.R.; Flygare, W.H. (1980). "A new method for observing the rotational spectra of weak molecular complexes: KrHCl". J. Chem. Phys. 72 (2): 922–932
Rotational_spectroscopy
Process for assessing human fertility
(2013). "Sperm DNA damage measured by comet assay". Spermatogenesis. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 927. pp. 137–146. doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-038-0_13
Fertility_testing
Male reproductive cell
gradient capacitation is the most suitable method to improve fertilization and to reduce DNA fragmentation positive spermatozoa of infertile men". Anatolian
Sperm
Reconstruction of genomes of extinct species
various library methods are available for sequencing aDNA, besides many bioinformatics tools. When dealing with each of these methods it is important
Paleogenomics
Imaging system
challenging because of ion suppression, poor ionization, and low molecular weight matrix fragmentation effects. To combat this, chemical derivatization is used
MALDI_imaging
compounds on a chip" or "three-dimensional DNA microarrays", are devices for molecular hybridization produced by immobilizing oligonucleotides, DNA, enzymes
MAGIChip
that can be observed when DNA fragments resulting from apoptotic DNA fragmentation are visualized after separation by gel electrophoresis, first described
DNA_laddering
Study of biochemical processes in an individual cell
proteomics: antibody-based methods, fluorescent protein-based methods, and mass spectroscopy-based methods. The antibody based methods use designed antibodies
Single-cell_analysis
Method of archaeological study
to degradation processes (including cross-linking, deamination and fragmentation) ancient DNA is more degraded in comparison with present-day genetic
Ancient_DNA
Species of reptile
of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation on molecular diversity in a rain forest skink, Gnypetoscincus queenslandiae". Molecular Ecology. 13 (2): 259–269
Prickly_forest_skink
MOLECULAR FRAGMENTATION-METHODS
MOLECULAR FRAGMENTATION-METHODS
Boy/Male
Finnish, Indian, Sanskrit
Molecule; Particle; Earth; Born of Dust
Male
Greek
(Μίδας) In Greek mythology, this is the name of a king of Phrygia famous for his Midas touch. After entertaining the drunken Silenus for eleven days, Midas returned him to Dionysos who offered him his choice of anything he wanted. Midas asked to have everything he touched turned to gold. His wish was granted and Midas rejoiced, but not for long, for even his food and drink turned to gold before reaching his mouth. He prayed to Dionysos who took pity on him and gave him instructions for removing the cursed blessing.     The name Midas is said to be Phrygian, and of unknown etymology. It might share the same origin as Hebrew Midrash, MIDAS means "to repeat," especially in order to make an impression on the mind. Midrash refers to the methods used (including repetition) in Old Testament stories for fixing morals in the mind.     Midrash derives from the word midah/middah ("action, measure, rule"), the plural of which is midos ("actions of man," or "rulers of man" especially of man's traits; hence "personality traits." Midos is the ruler of our personality and behavior; it determines what is the central focus of our mind which affects all of our actions and thoughts. Midas was ruled by negative midos, bad traits; he was self-focused and acted rashly, making a bad choice, when offered anything he wanted.Â
Girl/Female
African, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Kenyan, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Small; Atom; Black; Molecule; Seed
MOLECULAR FRAGMENTATION-METHODS
MOLECULAR FRAGMENTATION-METHODS
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Life of the World
Girl/Female
Indian, Traditional
Beauty of the Moon
Boy/Male
Indian
Covered, A title of the prophet
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Awareness
Boy/Male
Indian
Servant of God
Male
English
English form of French Jules, JOOLS means "descended from Jupiter (Jove)."
Male
French
French form of Latin Cosmo, CÔME means "order, beauty."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Azvika | அஜà¯à®µà®¿à®•à®¾
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Chaffin.
Girl/Female
Russian
Love of the people.
MOLECULAR FRAGMENTATION-METHODS
MOLECULAR FRAGMENTATION-METHODS
MOLECULAR FRAGMENTATION-METHODS
MOLECULAR FRAGMENTATION-METHODS
MOLECULAR FRAGMENTATION-METHODS
a.
Pertaining to, connected with, produced by, or consisting of, molecules; as, molecular forces; molecular groups of atoms, etc.
a.
Having six atoms in the molecule.
a.
Having only one eye; with one eye only; as, monocular vision.
n.
A group of atoms so united and combined by chemical affinity that they form a complete, integrated whole, being the smallest portion of any particular compound that can exist in a free state; as, a molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen. Cf. Atom.
a.
Monocular.
n. pl.
Microscopic organic particles, molecular granules, powdered inorganic substances, etc., which in form, size, and grouping resemble bacteria.
n.
An imbibing or reception by molecular or chemical action; as, the absorption of light, heat, electricity, etc.
n.
A palmitate derived from three molecules of palmitic acid.
n.
The act of joining, or the state of being joined, together; union.
a.
Between molecules; situated, or acting, between the molecules of bodies.
n.
One of the very small invisible particles of which all matter is supposed to consist.
a.
Adapted to be used with only one eye at a time; as, a monocular microscope.
adv.
With molecules; in the manner of molecules.
n.
The molecular attraction exerted between bodies in contact. See Cohesion.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or seated in, one eye; monocular.
n.
The state of consisting of molecules; the state or quality of being molecular.
a.
Having five atoms in the molecule.
n.
The smallest part of any substance which possesses the characteristic properties and qualities of that substance, and which can exist alone in a free state.
n.
A largess of grain bestowed upon the people, to quiet them when uneasy.
n.
A minute particle; an atom; a molecule.