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Temporary orbit used during the launch of a spacecraft
A parking orbit is a temporary orbit used during the launch of a spacecraft. A launch vehicle follows a trajectory to the parking orbit, then coasts for
Parking_orbit
geosynchronous orbit. Parking orbit, a temporary orbit. Transfer orbit, an orbit used during an orbital maneuver from one orbit to another. Lunar transfer orbit (LTO)[clarification
List_of_orbits
Launch history of LVM3
apogee of the earth parking orbit is about 6,000 km more than originally envisaged and thereby eliminated one of the seven earth-bound orbit raising manoeuvres
List_of_LVM3_launches
Propulsive maneuver used to arrive at the Moon
spacecraft performs TLI to begin a lunar transfer from a low circular parking orbit around Earth. The large TLI burn, usually performed by a chemical rocket
Trans-lunar_injection
Joint US-Taiwan meteorological satellite constellation
vehicle and deployed into a single parking orbit after launch. The spacecraft were then deployed into separate orbital planes through the use of precession
Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate
Constellation_Observing_System_for_Meteorology,_Ionosphere,_and_Climate
Orbit of an object around the Moon
spaceflight, a lunar orbit (also known as a selenocentric orbit) is an orbit by an object around Earth's Moon. In general these orbits are not circular.
Lunar_orbit
Failed Soviet Venus probe
Earth orbit. Because of this, its name was retrospectively changed to "Kosmos" which was used for Earth-orbiting satellites. After achieving a parking orbit
Kosmos_482
1968 American Saturn V rocket test flight
the initial parking orbit, and the restarting of the S-IVB to propel the space vehicle towards the planned distance, beyond the Moon's orbit, was deemed
Apollo_6
Fictional spacecraft
Discovery in the book is from Earth orbit via gravitational slingshot around Jupiter to Saturn and parking orbit around the moon Iapetus. As producing
Discovery (Space Odyssey spaceship)
Discovery_(Space_Odyssey_spaceship)
Flight into or through outer space
missions beyond Low Earth orbit, spacecraft are inserted into parking orbits, or lower intermediary orbits. The parking orbit approach greatly simplified
Spaceflight
Orbit around Earth between 160 and 2000 km
A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit around Earth with a period of 128 minutes or less (making at least 11.25 orbits per day) and an eccentricity less
Low_Earth_orbit
Time period during which a rocket must launch to reach its target
somewhat flexible if a parking orbit is used, because the inclination and time the spacecraft initially spends in the parking orbit can be varied. See the
Launch_window
Uncrewed flight of the Saturn IB rocket, July 5, 1966
for the stage to fire briefly to insert the spacecraft into an Earth parking orbit, before restarting the engine for flight to the Moon. In order to design
AS-203
1961–1972 American crewed lunar exploration program
(190 km) circular parking orbit. The third stage burns a small portion of its fuel to achieve orbit. Translunar injection After one to two orbits to verify readiness
Apollo_program
Rocket engine
lasting about two minutes, placed the Apollo spacecraft into a low Earth parking orbit. After the crew verified that the spacecraft was operating nominally
Rocketdyne_J-2
Circular orbit above Earth's Equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation
A geostationary orbit, also referred to as a GEO or GSO, is a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi) in altitude above Earth's equator, 42
Geostationary_orbit
Second crewed Moon landing
the fuel cells back online, and the mission continued. Once in Earth parking orbit, the crew carefully checked out their spacecraft before re-igniting
Apollo_12
Trajectory of Earth around the Sun
Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of 149.60 million km (92.96 million mi), or 8.317 light-minutes, in a counterclockwise direction as viewed
Earth's_orbit
Arrival of a spacecraft on the Moon's surface
suffered failures of the new Agena upper stage and never left low Earth parking orbit after launch; both burned up upon reentry after only a few days. The
Moon_landing
Curved path of an object around a point
mechanics, an orbit is the curved trajectory of an object under the influence of an attracting force. Alternatively, it is known as an orbital revolution
Orbit
Type of geocentric orbit
A Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), also called a heliosynchronous orbit, is a nearly polar orbit around a planet, in which the satellite passes over any given
Sun-synchronous_orbit
Unsuccessful 1968 Soviet test spaceflight to the Moon
mission on November 10, 1968, from a parent satellite (68-101B) in Earth parking orbit. The spacecraft carried a biological payload of turtles, flies, and
Zond_6
Communications satellite
orbital position, the Blok DM3 upper stage of the Proton-K launch vehicle failed to function properly, leaving the satellite in an unusable parking orbit
Astra_1K
First crewed space mission to orbit the Moon
nominal 100-nautical-mile (185.2 km) circular Earth parking orbit. Apollo 8 was launched into an initial orbit with an apogee of 99.99 nautical miles (185.18 km)
Apollo_8
1972 lunar sample retrieval mission as part of the USSR's Luna program
placed in an intermediate Earth parking orbit and from this orbit was sent towards the Moon. It entered lunar orbit on 18 February 1972. On 21 February
Luna_20
Proposed crewed Venus flyby
out before leaving the parking orbit around Earth to fly to Venus. Precursors to the Venus flyby would include an initial orbital test flight with an S-IVB
Manned_Venus_flyby
1968 Soviet test spaceflight
The Proton performed flawlessly and inserted the L1 spacecraft into a parking orbit. The Blok D restart burn worked properly and the L1 was on its way.
Zond_4
Soviet spacecraft
Typically, Soviet planetary missions were initially put into an Earth parking orbit as a launch platform with a rocket engine and attached probe. The probes
Kosmos_167
Technology developed for use in Space exploration
Launch Pad in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India, entering an Earth parking orbit with a perigee of 170 km (106 mi) and an apogee of 36,500 km (22,680
Space_technology
Proposed component of the Ares V and SLS rockets
boost the rocket's payload into a parking orbit around the Earth and from there send the payload out of low Earth orbit to its destination in a manner similar
Earth_Departure_Stage
Method to calculate trajectory calculations for spacecraft
departure hyperbola. If the spacecraft departs from a circular low Earth parking orbit with radius r p = 6 , 578 km {\displaystyle r_{p}=6,578\ {\text{km}}}
Patched_conic_approximation
Iranian space tug
orbit to a 7,000 km orbit. For its first mission it will be tasked with lifting a 100 kilogram satellite from a 400 kilometer circular parking orbit to
Saman-1_(rocket_stage)
NASA crewed Moon landing spacecraft (1969–1972)
third stage of the Saturn V rocket. There it remained through Earth parking orbit and the trans-lunar injection (TLI) rocket burn to send the craft toward
Apollo_Lunar_Module
Photograph of Earth taken by Apollo 17 crew
mission, and about 1 hour 54 minutes after the spacecraft left its parking orbit around Earth to begin its trajectory to the Moon. Alternatively, Eric
The_Blue_Marble
Private Italian aerospace company
from a parking orbit to their designated operational slot. The company's core solution is D-Orbit's proprietary launch and deployment orbital transfer
D-Orbit
2011 Russian attempted sample-return mission to the Martian moon Phobos
not be located in the target orbit. The spacecraft was subsequently discovered to still be in its initial parking orbit and it was determined that the
Fobos-Grunt
Earth-centered orbit above low Earth orbit and below geostationary orbit
A medium Earth orbit (MEO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an altitude above a low Earth orbit (LEO) and below a high Earth orbit (HEO) – between 2,000
Medium_Earth_orbit
Soviet super heavy-lift launch vehicle (1965–1972)
(N1) for insertion into a low Earth parking orbit, and another two (L3) for trans-lunar injection and lunar orbit insertion. Fully loaded and fueled,
N1_(rocket)
Soviet lunar lander that failed to achieve planned orbit
for the planetary missions, which also allowed a much more accurate parking orbit launch. As a further weight saving measure, the control system for the
Luna_E-6_No.2
Russian artificial satellite
source. The satellite operated in low Earth orbit, and the reactor was designed to eject to a higher parking orbit at the end of the satellite's mission, or
Kosmos_1402
Cancelled lunar orbital space station
Gateway was a planned modular space station that would have been assembled in orbit around the Moon as part of the Artemis program. Derived from earlier concepts
Lunar_Gateway
Concept in celestial mechanics
In many cases, the spacecraft may be first placed in a parking orbit (e.g. a low Earth orbit at 160–2,000 km) and then accelerated to the escape velocity
Escape_velocity
1995 film by Ron Howard
stage engine cuts off prematurely, but the craft reaches its Earth parking orbit. After the third stage fires again to send Apollo 13 to the Moon, Swigert
Apollo_13_(film)
Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator
A geosynchronous orbit (sometimes abbreviated GSO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an orbital period that matches Earth's rotation on its axis, 23 hours
Geosynchronous_orbit
NASA orbiter mission to the Moon (1966)
micrometeoroid impact data. Mission controllers injected the spacecraft into a parking orbit around Earth on August 10, 1966, at 19:31 UTC. The trans-lunar injection
Lunar_Orbiter_1
1968 Soviet spaceflight, first lunar mission to carry animals
placing the spacecraft into a parking orbit of 191 by 219 kilometres (119 mi × 136 mi). Fifty-six minutes into the parking orbit the Block D fired a final
Zond_5
First space station launched and operated by NASA (1973–1979)
Skylab 4's Apollo CSM before its departure in 1974, Skylab was left in a parking orbit of 269 miles (433 km) by 283 miles (455 km) that was expected to last
Skylab
Spacecraft end-of-life orbit
graveyard orbit, also called a junk orbit or disposal orbit, is an orbit that lies away from common operational orbits. One significant graveyard orbit is a
Graveyard_orbit
Aborted Moon landing mission in the Apollo program
very close to the planned circular 190 kilometers (120 mi; 100 nmi) parking orbit, followed by a translunar injection (TLI) about two hours later, setting
Apollo_13
Autonomous car-maneuvering system
Automatic parking is an autonomous car-maneuvering system that moves a vehicle from a traffic lane into a parking spot to perform parallel, perpendicular
Automatic_parking
Amount by which an orbit deviates from a perfect circle
value of 0 is a circular orbit, values between 0 and 1 form an elliptic orbit, 1 is a parabolic (escape orbit or capture orbit), and greater than 1 is
Orbital_eccentricity
The Moon's circuit around Earth
The orbit of the Moon is, while stable and known, highly complex, and as such still studied by lunar theory. Most models describe the Moon's orbit geocentrically
Orbit_of_the_Moon
Intelsat geostationary communications satellite
the geostationary orbit and replaced SBS-6 which was moved out of the geostationary orbit to a parking orbit in the Graveyard orbit. This took place on
Galaxy_17
stages were burned a total of 34 seconds longer to compensate, and parking orbit and translunar injection were successfully achieved. It was later determined
List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents
List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents
Failed NASA mission to Venus (1962)
error for a two-launch schedule. Each Mariner would be launched into a parking orbit, whereupon the restartable Agena would fire a second time, sending Mariner
Mariner_1
India's second Martian mission
kilograms (9,900 lb) spacecraft will initially be placed in an elliptical parking orbit of 190 by 35,786 kilometres (118 mi × 22,236 mi) around earth following
Mars_Lander_Mission
Type of high-latitude satellite orbit
A Molniya orbit (Russian: Молния, IPA: [ˈmoɫnʲɪjə] , "Lightning") is a type of satellite orbit designed to provide communications and remote sensing coverage
Molniya_orbit
Soviet Moon rover program
launched on November 10, 1970 at 14:44:01 UTC. After reaching Earth parking orbit, the final stage of Luna 17's launching rocket fired to place it into
Lunokhod_programme
Parameters that define a specific orbit
Kepler orbit. There are many different ways to mathematically describe the same orbit, but certain schemes are commonly used in astronomy and orbital mechanics
Orbital_elements
Sports car launched into space in 2018
The upper stage supporting the car was initially placed in an Earth parking orbit. It spent six hours coasting through the Van Allen radiation belts,
Elon_Musk's_Tesla_Roadster
Two-stage small launch vehicle, 200-300 kg to LEO
LC-1, deploying a small satellite and its kick stage into a 400 km parking orbit. In July 2020, the thirteenth Electron rocket launch failed with customer
Rocket_Lab_Electron
Failed Mars mission
the Blok D-2, would then ignite to place it and the spacecraft into a parking orbit around the Earth. Later it was to re-ignite to begin the trans-Mars
Mars_96
Soviet lunar orbiter
into Earth parking orbit and then to the Moon. It was inserted into a circular lunar orbit on 2 June 1974. The spacecraft made many orbit adjustments
Luna_22
Transfer manoeuvre between two orbits
astronautics, the Hohmann transfer orbit (/ˈhoʊmən/) is an orbital maneuver used to transfer a spacecraft between two orbits of different altitudes around
Hohmann_transfer_orbit
Quasi-periodic orbital trajectory
trajectory In orbital mechanics, a Lissajous orbit (pronounced [li.sa.ʒu]), named after Jules Antoine Lissajous, is a quasi-periodic orbital trajectory that
Lissajous_orbit
Speed at which a body orbits around the barycenter of a system
the orbital speed of an astronomical body or object (e.g. planet, moon, artificial satellite, spacecraft, or star) is the speed at which it orbits around
Orbital_speed
Geostationary communication satellites
parking orbit at which point the final stage of the launch vehicle was to initiate a second burn to transfer the satellite to its geostationary orbit
Astra_(satellite)
Soviet program that explored Venus with multiple probes
remains in heliocentric orbit. Venera 2 launched on 12 November 1965, but also suffered a telemetry failure after leaving Earth orbit. Several other failed
Venera_program
Kepler orbit with an eccentricity of less than one
elliptical orbit or eccentric orbit is an orbit with an eccentricity of less than 1;[citation needed] this includes the special case of a circular orbit, with
Elliptic_orbit
Second NASA orbiter mission to Jupiter (2011–Present)
it burned for about 6 minutes, putting the satellite into an initial parking orbit. The vehicle coasted for about 30 minutes, and then the Centaur was
Juno_(spacecraft)
Soviet lunar orbiter
into an Earth parking orbit on 28 September, of the year 1971 and, from this orbit, was sent toward the Moon. Luna 19 entered an orbit around the Moon
Luna_19
Time an astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object
The orbital period (also revolution period) is the amount of time a given astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object. In astronomy
Orbital_period
American super heavy-lift expendable rocket
entered an Earth parking orbit 190 km (100 nmi) above the Earth. The third stage remained attached to the spacecraft while it orbited the Earth one and
Saturn_V
Space probe
placed in an Earth parking orbit after it was launched and was then sent towards the Moon. On 7 September 1971, it entered lunar orbit. The spacecraft completed
Luna_18
First successful launch attempt of Falcon Heavy rocket
operations. After reaching a parking orbit, the second stage fired again to place the dummy payload in an elliptical orbit around Earth, then fired once
Falcon_Heavy_test_flight
Fourth crewed Moon landing
the S-IVB engine shut down, leaving Apollo 15 in its planned parking orbit in low Earth orbit. The mission remained there for 2 hours and 40 minutes, allowing
Apollo_15
of L1 in 1983 for a comet rendezvous mission. Currently in heliocentric orbit. The Sun–Earth L1 is also the point to which the Reboot ISEE-3 mission was
List of objects at Lagrange points
List_of_objects_at_Lagrange_points
US spy satellite program
all-weather conditions. An early proposal to maintain a satellite in a high parking orbit and deorbit it only when needed was abandoned after it was determined
Zirconic
Angle between a reference plane and the plane of an orbit
Orbital inclination measures the tilt of an object's orbit around a celestial body. It is expressed as the angle between a reference plane and the orbital
Orbital_inclination
Space probe
allowed a larger payload and provided the ability to put the probe in a parking orbit rather than the inaccurate direct ascent of the first generation Luna
Luna_4
Periodic, three-dimensional orbit
Halo orbit A halo orbit is a periodic, non-planar orbit associated with one of the L1, L2 or L3 Lagrange points in the three-body problem of orbital mechanics
Halo_orbit
Range of low orbital altitudes
Very low Earth orbit (VLEO) is a range of geocentric orbits with lowest altitudes (at perigee) below 400 km (250 mi). It is of increasing commercial importance
Very_low_Earth_orbit
Topics referred to by the same term
toward the Moon or interplanetary space without a temporary stay in a parking orbit This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Direct
Direct_injection
satellites into orbit. Before launch, the Blok DM was fuelled incorrectly, resulting in the rocket being too heavy to reach its parking orbit. The fourth
2010_in_spaceflight
stabilization, course-correction engine, and the first launch from parking orbit.[citation needed] The first successful flyby Venus probe was the American
Observations and explorations of Venus
Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus
2008 film
Saturn V rocket climbs through the atmosphere and reaches its Earth parking orbit, Nat, Scooter, and IQ's mothers faint upon hearing from Grandpa that
Fly Me to the Moon (2008 film)
Fly_Me_to_the_Moon_(2008_film)
Programs by the Soviet Union to land humans on the Moon
the N1 to 92-93 tons (by lightening some components, adjusting the parking orbit, and increasing the number of engines in its first stage from 24 to
Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs
Orbit around the barycenter of the Sun
heliocentric orbit (also called circumsolar orbit) is an orbit around the Sun. The inner planets are mainly influenced by the Sun's gravity, and orbit points
Heliocentric_orbit
US weather satellite series
which was designated GOES-I before orbiting, was the GOES-East satellite when it was in operation. It is in a parking orbit and is drifting westerly at a rate
Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
Geostationary_Operational_Environmental_Satellite
Indian lunar mission (2023–Present)
Launch Pad in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India, entering an Earth parking orbit with a perigee of 170 km (106 mi) and an apogee of 36,500 km (22,680 mi)
Chandrayaan-3
Soviet orbiter mission to Mars (1973–1974)
spacecraft and upper stage into a low Earth parking orbit before the Blok D fired to propel Mars 5 into heliocentric orbit bound for Mars. The spacecraft performed
Mars_5
Field of classical mechanics concerned with the motion of spacecraft
Orbital mechanics , astrodynamics or space dynamics is the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to rockets, satellites, and other spacecraft
Orbital_mechanics
Type of co-orbital motion of a small orbiting body relative to a larger orbiting body
horseshoe orbit of (419624) 2010 SO16 around the Earth-Sun system over 900 years In celestial mechanics, a horseshoe orbit is a type of co-orbital motion
Horseshoe_orbit
enough time in contact with the spacecraft to send it to a parking orbit out of geostationary orbit. The Ekspress AM4R was launched 16 May 2014 on a Russian
Ekspress
Third crewed mission of the Apollo space program
Apollo 9 had entered a parking orbit of 102.3 by 103.9 miles (164.6 by 167.2 km). The crew began their first major orbital task with the separation
Apollo_9
Russian heavy lift launcher which uses hypergolic fuel
for the parking orbit). Subsequently, the Briz-M performs orbital maneuvers to place the payload into either its final orbit or a transfer orbit. If a transfer
Proton-M
First successful mission to Venus (1962–1963)
error for a two-launch schedule. Each Mariner would be launched into a parking orbit, whereupon the restartable Agena would fire a second time, sending Mariner
Mariner_2
Laws describing planetary orbits
astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion give good approximations for the orbits of planets around the Sun. They were published by Johannes Kepler from 1609
Kepler's laws of planetary motion
Kepler's_laws_of_planetary_motion
Satellite orbit with high inclination
A polar orbit is one in which a satellite passes above or nearly above both poles of the body being orbited (usually a planet such as the Earth, but possibly
Polar_orbit
Soviet lunar rover; first rover to operate on the Moon
launched on November 10, 1970, at 14:44:01 UTC. After reaching earth parking orbit, the final stage of Luna 17's launching rocket fired to place it into
Lunokhod_1
travel, tourism, insurance
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