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Fuel-efficient orbital maneuver
A low-energy transfer, or low-energy trajectory, is a route in space that allows spacecraft to change orbits using significantly less fuel than traditional
Low-energy_transfer
Movement during spaceflight
idea of the bi-elliptical transfer trajectory was first published by Ary Sternfeld in 1934. A low energy transfer, or low energy trajectory, is a route in
Orbital_maneuver
Type of low-energy spacecraft transfer
boundary transfer is also used, or for short, WSB transfer. In 2014, ballistic capture transfer was proposed as an alternate low energy transfer for future
Ballistic_capture
Transfer manoeuvre between two orbits
around a central body. For example, a Hohmann transfer could be used to raise a satellite's orbit from low Earth orbit to geostationary orbit. In the idealized
Hohmann_transfer_orbit
Orbit of an object around the Moon
main ways to get to lunar orbit from Earth: direct transfer, low thrust transfer, and low-energy transfer. These take 3–4 days, several months, or 2.5–4 months
Lunar_orbit
Low-energy trajectories in the Solar System
particularly low delta-v requirements, and appear to be the lowest-energy transfers possible, even lower than the common Hohmann transfer orbit that has
Interplanetary Transport Network
Interplanetary_Transport_Network
Propulsive maneuver used to arrive at the Moon
spacecraft toward the Moon. Typical lunar transfer trajectories approximate Hohmann transfers, although low-energy transfers have also been used in some cases
Trans-lunar_injection
Orbit around the barycenter of the Sun
trajectory, also known as Mars transfer orbit, which will place it as far as Mars orbit. Every two years, low-energy transfer windows open up, which allow
Heliocentric_orbit
Range of low orbital altitudes
Very low Earth orbit (VLEO) is a range of geocentric orbits with lowest altitudes (at perigee) below 400 km (250 mi). It is of increasing commercial importance
Very_low_Earth_orbit
Photochemical energy transfer mechanism
resonance energy transfer (FRET), resonance energy transfer (RET) or electronic energy transfer (EET) is a mechanism describing energy transfer between
Förster resonance energy transfer
Förster_resonance_energy_transfer
Wireless personal area network technology
Bluetooth Low Energy (Bluetooth LE, colloquially BLE, formerly marketed as Bluetooth Smart) is a wireless personal area network technology designed and
Bluetooth_Low_Energy
Transfer orbit used to reach geosynchronous or geostationary orbit
geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) or geosynchronous transfer orbit is a highly elliptical type of geocentric orbit, usually with a perigee as low as low Earth
Geostationary_transfer_orbit
Estimate of total change in velocity of a space mission
burn to reach a Mars transfer orbit is performed at Earth's orbit, but far away from Earth. A less used effect is low energy transfers. These are highly
Delta-v_budget
Parameter in the gravitational two-body problem
orbital energy ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } (or specific vis-viva energy) of two orbiting bodies is the constant quotient of their mechanical energy (the
Specific_orbital_energy
Orbit around Earth between 160 and 2000 km
economically useful. A low Earth orbit requires the lowest amount of energy for satellite placement. It provides high bandwidth and low communication latency
Low_Earth_orbit
Periodic, three-dimensional orbit
Retrieved 6 January 2024. SOHO – The Trip to the L1 Halo Orbit Low Energy Interplanetary Transfers Using Halo Orbit Hopping Method with STK/Astrogator Gaia's
Halo_orbit
Type of spacecraft orbit
Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter—principally for its projected stability and low-energy transfer characteristics—but that mission concept was cancelled in 2005. A
Distant_retrograde_orbit
Measure for the energy lost by ions per traversed distance
In dosimetry, linear energy transfer (LET) is the amount of energy that an ionizing particle transfers to the material traversed per unit distance. It
Linear_energy_transfer
Type of spacecraft maneuver
in velocity imparts a greater increase in kinetic energy at a high velocity than it would at a low velocity. For example, considering a rocket with a
Oberth_effect
Electrical transmission without physical connection
Wireless power transfer (WPT; also wireless energy transmission or WET) is the transmission of electrical energy without wires as a physical link. In
Wireless_power_transfer
Thermal engineering discipline concerning transfer of heat in physical systems
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical
Heat_transfer
Physics algorithm
Weak stability boundary (WSB), including low-energy transfer, is a concept introduced by Edward Belbruno in 1987. The concept explained how a spacecraft
Weak_stability_boundary
Orbit in the two body case with high eccentricity
have two main uses - as transfer orbits and as good orbits for communication with or surveillance of the Polar regions. The transfer orbit was proposed by
Highly_elliptical_orbit
Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator
satellites directly into a geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO), an elliptical orbit with an apogee at GSO height and a low perigee. On-board satellite propulsion
Geosynchronous_orbit
Astrodynamic equation
potential energy is g {\displaystyle g} times this height, and the kinetic energy is v 2 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {v^{2}}{2}}} . This adds up to the energy increase
Orbit_equation
Measure of amount of effort to change trajectory
orbit GEO Geosynchronous orbit GTO Geostationary transfer orbit L4/5 Earth–Moon L4L5 Lagrangian point LEO Low Earth orbit For example, the Soyuz spacecraft
Delta-v
Concept in celestial mechanics
axis times the negative of the specific orbital energy, where the latter is defined as the total energy of the system divided by the reduced mass. The
Standard gravitational parameter
Standard_gravitational_parameter
Field of classical mechanics concerned with the motion of spacecraft
middle. The Hohmann transfer orbit requires a minimal delta-v. A bi-elliptic transfer can require less energy than the Hohmann transfer, if the ratio of
Orbital_mechanics
Geocentric orbit with an altitude entirely above that of a geosynchronous orbit
Second, HEOs take far more energy to place a satellite into than LEOs. To place a satellite into HEO takes nearly as much energy as to place it into a heliocentric
High_Earth_orbit
Space navigation technique
has gravitational slingshot encounters with Earth Delta-v budget Low-energy transfer, a type of gravitational assist where a spacecraft is gravitationally
Gravity_assist
Process of changing energy
work (e.g. lifting an object) or provides heat. Energy can be converted to different forms or transferred to a different location or object or living being
Energy_transformation
Geostationary or geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO): An elliptic orbit where the perigee is at the altitude of a low Earth orbit (LEO) and the apogee
List_of_orbits
Trajectory of Earth around the Sun
more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. However, this effect is much less significant than the total energy change
Earth's_orbit
Surface a body of energy cannot cross
enter) a region with minimal energy will typically pass close to the Lagrange point, which is used in low-energy transfer trajectory planning. Given a
Zero-velocity_surface
Physics problem related to laws of motion and gravity
systems Galaxy formation and evolution Gravity assist Lagrange point Low-energy transfer Michael Minovitch n-body simulation Symplectic integrator Sitnikov
Three-body_problem
Spacecraft end-of-life orbit
graveyard orbit is a few hundred kilometers beyond the operational orbit. The transfer to a graveyard orbit beyond geostationary orbit requires the same amount
Graveyard_orbit
Equilibrium points near two orbiting bodies
of interplanetary dust reflections Interplanetary Transport Network – Low-energy trajectories in the Solar System Klemperer rosette – Type of gravitational
Lagrange_point
Type of orbit
trajectories are minimum-energy escape trajectories, separating positive-energy hyperbolic trajectories from negative-energy elliptic orbits. In 1609
Parabolic_trajectory
Concept in celestial mechanics
energy is greater than or equal to zero. The existence of escape velocity can be thought of as a consequence of conservation of energy and an energy field
Escape_velocity
Type of orbital maneuver
In astronautics and aerospace engineering, the bi-elliptic transfer is an orbital maneuver that moves a spacecraft from one orbit to another and may, in
Bi-elliptic_transfer
Physical quantity
Energy (from Ancient Greek ἐνέργεια (enérgeia) 'activity') is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable
Energy
Maintenance of a particular orbit
burns to keep the active craft in the same orbit as its target. For many low Earth orbit satellites, the effects of non-Keplerian forces, i.e. the deviations
Orbital_station-keeping
Earth-centered orbit above low Earth orbit and below geostationary orbit
medium Earth orbit (MEO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an altitude above a low Earth orbit (LEO) and below a high Earth orbit (HEO) – between 2,000 and
Medium_Earth_orbit
Kepler orbit with an eccentricity of less than one
Examples of elliptic orbits or trajectories for satellites include Hohmann transfer orbits, Molniya orbits, and tundra orbits. Under standard assumptions,
Elliptic_orbit
Kind of planetary orbit
supersynchronous elliptical transfer orbit, an orbit with a somewhat larger apogee than the more typical geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) typically used
Supersynchronous_orbit
Orbit with a fixed distance from the barycenter
more energy than needed for the orbital speed of the circular orbit. It is also a matter of maneuvering into the orbit. See also Hohmann transfer orbit
Circular_orbit
Type of co-orbital motion of a small orbiting body relative to a larger orbiting body
Periodic, three-dimensional orbit Interplanetary Transport Network – Low-energy trajectories in the Solar System Lissajous orbit – Quasi-periodic orbital
Horseshoe_orbit
Concept in astrodynamics
all hyperbolic trajectories are also escape trajectories. The specific energy of a hyperbolic trajectory orbit is positive. Planetary flybys, used for
Hyperbolic_trajectory
Speed at which a body orbits around the barycenter of a system
central body and the object's specific orbital energy, sometimes called "total energy". Specific orbital energy is constant and independent of position. In
Orbital_speed
Attitude control device used in spacecraft
1:45 UTC, with the goal of landing on the Moon. Beresheet uses the low-energy transfer technique to save fuel. Since its fourth maneuver in its elliptical
Reaction_wheel
Spaceflight maneuver
Steve; Macdonald, Malcolm (2013). "Hohmann Spiral Transfer With Inclination Change Performed By Low-Thrust System" (PDF). Advances in the Astronautical
Orbital_inclination_change
Arrival of a spacecraft on the Moon's surface
It was launched on 11 December 2022 aboard a Falcon 9 rocket on a low-energy transfer trajectory that entered Lunar orbit 21 March 2023. An attempted landing
Moon_landing
Amount by which an orbit deviates from a perfect circle
L^{2}\ }{\ m_{\text{rdc}}\ \alpha ^{2}\ }}}}} where E is the total orbital energy, L is the angular momentum, mrdc is the reduced mass, and α {\displaystyle
Orbital_eccentricity
German astronomer and mathematician
allows for the construction of very low energy paths for spacecraft. Belbruno had first proposed using a low-energy transfer orbit for a JPL probe in 1988.
Edward_Belbruno
Satellite orbit with high inclination
to 460 m/s of Delta-v, approximately 5% of the Delta-v required to attain Low Earth orbit. Polar orbits are used for Earth-mapping, reconnaissance satellites
Polar_orbit
Circular orbit above Earth's Equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation
satellites directly into a geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), an elliptical orbit with an apogee at GEO height and a low perigee. On-board satellite propulsion
Geostationary_orbit
Synchrotron light source facility in Saskatoon, Canada
system consists of a 250 MeV LINAC, a low energy transfer line, a 2.9 GeV booster synchrotron and a high energy transfer line. The LINAC was operated for over
Canadian_Light_Source
Time period during which a rocket must launch to reach its target
other space agencies. To go to another planet using the simple low-energy Hohmann transfer orbit, if eccentricity of orbits is not a factor, launch periods
Launch_window
Type of high-latitude satellite orbit
necessarily inclined over the equator, can only view these regions from a low angle, hampering performance. In practice, a satellite in a Molniya orbit
Molniya_orbit
Curved path of an object around a point
orbits will have negative total energy, the parabolic trajectories zero total energy and hyperbolic orbits positive total energy. An open orbit will have a
Orbit
Region in which an astronomical body dominates the attraction of satellites
contour of the Jacobi integral.[not verified in body] When the object's energy is low, the zero-velocity surface completely surrounds the less massive body
Hill_sphere
Path on the surface of the Earth or another body directly below an aircraft or satellite
wider range of initial orbit inclinations, low-latitude launch sites offer the benefit of requiring less energy to make orbit (at least for prograde orbits
Satellite_ground_track
Measure in astrodynamics
astrodynamics, the characteristic energy ( C 3 {\displaystyle C_{3}} ) is a measure of the excess specific energy over that required to just barely escape
Characteristic_energy
Method of reusing thermal energy in a building
When using rotary energy recovery devices the two air streams must be adjacent to one another to allow for the local transfer of energy. Also, there should
Heat_recovery_ventilation
Problem in physics and celestial mechanics
kinetic energy of two bodies and the potential energy when the bodies are far apart. (This potential energy is always a negative value; energy of rotation
N-body_problem
Series of orbital maneuvers
shorter orbital period allowing it to catch up, then executing a Hohmann transfer back to the original orbital height). As GPO engineer André Meyer later
Space_rendezvous
Type of geocentric orbit
Sun-synchronous. The period can be in the range from 88 minutes for a very low orbit (a = 6554 km, i = 96°) to 3.8 hours (a = 12352 km, but this orbit would
Sun-synchronous_orbit
Type of energy transfer
fluorescence energy transfer (TR-FRET) is the practical combination of time-resolved fluorometry (TRF) with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) that
Time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer
Time-resolved_fluorescence_energy_transfer
Topics referred to by the same term
r/wallstreetbets, an investing subreddit on Reddit Weak Stability Boundary, a low energy transfer that allows spacecraft to change orbits using very little fuel World
WSB
Orbit around Earth
Walter Hohmann. Geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) A geocentric-elliptic orbit where the perigee is at the altitude of a low Earth Orbit (LEO) and the apogee
Geocentric_orbit
Temporary orbit used during the launch of a spacecraft
orbit in the plane of the equator. Getting there requires a geostationary transfer orbit with an apogee directly above the equator. Unless the launch site
Parking_orbit
Spaceflight where spacecraft orbits an astronomical body
spacecraft reaches space, but the perigee is too low. There are three main "bands" of orbit around the Earth: low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO)
Orbital_spaceflight
Energy transfer between scales of motion
an energy cascade involves the transfer of energy from large scales of motion to the small scales (called a direct energy cascade) or a transfer of energy
Energy_cascade
Material to reduce heat transfer in structures
heat with low heat transfer efficiency. This situation also occurs in the fur of animals and birds feathers, animal hair can employ the low thermal conductivity
Building_insulation
Hardware transmitter
Bluetooth beacons are hardware transmitters (a class of Bluetooth Low Energy (LE) devices) that broadcast their identifier to nearby portable electronic
Bluetooth_Low_Energy_beacon
Fluid used as an intermediary in a cooling or heating process
process, transporting and storing thermal energy, and heating on another side of a process. Heat transfer fluids are used in countless applications and
Heat-transfer_fluid
Term in geometry; longest and shortest semidiameters of an ellipse
\varepsilon } is the specific energy of the orbiting body. Note that for a given amount of total mass, the specific energy and the semi-major axis are always
Semi-major and semi-minor axes
Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes
Low-energy electron microscopy, or LEEM, is an analytical surface science technique used to image atomically clean surfaces, atom-surface interactions
Low-energy electron microscopy
Low-energy_electron_microscopy
Technologies to store thermal energy
higher storage capacity. Energy can also be stored underground (UTES), either in an underground tank or in some kind of heat-transfer fluid (HTF) flowing through
Thermal_energy_storage
Hypothetical type of nuclear reaction
continues to investigate it, often under the alternative designations low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) or condensed matter nuclear science (CMNS). Nuclear
Cold_fusion
Device for exchanging pressure between two fluids
A pressure exchanger transfers pressure energy from a high pressure fluid stream to a low pressure fluid stream. Many industrial processes operate at elevated
Pressure_exchanger
Technology using sunlight for heat
classified by the United States Energy Information Administration as low-, medium-, or high-temperature collectors. Low-temperature collectors are generally
Solar_thermal_energy
Minimization of heat transfer
Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (i.e., the transfer of thermal energy between objects of differing temperature) between objects in
Thermal_insulation
Type of energy recovery heat exchanger
industrial process, to recover the heat energy. Generally, it refers to any intermediate stream used to transfer heat between two streams that are not directly
Run-around_coil
Method for matching variable production with demand
Compressed-air-energy storage (CAES) is a way to store energy for later use using compressed air. At a utility scale, energy generated during periods of low demand
Compressed-air_energy_storage
PanAmSat communications satellite
and Rex Ridenoure heard about the problem and proposed a 3–5 month low-energy transfer trajectory that would swing past the Moon and leave the satellite
PAS-22
Building design approach
in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption. This approach works either by preventing heat from entering
Passive_cooling
Proposed European student mission to the Moon
but it requires much less propellant than a direct transfer (see Low energy transfer and Interplanetary Transport Network). ESMO is intended to be operated
European_Student_Moon_Orbiter
New energy suppression
propulsion systems, and other generally unproven or physically impossible, low-cost energy sources. The alleged suppression (or weakening) of the technology is
Free energy suppression conspiracy theory
Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory
Elliptical orbit used to move a spacecraft from one circular orbit to another
are several types of transfer orbits, which vary in their energy efficiency and speed of transfer. These include: Hohmann transfer orbit, an elliptical
Transfer_orbit
Electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of particles
heat transfer, along with conduction and convection. The primary method by which the Sun transfers heat to the Earth is thermal radiation. This energy is
Thermal_radiation
Type of insulated glazing
levels of energy efficiency in Arctic regions, or to allow higher glazing ratios in curtain walling without increasing winter heat loss. Its low thermal
Quadruple_glazing
1990 Japanese lunar probe
in Celestial Mechanics: With Applications to the Construction of Low Energy Transfers. Princeton University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-691-09480-9. Frank
Hiten_(spacecraft)
Branch of physics
Heat transfer physics describes the kinetics of energy storage, transport, and energy transformation by principal energy carriers: phonons (lattice vibration
Heat_transfer_physics
Transfer of energy between circuits
Capacitive coupling is the transfer of energy within an electrical network or between distant networks by means of displacement current between circuit(s)
Capacitive_coupling
System that transfers heat from one space to another
mechanical or thermal energy to transfer heat from one space to another. The mechanical heat pump uses electric power to transfer heat by compression.
Heat_pump
Former CERN infrastructure
The Low Energy Anti-Proton Ring (LEAR) was a particle accelerator at CERN which operated from 1982 until 1996. The ring was designed to decelerate and
Low_Energy_Antiproton_Ring
Object reducing thermal resistance
bridges result in heat transfer into or out of conditioned space. Thermal bridges in buildings may impact the amount of energy required to heat and cool
Thermal_bridge
Storage of heat or cold for periods of up to several months
Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES), also known as inter-seasonal thermal energy storage, is the storage of heat or cold for periods of up to several
Seasonal thermal energy storage
Seasonal_thermal_energy_storage
Crewed or uncrewed travel between stars or planets
Chaotic Motions in Celestial Mechanics: With the Construction of Low Energy Transfers. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09480-9. Archived from
Interplanetary_spaceflight
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LOW ENERGY-TRANSFER
LOW ENERGY-TRANSFER
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Energy
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the German personal name Emeric, EMERY means "work-power."
Boy/Male
Tamil
Energy
Boy/Male
Hindu
Energy
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : topographic name for someone who lived near a tumulus, mound or hill, Middle English lowe, from Old English hlÄw (see Law 2).Scottish and English : nickname for a short man, from Middle English lah, lowe (Old Norse lágr; the word was adopted first into the northern dialects of Middle English, where Scandinavian influence was strong, and then spread south, with regular alteration of the vowel quality).English and Scottish (of Norman origin) : nickname for a violent or dangerous person, from Anglo-Norman French lou, leu ‘wolf’ (Latin lupus). Wolves were relatively common in Britain at the time when most surnames were formed, as there still existed large tracts of uncleared forest.Scottish : from a pet form of Lawrence. Compare Lowry 1.Americanized spelling of Jewish Lowe.
Male
Greek
(Λώτ) Greek form of Hebrew Lowt, LOT means "covering, veil." In the bible, this is the name of a nephew of Abraham and father of Moab.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Energy
Boy/Male
Tamil
Energy
Boy/Male
Hindu
Energy
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Energy
Boy/Male
Tamil
Energy
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Telugu
Energy
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Energy
Male
Polish
 Polish form of Yiddish Lev, LEW means "lion." Compare with another form of Lew.
Boy/Male
British, English
Laurel
Male
English
 Short form of English Lewis, LEW means "famous warrior." Compare with another form of Lew.
Male
English
 English short form of Spanish Alonso, LON means "noble and ready." Compare with another form of Lon.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Energy
Male
English
English unisex short form of French Louis and Louise, both LOU means "famous warrior."Â
Male
English
Middle English short form of English Lawrence, LAW means "of Laurentum."
LOW ENERGY-TRANSFER
LOW ENERGY-TRANSFER
LOW ENERGY-TRANSFER
LOW ENERGY-TRANSFER
LOW ENERGY-TRANSFER
LOW ENERGY-TRANSFER
LOW ENERGY-TRANSFER
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